11【虚拟语气】Subjunctive mood

1, 假设 if

If从句 过去时态，主句用现在

If从句 过去完成，主句用 现在完成

If从句现在，主句用未来

2，虚拟语气和条件句的判断

是不是虚拟语气，首先通过判断 if 条件语句很重要

判断这个不仅仅是时态上的差异，主句的助动词也可以作为判断依据

If 后助动词是would, could, should, might,的话，这个“虚拟语气”句子主句和从句的动词时态有差异，

由主句后would的动词决定

If you studied all the course hard, you would pass the comprehensive test.

----》看主句有would, 判断是虚拟语气，因为would后是动词原形，从句就往后退一个时态就是过去。

If you have a question, you can contact me at any time.

----》有if，但是主句没有would, should, could, might，所以两个句子时态一致

3，虚拟语气的基本形态

A, 虚拟语气：过去

（1）如果~ 的话，和现在事实相反

（2）形态：

If + 主语 + 动词过去式 ~，主语 + would/could/might + 动词原型

If you acquired the company, you might regret it because of its financial burden.

If I were you ~: 注意在虚拟语气中这个和be动词的时态和单复数没有关系，用were，但是在口语中根据人称和单复数也有可能是was

B，虚拟语气：过去完成

（1）如果过去已经做过了~，和过去的事实相反

（2）形态：

If + 主语 + 动词过去完成(had done)~,主语 + would/could/might + 动词现在完成(have done）

If the team had finished the project in time, we would have released the new item at this fair

C，未来：条件

（1）或许~的话：与将来事实相反

（2）形态：

If + 主语 + should + 动词原形~，主句 + will/can/may/must/should+动词原型（或命令句）

If + 主语 + 动词一般现在式，主句主语 + will + 动词原型

4，虚拟语气的倒装

倒装，就是句子成分的移动，为了强调

If 的倒装: （if 省略）+助动词+主语+动词，主语+动词

If 省略，助动词前移；主句不变

If 主语 were+补语（形容词，分词…）, 主语 + would do

If 主语 had /had done+宾语, 主语 + would + 现在完成 have done

If 主语 should +宾语, 主语+ will/please + 动词原型【命令句】

（1）if the art exhibitions were held throughout the country, more people could enjoy ~~

à Were the art exhibitions ~

（2）if you had attended the academic forum, you would have gotten more information

à Had you attended the ~

（3）if she should be promoted to manager, team members can build up their work.

à Should she be promoted to ~

5，虚拟语气的应用

A，复杂句

（1）句子中有表现在的副词now, currently, presently, at present 等， if从句的时态用过去完成 had done

（2）形态：过去~的话，现在就~

If + 主语 +had done~, 主语+would/could/might+动词原型/现在完成【+表现在的副词】

If we had saved the operating costs, our budget would be enough now.

B，if 可代用的词语

连词-如果~的话：provided (that), providing (that), assuming (that), supposing(that)

介词-如果不~的话：without, but for, barring, if not for

（1）If the item price is reasonable, we will buy the state-of-the-art mobile phone.

à Provided that the item price is ~

（2）If it were not for his consultation, we could not achieve this accomplishment

à But for his consultation, we ~

（3）If it were not for the rival company’s interference, we would proceed with the street promotion campaign

à Without the rival company’s ~

6，虚拟语气解题

（1）回归法

将主句和从句时态回归到非虚拟语气的状态，然后再用“时态向前推”的方法将主从句改变为虚拟语气的状态

（2）虚拟语气条件句

与现在事实相反：从句过去，主句 should等 + 动词原型；

与过去事实相反：从句 had done, 主句 should等+ have done;

与将来事实相反：从句 过去（should do/were to do, 主句 should等 + 动词原型;

【注意】

0. 主句中有had done, 从句中一定有have done, 反之，在错综虚拟条件句中不成立
1．If条件句中绝对不可以出现would。
2．根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都要遵守上述句型。如：
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now and you would graduate from a college in four years’ time.
3．条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装。例如：
Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have been saved.
Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home?

（3）名词性虚拟语气

表示命令，建议，要求，惊叹的名词性从句中

基本句型：主语 + （should）+ 动词原形

Mother insisted that John (should) go to bed at 9 o’clock.（宾语从句）
It was required that the crops (should) be harvested at once.（主语从句）
It is surprising that she shouldn’t pass the math exam. （主语从句）
The suggestion that he (should) be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）
Their demand is that their wages (should) be increased.（表语从句）
注意：在这种句子中绝不可以出现would, must, could等。

（4）虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句

句型：wish后的宾语从句

与现在愿望不一致：主语＋过去时；
与过去愿望不一致：主语＋ had ＋过去分词/ could ＋ have＋过去分词；
与未来愿望不一致：主语＋ would / could ＋动词原形。如；

I wish I were you.

I wish I had visited the White House when I was in the States.

I wish I could meet you tomorrow at the party.

句型：It’s time句型（当It’s time后用that从句时应该为“主语＋ should ＋动词原形”或“主语＋过去时”）

It’s time that you went / should go to school.

句型：If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish ＋宾语从句”

If only he could come! 他要能来就好了。

If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。

句型：would rather, as if（though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时。

I’d rather you posted the letter right away.

I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.

She loves the children as if they were hers.

Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.

句型：without, but, but for, but that, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着虚拟条件。

Without you, I would never know him.

But for your cooperation, we wouldn’t have done the work so well.

But that she was afraid, she would have said no.

I would be most glad to help you, but I’am busy now.

I should have come to the party yesterday, but I was busy.

I am busy now; otherwise I would do you the favor!

句型：If it were not for ... / If it hadn’t been for ... (要不是因为……)，其后面的主句也需使用虚拟。

If it were not for his help, I wouldn’t go home now.

If it hadn’t been for the determined captain, all the passengers on the board wouldn’t have been ~

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