缘起

做SpringBoot项目时需要验证request参数，e.g：

这样的需求太常见了，几乎每个Controller接口都要验证，对于普通的校验规则如果手动校验，重复又繁琐，而且特别不优雅。试想，谁想在每个方法前都要排上一长串校验方法呢？

public String hello(@RequestParam("name") String name) throws Exception {validateNotNull(name);validateNotBlank(name);...// business logic
}

所以，一个常见的需求出现了：有没有可以自动校验Controller层请求参数的框架？
使得我们可以使用更加轻便的方式（例如注解）进行参数校验，而不用吭哧吭哧地手写校验逻辑。
答案是有的，Java设计者们和Java社区早就遇到了个问题，并且提出了解决方案。

这就是Bean Validation。

Bean Validation

Bean Validation规范在2009年就被提出，主要用来解决Java bean的验证问题，这在Bean Validation的Description中描述得很清楚：

This JSR will define a meta-data model and API for JavaBeanTM validation based on annotations, with overrides and extended meta-data through the use of XML validation descriptors.

可以看到，Bean Validation解决的问题比之前描述的场景更为普遍：不仅仅是Controller层参数，而是使用注解进行任意Java Bean的验证问题。

Bean Validation自提出至今已经历经了JSR303，JSR349和JSR380三个提案（详见：JSR：Bean Validation，有关JSR请读者自行了解，简单地说，就是Java官方给出的规范建议，但不提供实现）。
根据JSR，Java EE 提供了javax.validation.api（java EE改名为jakarta EE后，javax.validation.api也更名为jakarta.validation.api），而Apache Hibernate根据该api提供了hibernate-validator，平常我们说的Validate框架99.99%指的就是hibernate-validator。
简单捋一下，就是：

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Java Bean的校验需求

Bean Validation JSR 提案

Bean Validation API

hibernate-validator 实现

其中的Bean Validation JSR只提出规范，不涉及coding，Bean Validation API是Java官方根据JSR设计的API，并不提供实现。而hibernate-validator是Apache Hibernate基金会根据Bean Validation API提供的实现。

走进hibernate-validator

SpringMVC默认集成hibernate-validator

翻看我们的SpringBoot项目，好像没有专门import hibernate-validator，但是还是可以直接用@NotNull，@NotBlank等注解，难道真的没有引入吗？
其实排查起来很简单：

mvn dependency:tree

Ctr + Shift + F

一般情况下，对于SpringBoot项目，默认集成了spring-boot-starter-validation，后者默认集成了hibernate-validator框架，不需要单独引入。当然你，在实测中发现这也和版本有关，有些版本的SpringBoot并没有集成，需要单独引入。
不管是自动继承还是手动引入，SpringBoot（SpringMVC）默认支持hibernate-validator框架。

hibernate-validator支持哪些校验规则

上文提到：

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Java Bean的校验需求

Bean Validation JSR 提案

Bean Validation API

hibernate-validator 实现

Java Validation自提出到现在也已经有十多年了，以最新的JSR380为例，从上往下捋下来是这样的：
JSR380 ——> Bean Validation 2.0 ——> hibernate-valiidatot 6.0 +
所以与其问hibernate-validator支持哪些校验规则不如问Bean Validation 2.0规定了哪些API。查看官方文档Built-in Constraint definitions可以看到，Bean Validation 2.0拥有22种“内建约束(built-in constraints)”:

8.1. @Null constraint
8.2. @NotNull constraint
8.3. @AssertTrue constraint
8.4. @AssertFalse constraint
8.5. @Min constraint
8.6. @Max constraint
8.7. @DecimalMin constraint
8.8. @DecimalMax constraint
8.9. @Negative constraint
8.10. @NegativeOrZero constraint
8.11. @Positive constraint
8.12. @PositiveOrZero constraint
8.13. @Size constraint
8.14. @Digits constraint
8.15. @Past constraint
8.16. @PastOrPresent constraint
8.17. @Future constraint
8.18. @FutureOrPresent constraint
8.19. @Pattern constraint
8.20. @NotEmpty constraint
8.21. @NotBlank constraint
8.22. @Email constraint

每一种约束都有说明。
当然，本地的hibernate-validator也可以查看每个约束文档，引入hibernate-validator包后，搜索任意一个约束如NotNull：

可以看到，22个约束（以注解形式出现）都定义在jakarta.validation-api（也就是java.validation-api）中，版本2.0.2，hibernate-validator就是实现该接口。

Examples

使用@Vadation开启校验（使所有constraints生效），其中的NacosConfig是个Java Bean：

其中的@Valid是个递归校验的注解，使用这个注解在属性上时，会递归地向下校验（有关@Valid请自行了解）：

其中的match，talosConfig都使用了@Valid进行递归校验：

其中的serviceName和InstanceIPs使用了自定义注解：@ValidServiceName和@ValidIP。

如果对自定义@Validation注解感兴趣，请自行了解，可参考：Java Bean Validation自定义注解
List<@ValidIP String>来源于Bean Validation 2.0增加的容器元素注解支持What’s new in 2.0：

Ps：如果是对容器中的每个元素进行递归校验，可以使用List<@Valid JavaBean>的方式。
注意，所有内建的constraints包括@Valid在校验的属性为null自动返回true。如果是自定义注解，也建议在isValid()方法第一行加上：

if(null == xxx) return true;

即统一风格，如果校验对象为null，则默认校验通过。

程序化校验

参见：Programmatic Validation
我写的example：

参考资料

参考：深入了解数据校验：Java Bean Validation 2.0（JSR380）

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