今日短文

3 Rules to Express Your Thoughts So That Everyone Will Understand You
学会这3条沟通法则，让别人更懂你

Maybe this sounds familiar: You’re expressing a difficult idea, thought, or feeling, and at the moment, it seems to be going well.Your audience is nodding at the appropriate beats.Your cadence has an uncharacteristic flow and eloquence.You even snuck in the word profligate and are 90% sure you used it properly.

You take a deep breath, ask what everyone thinks, and realize that you’re getting the look.You know the one: mouths slightly agape, heads tilted in anticipation, and a squint like everyone just endured the world’s most strenuous eye exam.Everyone is more confused now than before you began talking.

Whether from public speaking or just having a heart-to-heart, life is full of these types of conversations.You’ve been there, I’ve been there, and Alan Alda has been there.
Alda is a public speaker, science enthusiast, and long-time advocate for better science communication.

He has developed a playbook of strategies to help people engage in conversation and voice their ideas clearly.

1. Make no more than three points

The human brain can only store so much information in short-term memory.The oft-repeated number is seven items (or chunks).That number comes from research in the 1950s and has been reinforced in our collective subconscious by the fact that so many things happen in sevens.Consider that before the advent of cell phones, people spent lots of time memorizing seven-digit phone numbers.

However, follow-up research suggests that short-term memory is far less robust, maxing out at a meager three to five items.

If you’re old enough to recall memorizing phone numbers, you’ll recognize some truth in this.No one digested every digit at once.Instead, they broke the number into smaller chunks which they learned separately — most often, area code (three digits), prefix (three digits), and subscriber number (four digits).Only with time, repetition, and application would a number enter long-term memory as a single entry in someone’s mental Rolodex.

Short-term memory performs no better with ideas or thoughts than telephone numbers.It can only hold so many topics and tangents, and once it’s at capacity, it needs to erase old information to upload anything new.

Alda agrees.He advises you to limit your conversation points to no more than three, allowing you and your partner to focus on the thought at hand while avoiding disruptive additions.

2. Explain difficult ideas in three different ways

As Alda said in his interview: “If I have a difficult thing to understand, if there’s something I think is not going to be that easy to get, I try to say it in three different ways.I think if you come in from different angles you have a better chance of getting a three-dimensional view of this difficult idea.”

One way to tap into this strategy is through metaphor.When Barbara Oakley was writing her book A Mind for Numbers, she reached out to professors who were highly ranked for their teaching skills.She discovered that across disciplines, the best professors were metaphor tacticians.They analogized key concepts or difficult ideas to better explain them.
Other useful strategies can include examples, visuals, changing the frame of reference, and providing a this-not-that comparison.

3. Make important points three times

Repetition is a powerful communication tool because it helps us identify key information and transfer it from short-term to long-term memory.

When it comes to learning, the best kind of repetition is spaced out.Whether you’re memorizing a phone number or a complex physics equation, revisiting and applying the information over several weeks cements it in your brain by developing and strengthening the neural patterns where the information is housed.This process explains why flashcards are such an effective studying tool.

In some close-knit relationships, spaced repetition is a phenomenal tool.Teachers, parents, psychiatrists, or team managers can use it to return to and reinforce difficult ideas across many conversations.

But time is more limited in other relationships.Even so, repetition is still a useful tool.Anytime you repeat something, it signals that this information is important, so pay attention.It’s why song, speech, and soliloquy writers use repetition so liberally.

今日新词

affect
vt.影响；感染

carbon
n.碳

bacteria
n.细菌

flap
n.摆动；振（翅）；忧虑；激动；封盖，袋盖

estimate
n.估计，估价，评价，看法

regular
adj.规则的，有规律的；整齐的，匀称的；频繁的，经常的；正常的；经常的；正规的，正式的

attract
vt.吸引

geometric
adj.几何的，几何学的

excise
n.国内货物税, 消费税

complement
v.补充，补足，使完美；使更具吸引力

cosmos
n.宇宙

infrared
adj.红外线的；产生红外线的

insulate
v.使隔热；使隔音；使绝缘；使隔绝；使免受（不良影响）

surpass
v.超过；胜过；优于

band
vi.用带绑扎；给…镶边

ambient
adj.周围环境的；产生轻松氛围的

simplicity
n.简单；单纯，淳朴；简朴

overt
adj.公开的，非秘密的

unanimous
adj.一致的，一致同意的；意见一致的

brittle
adj.易碎的；脆弱的；（声音）尖利的

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