By S. A. Applin

由SA Applin

The Ring doorbell deal between Amazon and police departments could be a first step toward privatizing and replacing the police force — or at least deeply changing how it functions.

亚马逊与警察部门之间的“ 环门铃”交易可能是私有化和替换警察部队的第一步，或者至少是深刻改变了其工作方式。

Ring is a Trojan Horse. Amazon builds a network of surveillance cameras, offers deals to the police, who accept and include it into their portfolio of surveillance tools, and neighbors using Ring feel safer. But some police departments are claiming that Ring footage doesn’t help them much. Is that true? It could be. A Ring doorbell may help deter crime, but that impact cannot easily be measured.

Ring是特洛伊木马。 亚马逊建立了一个监控摄像头网络，向警察提供交易，警察接受并将其纳入他们的监控工具组合，使用Ring的邻居会感到更加安全。 但是一些警察部门声称Ring的镜头并没有太大帮助 。 真的吗？ 它可能是。 环形门铃可能有助于阻止犯罪，但是这种影响很难轻易衡量。

Perhaps the police do not wish to consider how technology will eventually become smart enough to subsume most policing duties that involve identifying suspects and locating them.

也许警察不希望考虑技术最终将如何变得足够聪明，以承担涉及识别犯罪嫌疑人和找到他们的大多数警务职责。

These days, there is much for police departments to be concerned about. They have been murdering Black citizens and firing rubber bullets (with steel cores) at both citizens and the press. The Federal authorities aren’t immune, either: They’ve showed up in Portland and have been essentially kidnapping protestors off the streets near Federal buildings. While they may have a different agenda than the local police, it seems to be “Cops Gone Wild” lately, and that can’t all be due to racism. Something deeper must be stuck in their craw. Perhaps they are fighting to retain the current methods of fighting crime in a new socio-technical world that demands they learn data skills. Policing is no longer tactile, it’s tactical, and the clues are on the network.

这些天来，警察部门有很多事情要关注。 他们谋杀黑人公民，并向公民和新闻界发射橡皮子弹(带有钢芯)。 联邦当局也不是没有幸免：他们已经出现在波特兰，本质上是在联邦建筑物附近的街道上绑架示威者 。 尽管他们的议程可能与当地警察的议程不同，但最近似乎是“荒野警察”，这不可能全部归因于种族主义。 必须将更深层次的东西卡在他们的小龙虾中。 也许他们正在努力保持当前的反犯罪方法，在一个要求他们学习数据技能的新的社会技术世界中。 警务不再是触觉，而是战术，线索在网络上。

Today, most policing doesn’t work the way one would imagine from Norman Rockwell’s illustrations or the days of the friendly police officer walking the beat. Officers aren’t trained long enough or with enough depth to be effective in handling the social services or mental health crises that cause problems in communities. In fact, they aren’t prepared for much of the work that involves community.

如今，大多数警务工作都无法像人们从诺曼·罗克韦尔(Norman Rockwell)的插图或友善的警官走动的时代想象的那样工作。 没有对官员进行足够长时间或足够深度的培训，使其无法有效处理引起社区问题的社会服务或心理健康危机。 实际上，他们没有为涉及社区的很多工作做好准备。

Instead, they are trained to “enforce” the law, and over decades of police militarization, this has translated into a focus on obtaining military equipment and training to use it. Furthermore, officers are bound to technology in new ways — they wear cameras and they are dispatched by radio to where they are told to go, all while connected to constant radio reporting of crimes and events in neighborhoods.

取而代之的是，他们受过训练以“执行”法律，并且经过数十年的警察军事化 ，这已转变为着重于获取军事装备和培训使用该装备的训练。 此外，军官必须以新的方式使用技术 -他们戴着相机，并通过无线电将其派遣到被告知要去的地方，同时还与不断广播有关社区犯罪和事件的广播联系在一起。

In many ways, police are apart from the communities they serve. They mostly drive through areas they don’t live in. They participate in private police networks and unions. They don’t know people, and the internal culture they are part of does not reflect the culture of the broader communities they patrol.

在许多方面，警察与他们所服务的社区不同。 他们大多开车经过他们不居住的地方。他们参加私人警察网络和工会。 他们不认识人，他们所处的内部文化并不反映他们巡逻的更广泛社区的文化。

Civilians are aware of the law, but they are also trying to make a living, get by, get help, celebrate joys, grieve, and experience any number of human events and emotions in their lives. If we all were to be law abiding at all times, we’d probably all have to stay home at all times. The law isn’t set up to help us in all cases, and being of an “othered” ethnicity can mean that one could be arrested for pretty much anything.

平民了解法律，但他们也试图谋生，获得生活，获得帮助，欢喜快乐，悲伤并体验生活中的各种人类事件和情感。 如果我们所有人都始终遵守法律，那么我们可能都必须始终待在家里。 并非在所有情况下都制定法律来帮助我们，拥有“其他”种族可能意味着可能因任何事情而被捕。

通过屏幕进行警务 (Policing via Screen)

If the Ring doorbell isn’t a boon to policing, why are so many police departments adopting it, and referring and recommending other police departments to adopt it?

如果指环铃不是警察的福音，为什么这么多警察部门采用它 ，并推荐并推荐其他警察部门采用它呢？

I expect that many police departments are adopting the Ring doorbell because its vast data collection in neighborhoods can seem like it makes their jobs less risky. Instead of being tethered to their cars to catch thieves — putting their lives (and the lives of others) at risk — police officers can focus on their screens, using digital methods to track criminals. This does not stop the police being present for truly threatening real time events, but it does change the way that crime could be processed.

我希望许多警察部门都采用Ring Ring门铃，因为在附近收集大量数据似乎使工作风险降低。 警察不必束缚自己的汽车来捉贼，否则就使他们(以及其他人的生命)处于危险之中，而警务人员可以使用数字方法追踪罪犯，将注意力集中在他们的屏幕上。 这并不能阻止警察因真正威胁实时事件而在场，但确实改变了处理犯罪的方式。

In a recent, dramatic example of digital policing, international law enforcement in the U.K. and Europe secretly monitored a global phone network, Encrochat, by installing malware. It then used knowledge gained from over a hundred million encrypted messages to bust a multi-country criminal network, arresting hundreds and confiscating drugs, guns, and money. This was not an on-the-street activity but rather happened on the network, where the data police obtained enabled them to understand a large swath of criminal activity, previously unseen. The criminals were arrested in person.

在数字警务的一个最近的戏剧性例子中，英国和欧洲的国际执法部门通过安装恶意软件秘密监视了全球电话网络Encrochat 。 然后，它利用从超过一亿条加密消息中获得的知识来破坏一个多国犯罪网络，逮捕了数百人，并没收了毒品，枪支和金钱。 这不是街头活动，而是在网络上发生的，网络上的数据警察获得了这些数据，使他们能够了解以前从未见过的大量犯罪活动。 criminal徒被当场逮捕。

But policing that happens online rather than on the street introduces new problems. In the absence of learning about communities by talking to the people who live there and getting to know them, police departments have gone online to read community posts on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and other social media. Furthermore, Nextdoor has worked closely with police departments to encourage their use of its platform, although it doesn’t allow their official accounts to read anything other than replies to their posts, and recently eliminated a feature that let users forward their posts to the police.

但是，在线上而不是在大街上进行警务会带来新的问题。 由于无法通过与居住在当地的人们交谈来了解社区，因此警察局已经上网阅读Twitter，Facebook，Instagram和其他社交媒体上的社区帖子。 此外，Nextdoor 与警察部门密切合作以鼓励他们使用其平台 ，尽管该门户不允许其官方帐户读取回复其帖子以外的任何内容，并且最近取消了允许用户将其帖子转发给警察的功能。

Social posts represent only parts of people — really, parts of parts of people — and do not reflect the true lives or tone or even a majority of the community. Police who are not trained in data science or analytics are using the information from these sites to form opinions about communities and community members which they then apply to individuals they profile.

社交职位仅代表一部分人，实际上是一部分人，并不反映真实的生活或语气，甚至不能反映整个社区的大多数。 未经数据科学或分析培训的警察正在使用这些站点中的信息来形成有关社区和社区成员的意见，然后将其应用于所描述的个人。

Rumors and social media posts that create false impressions in the minds of police officers are dangerous. People who complain about their fears of Black people on social media can lead to Black people getting arrested or even killed for minor crimes or over false accusations. What if the problems instead were fear of Black people, social posts prompted by that fear, and rumors about Black people being a problem?

在警官心中制造假印象的谣言和社交媒体帖子是危险的。 在社交媒体上抱怨对黑人的恐惧的人可能导致黑人因轻罪或虚假指控而被捕甚至被杀。 相反，如果问题是对黑人的恐惧，由恐惧引起的社交帖子以及关于黑人存在问题的传言，该怎么办？

Officers are dispatched into communities where they pattern-match people like bad algorithms, looking for the “other.” They don’t realize that they themselves are the “other,” the people who do not live in the neighborhood, and do not look or talk like them. Thus, social media postings build up a threat model and profile of an “enemy” that must be brought down. There seems to be no room for moderation in the current policing we are seeing unfold in real time in our cities. If your only tool is a hammer, even a violin vigil and a peaceful protest can look like nails to be pounded.

官员被派往社区，在那里他们像坏算法一样对人进行模式匹配，寻找“其他”人。 他们没有意识到自己就是“他人”，即不住在附近并且不像他们那样看或说话的人。 因此，社交媒体发布建立了一个威胁模型和必须被遏制的“敌人”形象。 在我们当前看到的城市实时治安中，似乎没有节制的余地。 如果您唯一的工具是锤子，则即使是小提琴守夜和和平抗议也可能看起来像是要砸钉子。

银盘逮捕 (Silver-Platter Arrests)

When crime tracking and policing becomes more technical and involves planting malware and conducting data analysis, or reviewing tapes and running facial recognition on suspects, the police won’t have much more to do than arrest people. Already the police have algorithmic and neighbor assistance. In a recent article in The Atlantic, Captain Una Bailey of the San Francisco Police Department was quoted referring to a citizen who had done background surveillance and evidence gathering on a suspect, “They had taken all these steps that basically hand us an arrest on a silver platter with all the evidence … I’m definitely an advocate of people installing cameras.” While the article reminds us that “San Francisco’s police department hasn’t participated in surveillance-device subsidies, the Neighbors app, or bait box operations, but has joined Nextdoor,” the citizens in its jurisdiction are doing its surveillance work and evidence collection.

当犯罪追踪和警务变得更加技术化，并涉及植入恶意软件和进行数据分析，或查看录像带并对嫌疑犯进行面部识别时，警察除了抓人之外别无所求。 警察已经获得算法和邻居协助。 在《大西洋报》最近的一篇文章中，引用了旧金山警察局的船长乌纳·贝利(Una Bailey)指的是对嫌疑犯进行了背景监视和证据搜集的公民， “他们采取了所有这些步骤，基本上将我们逮捕了一名犯罪嫌疑人。 带有所有证据的银色盘子……我绝对是人们安装摄像机的倡导者。” 虽然这篇文章提醒我们，“旧金山警察局没有参与监视设备的补贴，但邻居应用程序或诱饵盒操作却已加入Nextdoor，”该辖区的公民正在开展监视工作和收集证据。

Eventually, a significant proportion of police work could be automated rather than performed by humans. Systems that identify criminals could link to IoT technologies to do things such as shut off the utilities at their residences or lock the software in their vehicles — making their lives so miserable that they’ll have no other recourse but to turn themselves in. That would be much easier and less stressful for people than in-person police confrontations.

最终，很大一部分警察工作可以自动化，而不是由人类执行。 识别罪犯的系统可以链接到IoT技术，以执行诸如关闭其住所中的公用设施或将软件锁定在其车辆中的操作，这使他们的生活如此悲惨，以至于他们只能上交自己的财产。比面对面的警察对抗要容易得多，对人们的压力也要小得多。

However, such automation would come at a vast cost to the community in terms of privacy, human rights, and a forfeiture of civil liberties, which many do not wish to grant to the police. This is especially concerning since algorithms such as facial recognition can wrongly identify people, resulting in an automated arresting nightmare for innocent citizens who would rather not interact with the police in any way, lest they too be shot by accident.

但是，就隐私，人权和公民自由的丧失而言，这种自动化将给社区带来巨大的代价，而许多人不希望授予警察这种自由。 这尤其令人担忧，因为诸如面部识别之类的算法会错误地识别人，从而导致无辜公民自动陷入噩梦，他们宁愿不以任何方式与警察互动，以免他们也被意外枪杀。

The police embracing Ring may not see technology coming for their jobs, and themselves as replaceable. However, policing should be a social activity, and police officers are currently perceived as not being social with the communities they are ostensibly serving. Many citizens think the police have a vendetta against some members of society, often targeting members of those groups who have done nothing wrong but are perceived as different from societal norms because of their ethnicity or culture.

拥抱Ring的警察可能不会看到技术正在为他们的工作而来，并且自己也可以替代。 但是，维持治安应该是一种社会活动，目前人们认为警官与他们表面上服务的社区没有交往。 许多公民认为警察对社会的某些成员有仇恨，他们常常针对那些没有做错事但由于种族或文化而被视为不同于社会规范的群体成员。

迈向更安全未来的四个步骤 (Four Steps Toward a Safer Future)

In some ways, replacing the police with technologies such as Amazon Ring and robots could save human stress and trauma for law enforcement. But it will create many more problems for the rest of us, all of the sort we see with automation in general. Algorithms aren’t robust, or even correct, and facial recognition isn’t reliable. It’s wrong much of the time for nonwhite ethnicities and for women and children. This makes it biased and dangerous, and when enforcement is automated, potentially even more fatal than law enforcement currently is (to some).

在某些方面，用诸如Amazon Ring和机器人之类的技术代替警察可以减轻执法人员的压力和创伤。 但这将给我们其他人带来更多的问题，这是我们通常在自动化中看到的所有问题。 算法不可靠，甚至不正确， 面部识别也不可靠 。 对于非白人族裔以及妇女和儿童来说，很多时候都是错误的。 这使其变得有偏见且危险，并且，当执法自动化时，其致命性甚至比目前的执法(对于某些执法者)更致命。

Automating more of the police force will result in similar problems. Algorithms are not social. They are designed to operate in ways that are not human or humane, and no programmer or data scientist could ever anticipate all human situations in the context of policing.

使更多的警察队伍自动化将导致类似的问题。 算法不是社交性的。 它们被设计为以非人类或非人类的方式进行操作，并且任何程序员或数据科学家都无法在警务环境中预见到所有人类情况。

However, there are things that can be done to improve policing now. These proposals are intended to augment the current push toward defunding the police, replacing them with social services for appropriate social and mental health calls, along with other suggestions that are starting to be implemented.

但是，现在可以采取一些措施来改善治安。 这些建议旨在增强当前对警察拨款的推动力，将其替换为针对适当的社会和精神卫生服务的社会服务，以及其他已开始实施的建议。

1. Social media companies need to develop more robust ways to monitor instances of bias and prejudice on their platforms. This is where these rumors are being created, and where biased posts are being read by police officers, who are being indoctrinated by them.社交媒体公司需要开发更强大的方法来监视其平台上的偏见和偏见。 这是制造这些谣言的地方，也是警务人员正在阅读有偏见的职位的地方。
2. Pair up officers in patrol cars with one to handle the communications and the other to drive and observe a situation. One of them needs to be seeing a community and not hearing about it on a radio.将巡逻车中的警员与一名人员配对处理通信，另一名负责驾驶并观察情况。 其中之一需要看到一个社区，而不是在广播中听到它。

3. Police officers need to spend time in the communities they patrol, outside of their cars, getting to know individuals and the patterns of the neighborhood. Building relationships within the community builds trust and gives officers knowledge about their beat that is not easily transmitted over the radio. That knowledge has to be in the officers’ lived experience memory before an incident.

   警务人员需要在巡逻的社区之外的汽车里度过时间，以了解个人和附近的模式。 在社区内建立关系可以建立信任，并为军官提供有关其节拍的知识，而这些知识很难通过无线电传输。 事故发生之前 ，这些知识必须存储在军官的生活经验中。

4. Lastly, more thorough evaluation and identification of trauma illness in police officers — and developing tools and methods to address it — could help provide support. The officers in their patrol cars are lone wolves connected only by radio. They require sociability and interaction outside of their insular networks as much as any other human. A more socially connected police force, both to other officers and to the community, could have large positive dividends for communities.最后，对警察中的创伤性疾病进行更彻底的评估和识别，以及开发解决方法和方法，可以帮助提供支持。 巡逻车上的军官是只通过无线电连接的独狼。 与其他任何人一样，他们需要在岛外网络之外进行社交和互动。 与其他警官和社区建立更紧密联系的警察部队，可以为社区带来可观的积极收益。

Amazon and its Ring doorbell are not social. They foster isolation. When we pass the doors of homes with Ring installed, we’re recorded without our permission or knowledge, by strangers who do not know us and do not trust us. When we don’t know our neighbors, we merely record them. Thus we become bound to our homes in neighborhoods in the same way that current police officers are bound to their cars, without true knowledge of who we are in our communities, and without relationships to each other.

亚马逊及其环网门铃不是社交网站。 他们促进了孤立。 当我们通过安装了Ring的房屋的门时，不认识我们并且不信任我们的陌生人会在未经我们允许或不了解的情况下对我们进行记录。 当我们不认识邻居时，我们只记录他们。 因此，我们就像被现役警察束缚在自己的汽车上一样，被束缚在附近的家中，而没有真正了解我们在社区中的身份，也没有彼此之间的关系。

All of humanity depends upon social cooperation to survive. When we stop being social and cooperating with each other, we create conflict, and extreme conflict can cause us to harm each other. In the case of these police officer murders of innocent citizens, the sociability and cooperation are gone. No amount of technology can solve this problem. If we retain the idea of the police, then police departments must retrain officers and put them in social working partnerships to give citizens a sense of peace and well-being in their communities.

全人类赖以生存的社会合作。 当我们停止社交和彼此合作时，我们就会制造冲突，极端冲突会导致我们彼此伤害。 在这些警察谋杀无辜公民的案件中，社交与合作不见了。 没有任何技术可以解决这个问题。 如果我们保留警察的想法，那么警察部门必须对警察进行再培训，并将其纳入社会工作伙伴关系，以使公民在其社区中享有和平与幸福感。

S. A. Applin, PhD, is an anthropologist whose research explores the domains of human agency, algorithms, AI, and automation in the context of social systems and sociability. You can find more at @anthropunk and PoSR.org.

SA Applin博士 是一位人类学家，他的研究探索了在社会系统和社会性背景下的人类代理，算法，人工智能和自动化领域。 您可以在 @anthropunk 和 PoSR.org上 找到更多 信息 。