SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

一、安装

pip3 install SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Pythonmysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>pymysqlmysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]MySQL-Connectormysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>cx_Oracleoracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]更多详见：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

二、内部处理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作，Engine使用ConnectionPooling连接数据库，然后再通过Dialect执行SQL语句。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy import create_engine# 处理中文
# sqlalchemy设置编码字符集一定要在数据库访问的URL上增加charset=utf8，否则数据库的连接就不是utf8的编码格式engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8'", max_overflow=5, echo=True)# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# )# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)",[('1.1.1.22', 3),('1.1.1.221', 3),]
# )# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute(
#     "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)",
#     host='1.1.1.99', color_id=3
# )# 执行SQL
# cur = engine.execute('select * from hosts')
# 获取第一行数据
# cur.fetchone()
# 获取第n行数据
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 获取所有数据

三、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象，对象转换成SQL，执行SQL。

1、创建表

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engineengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)Base = declarative_base()# 创建单表
class Users(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32))extra = Column(String(16))__table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),)# 一对多
class Favor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)class Person(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))# 多对多
class Group(Base):__tablename__ = 'group'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)port = Column(Integer, default=22)class Server(Base):__tablename__ = 'server'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)class ServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))def init_db():Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
注：设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

2、操作表

表结构 + 数据库连接

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engineengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)Base = declarative_base()# 创建单表
class Users(Base):__tablename__ = 'users'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32))extra = Column(String(16))__table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)# 一对多
class Favor(Base):__tablename__ = 'favor'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)def __repr__(self):return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)class Person(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))# 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')# 多对多
class ServerToGroup(Base):__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')class Group(Base):__tablename__ = 'group'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)port = Column(Integer, default=22)# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')class Server(Base):__tablename__ = 'server'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)def init_db():Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

• 增

obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])
session.commit()

• 删

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()

• 改

session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()

• 查

ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).all()ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()

• 其他操作

#　条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2,and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),Users.extra != "")).all()# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import funcret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()ret = session.query(func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()# 连表ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()# 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()