刘晓燕2021语法句型总结3之从句

P1-名词性从句

名词性从句就是把名词替换成句子。引导词在从句中不充当任何成分。从句肯定是陈述句。
把主语的名词替换成从句就是主语从句，把宾语/表语的名词替换成从句就是宾语/表语从句。
宾语从句引导词可以省略，其他不行。
superstar never fail to fascinate hin is obvious.
修正：主语是个句子，这是不可以的，要变成从句才行。
that superstar never fail to fascinate hin is obvious.

that she succeeded in finding a friend makes me happy.-》正确

that she succeeded in finding a friend which makes me happy.-》错误
为什么我第一反应会是底下这句？

P2-同位语从句

理解：同位语是用来解释名词的。比如
the man,a great teacher,can paly baseketball.
a great teacher 是用来解释man，所以是同位语。
同位语从句，就是把同位语变成从句？：
the man,who is a great teacher can paly baseketball.

p3-定语从句

定语是修饰名词（短语）的成分，或者修饰句子
与同位语的区别：同位语是对名词进行补充说明

简单理解就是A的B，这里A就是定语。
例子：
桌上的水杯很漂亮。-》’桌上的‘是定语，很漂亮不是定语，是表语
勇敢的男人都很帅。-》勇敢的是定语

定语的成分：
1.形容词：勇敢的、善良的,代词his/your/my life,数词two/a/three boys
2.名词（短语），但得形容词化：小明的歌声，小明是个名词，要修饰歌声，就得形容词化，xiaoming’s singing,就是加’s。一般转化成用of表达比较常见，singing of xiaoming
3.介词短语：窗外的小狗，the dog out of the window ,out of the window 是介词短语
4.非谓语动词：唱歌的夜莺，唱歌sing是动词，变成非谓语->the singing nightingale,被女生欺骗的学生->the student deceibed by the girl
5.从句做定语：the rose which the nightingale exchanged with his life failed to help the student.
6.with引导的：They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.–>with rich relatives and neighbours用来修饰学生。（这是我后来读阅读发现的的，刘晓燕并没有讲到，或者应该归结为介词短语）

定语的位置
当一个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前，当多个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词后。
前：beautiful girl, kind man.
后：
this is a story about a rose and a nightingale.
the young man understanding love(懂爱的男人）

例外：
当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个单词，也可以放在名词后，也可放在名词前。通常放在后。
The dumped boy looks pitiful.
The boy dumped looks pitiful.
当形容词修饰不定代词（比如something / anything )时，也通常放在名词后。
I have important something to said.
I have something important to said.

定语从句的先行词
看先行词（要修饰的词），分为五类：先行词是人 / 物 / 时间 / 地点 / 原因 /
引导词分为三类：
副词（从句中不充当任何成分）：when / what / why / where / 等
代词（从句中充当主语或宾语）：that / which / who / whom /
形容词（修饰离它最近的名词）：whose
引导词确定方法：一是看先行词，人、物归为一类，其他归为一类，而看后面引导的句子主谓宾缺不缺。
I will never forget the day when I met you.
I will never forget the day which/that we spent.
you had better have some reson why you are late.
you had better have some reson which/that sounds perfect.
The lod lady died on that on that day when her son arrived.
第一句话I met you 主谓宾不缺，可以填副词when.
第二句话 we spent 缺个宾语，when 是副词不能做宾语，只能填代词which或that
第三句话you are late 不缺成分，填副词
第四句话sounds perfect 缺主语，填代词
第五句话her son arrived不缺宾语，因为这句话是个主谓结构，arrived是不及物动词，本身就没有宾语

he is the man who loves me.
he is the man who/whom i love.
he is the man whose father is wealthy.
第一句话 loves me缺主语，填代词who，who可以充当主语和宾语，whom只能充当宾语
第二句话i love缺宾语，可以填who或者whom
第三句话主谓宾不缺，先行词是个人/物，不能用when等副词来引导，填形容词whose

特殊
1.that引导的定语从句且充当宾语时that可以省略。
I ate the soup that my mother cooked.
2.区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
主要是看有没有逗号隔开。
限制性定语从句：
I love the girl who is beautuful. 我喜欢美丽的这个女孩。（重点是美丽的才喜欢）
非限制性定语从句：
I love the girl， who is beautuful. 我喜欢这个女孩，她很美丽。（重点是喜欢女孩）

3.介词+关系代词
3.1 介词+关系代词可以替换成关系副词，比如in which 可以换成where
3.2 定语从句中谓语为动词+介词的形式，并且先行词在从句中作宾语时，介词可以提前。
This is a subject which we might argue about for a long time.
这句话中谓语为argue about，并且which充当宾语，可以把about提前:
This is a subject about which we might argue for a long time.
3.3 介词+关系代词用法中修饰人只能用whom，修饰物只能用which
3.4 whose 可以用of which/whom替换

4.the same…as和the same…that引导的定语从句
Mr.Darcy is the same man as i love.达西先生就像我爱的那个男人
Mr.Darcy is the same man as i love.达西先生就是我爱的那个男人

5.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句
as引导的从句可以位于主句前、中、后，译成”正如“，which只能放在所修饰的句子中的后面
as后面往往是be动词，而which可以是所有动词–》as is… which make/use/…
例子：
man struggles upwatds and water flows dowmwards,as is known to us all. as修饰前面那句话
as is known to us all，man struggles upwatds and water flows dowmwards
man，,as is known to us all， struggles upwatds and water flows dowmwards.
以上三句都是一样的。

man struggles upwatds and water flows dowmwards,which is known to us all.
以上which不能替换位置了。

6.which 和 that 的区别，who和 that 的区别
略

定语从句和同位语从句的区别

**
1.看引导词在从句中是否充当成分，充当主语或宾语就是定语从句
2.在句子中不充当成分，仅仅是个连词就是同位语从句
3.定语从句是修饰，同位语从句是解释。
I had a dream that was definitely sweet.
梦用甜美来修饰，且that充当主语
I had a dream that i would become a rich man someday.
梦用具体的例子来解释，