Linux软件包管理工具-yum
2024-04-08 06:08:06
一、简介
yum（ Yellow dog Updater, Modified）是一个在 Fedora 和 RedHat 以及 SUSE 中的 Shell 前端软件包管理器。基于 RPM 包管理，能够从指定的服务器自动下载 RPM 包并且安装，可以自动处理依赖性关系，并且一次安装所有依赖的软件包，无须繁琐地一次次下载、安装。
二、语法
yum [options] command [package …]
[options] 可选项
command 命令
[packages…] 包名，可以有多个
三、常用命令
1、安装：yum install PACKAGE_NAME…
2、更新：
升级：yum update PACKAGE_NAME…
降级：yum downgrade PACKAGE_NAME…
3、卸载：
yum remove PACKAGE_NAME…
yum erase PACKAGE_NAME…
4、查看：
显示yum仓库列表：yum repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
显示所有可安装的软件清单：yum list
显示：yum list {available|installed|updates} [glob_exp1] […]
5、查找：
yum search string1 [string2]
6、清除缓存：
yum clean [packages|metadata|expire-cache|rpmdb|plugins|all]
7、构建缓存
yum makecache
8、查看yum历史
yum history
9、常用的命令行选项
--nogpgcheck: 禁止进行gpg check
-y: 自动回答为"yes"
-q: 静默模式
--disablerepo=repoidglob: 临时启用
--noplugins: 禁用所有的插件
10、包组管理相关命令
安装：yum groupinstall group1
更新：yum groupupdate group1
列表：yum grouplist groupwildcard
删除：yum groupremove group1
查看：yum groupinfo group1
示例：
1、安装
[root@linux4 ~]# yum install -y zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved=================================================================================================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:zsh x86_64 5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 server 2.4 MTransaction Summary
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 PackageTotal download size: 2.4 M
Installed size: 5.6 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.Installing : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1 Installed:zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 Complete!
2、更新
[root@linux4 ~]# yum update zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
No packages marked for update
3、卸载
[root@linux4 ~]# yum remove zsh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved=================================================================================================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Removing:zsh x86_64 5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 @server 5.6 MTransaction Summary
=================================================================================================================================================================================
Remove 1 PackageInstalled size: 5.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transactionErasing : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : zsh-5.0.2-34.el7_8.2.x86_64 1/1 Removed:zsh.x86_64 0:5.0.2-34.el7_8.2 Complete!
[root@linux4 ~]#
4、查看
[root@linux4 ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
server server 10,072
repolist: 10,072
[root@linux4 ~]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
server server enabled: 10,072
repolist: 10,072
[root@linux4 ~]# yum repolist enabled
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
server server 10,072
repolist: 10,072
[root@linux4 ~]# yum list installed
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
GConf2.x86_64 3.2.6-8.el7 @server
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.18.8-1.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.18.8-1.el7 @anaconda
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.18.8-1.el7 @anaconda
......
5、查找
[root@linux4 ~]# yum search mysql
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
================================================== N/S matched: mysql ==================================================
MySQL-python.x86_64 : An interface to MySQL
akonadi-mysql.x86_64 : Akonadi MySQL backend support
apr-util-mysql.x86_64 : APR utility library MySQL DBD driver
dovecot-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL back end for dovecot
freeradius-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for freeradius
libdbi-dbd-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL plugin for libdbi
mha4mysql-manager.noarch : Master High Availability Manager and Tools for MySQL, Manager Package
mha4mysql-node.noarch : Master High Availability Manager and Tools for MySQL, Node Package
mysql-connector-java.noarch : Official JDBC driver for MySQL
mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64 : ODBC driver for MySQL
pcp-pmda-mysql.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for MySQL
perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 : A MySQL interface for Perl
php-mysql.x86_64 : A module for PHP applications that use MySQL databases
php-mysqlnd.x86_64 : A module for PHP applications that use MySQL databases
qt-mysql.i686 : MySQL driver for Qt's SQL classes
qt-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL driver for Qt's SQL classes
qt3-MySQL.i686 : MySQL drivers for Qt 3's SQL classes
qt3-MySQL.x86_64 : MySQL drivers for Qt 3's SQL classes
qt5-qtbase-mysql.i686 : MySQL driver for Qt5's SQL classes
qt5-qtbase-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL driver for Qt5's SQL classes
redland-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL storage support for Redland
rsyslog-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for rsyslog
mariadb.x86_64 : A community developed branch of MySQL
mariadb-devel.i686 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
mariadb-devel.x86_64 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
mariadb-libs.i686 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
mariadb-libs.x86_64 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clientsName and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
[root@linux4 ~]#
6、清除缓存
[root@linux4 ~]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: server
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[root@linux4 ~]#
7、构建缓存
[root@linux4 ~]# yum makecache
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Determining fastest mirrors
server | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
(1/4): server/group_gz | 153 kB 00:00:00
(2/4): server/filelists_db | 7.2 MB 00:00:00
(3/4): server/other_db | 2.6 MB 00:00:00
(4/4): server/primary_db | 6.1 MB 00:00:00
Metadata Cache Created
[root@linux4 ~]#
8、yum历史
[root@linux4 ~]# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Command line | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 | remove zsh | 2022-09-21 22:27 | Erase | 1 22 | install -y zsh | 2022-09-21 22:24 | Install | 1 <21 | groupremove -y Security | 2022-09-21 21:22 | Erase | 1 > 20 | groupinstall Security To | 2022-09-21 21:21 | Install | 3 19 | install createrepo | 2022-09-20 15:44 | Install | 3 18 | install -y zsh | 2022-09-20 15:09 | Install | 1 17 | erase zsh | 2022-09-20 15:09 | Erase | 1 16 | install -y zsh | 2022-09-20 15:09 | Install | 1 15 | remove zsh | 2022-09-20 15:09 | Erase | 1 14 | reinstall zsh* | 2022-09-20 15:07 | Reinstall | 1 <13 | install -y at* | 2022-09-19 09:12 | Install | 149 > 12 | install mail* | 2022-09-18 22:37 | Install | 5 11 | install -y bison flex re | 2022-09-07 11:00 | Install | 17 10 | groupinstall -y Developm | 2022-09-07 10:59 | Install | 56 9 | install -y tree | 2022-07-29 11:03 | Install | 1 8 | install java* | 2022-07-27 09:08 | Install | 212 7 | install -y keepalived* | 2022-07-26 00:35 | Install | 4 6 | install lrz* | 2022-07-21 23:44 | Install | 1 5 | install -y unzip | 2022-07-21 21:54 | Install | 1 <4 | install -y perl* | 2022-07-20 18:20 | Install | 337 >
history list
[root@linux4 ~]#
9、包组相关
################ yum grouplist #################
[root@linux4 ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Environment Groups:Minimal InstallCompute NodeInfrastructure ServerFile and Print ServerBasic Web ServerVirtualization HostServer with GUIGNOME DesktopKDE Plasma WorkspacesDevelopment and Creative Workstation
Installed Groups:Development ToolsLegacy UNIX Compatibility
Available Groups:Compatibility LibrariesConsole Internet ToolsGraphical Administration ToolsScientific SupportSecurity ToolsSmart Card SupportSystem Administration ToolsSystem Management
Done################ yum groupinstall #################
[root@linux4 ~]# yum groupinstall -y "Security Tools"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package scap-security-guide.noarch 0:0.1.49-13.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved========================================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================================================
Installing for group install "Security Tools":scap-security-guide noarch 0.1.49-13.el7.centos server 7.9 MTransaction Summary
========================================================================================================================
Install 1 PackageTotal download size: 7.9 M
Installed size: 217 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transactionInstalling : scap-security-guide-0.1.49-13.el7.centos.noarch 1/1 Verifying : scap-security-guide-0.1.49-13.el7.centos.noarch 1/1 Installed:scap-security-guide.noarch 0:0.1.49-13.el7.centos Complete!
[root@linux4 ~]# ################ yum groupupdate #################
[root@linux4 ~]# yum groupupdate -y "Security Tools"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum)
No packages in any requested group available to install or update################ yum groupinfo #################
[root@linux4 ~]# yum groupinfo "Security Tools"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfileGroup: Security ToolsGroup-Id: security-toolsDescription: Security tools for integrity and trust verification.Default Packages:=scap-security-guideOptional Packages:aidehmaccalcopenscapopenscap-utilsscap-security-guide-docscap-workbenchstrongimcvtncfhhtpm-quote-toolstpm-toolstpm2-toolstrousers
[root@linux4 ~]# ################ yum groupremove #################
[root@linux4 ~]# yum groupremove -y "Security Tools"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
No environment named Security Tools exists
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package scap-security-guide.noarch 0:0.1.49-13.el7.centos will be erased
--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved========================================================================================================================Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================================================================
Removing:scap-security-guide noarch 0.1.49-13.el7.centos @server 217 MTransaction Summary
========================================================================================================================
Remove 1 PackageInstalled size: 217 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transactionErasing : scap-security-guide-0.1.49-13.el7.centos.noarch 1/1 Verifying : scap-security-guide-0.1.49-13.el7.centos.noarch 1/1 Removed:scap-security-guide.noarch 0:0.1.49-13.el7.centos Complete!
[root@linux4 ~]#
四、yum源配置
yum配置文件：
/etc/yum.conf 为所有仓库提供公共配置
/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo 为仓库的指向提供配置
仓库定义
[repositoryID] 仓库ID
name=SOME name for this repository 仓库名
baseurl=url://path/to/repository 路径，可以有多个，每个写一行
enabled={1|0} 默认1
gpgckeck={1|0} 是否校验完整性及来源合法性(可选)
gpgkey=URL(可选)
enablegroups={1|0}(可选)
failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}(可选，url有多个时，指定选择顺序)
cost= 开销，默认1000(可选)
yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量
$releasever: 当前OS的发行版的主版本号
$arch: 平台
$basearch: 基础平台
本地yum源配置样例
[root@linux4 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[server]
name=server
baseurl=file:///mnt
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
网络源配置，参考如下链接：
点击此处查看网络yum源配置
https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/centos?spm=a2c6h.13651102.0.0.3e221b1172sF6t
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