使用RMAN备份与恢复数据库（7）——管理备份集
2024-05-26 11:53:07
使用RMAN备份与恢复数据库（7）——管理备份集
通过RMAN有两种不同类型的备份方式：使用镜像备份和使用备份集备份。
镜像备份（Image Copies）：镜像复制其实就是创建数据文件、控制文件或归档文件的副本，与用户通过操作系统命令创建的备份一样，RMAN利用目标数据库中的服务进程来完成文件复制。
备份集（Backup Sets）：为RMAN默认的备份选项。备份集是RMAN创建的具有特定格式的逻辑备份对象，备份集在逻辑上由一个或多个备份片段（Backup Piece）组成，每个备份片段在物理上对应一个操作系统文件，一个备份片段中可能包含多个数据文件、控制文件或归档文件。使用备份集备份时只读取数据库中已经使用的数据块，因此备份文件的体积更小。
一、查看和修改RMAN的备份方式
1、查看RMAN的备份方式
RMAN> show all;RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCL are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
--#################################################################################
--下面的配置表示当前的备份方式为备份集备份
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
--#################################################################################
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/home/oracle/rmanbak/%u';
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/usr/local/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f'; # default
2、修改RMAN的备份方式
RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO COPY; new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO COPY;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
released channel: ORA_DISK_1RMAN> show all;RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCL are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
--#################################################################################
--备份方式修改为镜像备份
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO COPY;
--#################################################################################
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/home/oracle/rmanbak/%u';
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/usr/local/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f'; # default
3、把备份方式重新修改为备份集
RMAN> CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; old RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO COPY;
new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully storedRMAN> show all;RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name ORCL are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
--#################################################################################
--备份方式修改为备份集备份
--PARALLELISM参数为并行数
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 2 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET;
--#################################################################################
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK FORMAT '/home/oracle/rmanbak/%u';
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/usr/local/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/snapcf_orcl.f'; # default在备份集备份方式下也可以使用镜像备份，只需要使用backup as copy命令即可。
二、查看备份集
1、查看参数文件备份集
RMAN> list backup of spfile;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
59 Full 80.00K DISK 00:00:00 2020-04-10 06:13:03BP Key: 91 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200410T061303Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/spfileorcl.oldSPFILE Included: Modification time: 2020-04-10 05:34:50SPFILE db_unique_name: ORCL
2、查看控制文件备份集
RMAN> list backup of controlfile;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
60 Full 9.83M DISK 00:00:02 2020-04-10 06:13:38BP Key: 92 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200410T061336Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.oldControl File Included: Ckp SCN: 1766092 Ckp time: 2020-04-10 06:13:36
3、查看数据文件备份集
RMAN> list backup of datafile 5;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
57 Full 18.42M DISK 00:00:00 2020-04-09 20:28:34BP Key: 89 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200409T202834Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbfList of Datafiles in backup set 57File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----5 Full 1741852 2020-04-09 20:28:34 /usr/local/oradata/orcl/data01.dbf
4、查看表空间备份集
说明：表空间和数据文件备份结果相同。
RMAN> list backup of tablespace data01;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
57 Full 18.42M DISK 00:00:00 2020-04-09 20:28:34BP Key: 89 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200409T202834Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbfList of Datafiles in backup set 57File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----5 Full 1741852 2020-04-09 20:28:34 /usr/local/oradata/orcl/data01.dbf
5、查看归档日志备份集
RMAN> list backup of archivelog all;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
58 14.20M DISK 00:00:02 2020-04-09 20:32:06BP Key: 90 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200409T203204Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/archivelog_ORCL_1559168802_81_1_20200409List of Archived Logs in backup set 58Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time---- ------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- ---------1 9 1741038 2020-04-09 20:20:23 1741173 2020-04-09 20:21:581 10 1741173 2020-04-09 20:21:58 1741284 2020-04-09 20:22:271 11 1741284 2020-04-09 20:22:27 1741391 2020-04-09 20:22:581 12 1741391 2020-04-09 20:22:58 1741661 2020-04-09 20:23:411 13 1741661 2020-04-09 20:23:41 1742829 2020-04-09 20:30:101 14 1742829 2020-04-09 20:30:10 1743756 2020-04-09 20:30:521 15 1743756 2020-04-09 20:30:52 1743788 2020-04-09 20:32:04
6、查看所有的备份集
RMAN> list backup;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
57 Full 18.42M DISK 00:00:00 2020-04-09 20:28:34BP Key: 89 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200409T202834Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbfList of Datafiles in backup set 57File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Name---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----5 Full 1741852 2020-04-09 20:28:34 /usr/local/oradata/orcl/data01.dbfBS Key Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
58 14.20M DISK 00:00:02 2020-04-09 20:32:06BP Key: 90 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: YES Tag: TAG20200409T203204Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/archivelog_ORCL_1559168802_81_1_20200409List of Archived Logs in backup set 58Thrd Seq Low SCN Low Time Next SCN Next Time---- ------- ---------- ------------------- ---------- ---------1 9 1741038 2020-04-09 20:20:23 1741173 2020-04-09 20:21:581 10 1741173 2020-04-09 20:21:58 1741284 2020-04-09 20:22:271 11 1741284 2020-04-09 20:22:27 1741391 2020-04-09 20:22:581 12 1741391 2020-04-09 20:22:58 1741661 2020-04-09 20:23:411 13 1741661 2020-04-09 20:23:41 1742829 2020-04-09 20:30:101 14 1742829 2020-04-09 20:30:10 1743756 2020-04-09 20:30:521 15 1743756 2020-04-09 20:30:52 1743788 2020-04-09 20:32:04BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
59 Full 80.00K DISK 00:00:00 2020-04-10 06:13:03BP Key: 91 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200410T061303Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/spfileorcl.oldSPFILE Included: Modification time: 2020-04-10 05:34:50SPFILE db_unique_name: ORCLBS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
60 Full 9.83M DISK 00:00:02 2020-04-10 06:13:38BP Key: 92 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200410T061336Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.oldControl File Included: Ckp SCN: 1766092 Ckp time: 2020-04-10 06:13:36
三、使用crosscheck命令核对备份集
crosscheck命令用于核对磁盘和磁带上的备份文件，以确保RMAN资料库与备份文件保持同步。当执行crosscheck命令时，如果资料库记录不匹配于备份文件的物理状态，那么该命令会更新资料库记录的状态信息。备份文件的状态包括：AVALIABLE（可用的）、UNAVALIABLE（不可用的）、EXPIRED（失效的）。crosscheck命令的格式如下：
（1）crosscheck backup; --核对所有备份集
（2）crosscheck backup of database; --核对所有数据文件的备份集
（3）crosscheck backup of tablespace data01; --核对特定表空间的备份集
（4）crosscheck backup of datafile 4; --核对特定数据文件的备份集
（5）crosscheck backup of controlfile; --核对控制文件的备份集
（6）crosscheck backup of spfile; --核对SPFILE的备份集
（7）crosscheck backup of archivelog sequence 3; --核对归档日志的备份集（8）crosscheck copy; --核对所有镜像副本
（9）crosscheck copy of database; --核对所有数据文件的镜像副本
（10）crosscheck copy of tablespace users; --核对特定表空间的镜像副本
（11）crosscheck copy of datafile 6; --核对特定数据文件的镜像副本
（12）crosscheck copy of archivelog sequence 4; --核对归档日志的镜像副本
（13）crosscheck copy of controlfile; --核对控制文件的镜像副本
举例：
--控制文件的备份被删除，检查之后该备份集的状态变成expired（失效）
RMAN> crosscheck backup of controlfile;using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'EXPIRED'
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.old RECID=92 STAMP=1037340817
Crosschecked 1 objectsRMAN> list backup of controlfile;List of Backup Sets
===================BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
60 Full 9.83M DISK 00:00:02 2020-04-10 06:13:38BP Key: 92 Status: EXPIRED Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20200410T061336Piece Name: /home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.oldControl File Included: Ckp SCN: 1766092 Ckp time: 2020-04-10 06:13:36
四、删除备份集
删除备份集之前通常先使用crosscheck命令进行检查。删除备份集的命令如下：
1、删除过期备份
当使用RMAN命令执行备份操作时，RMAN会根据备份冗余策略确定备份是否过期。
RMAN> crosscheck backup;using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbf RECID=89 STAMP=1037305714
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/archivelog_ORCL_1559168802_81_1_20200409 RECID=90 STAMP=1037305924
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/spfileorcl.old RECID=91 STAMP=1037340783
Crosschecked 3 objectscrosschecked backup piece: found to be 'EXPIRED'
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.old RECID=92 STAMP=1037340817
Crosschecked 1 objectsRMAN> delete obsolete;RMAN retention policy will be applied to the command
RMAN retention policy is set to redundancy 1
using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
Deleting the following obsolete backups and copies:
Type Key Completion Time Filename/Handle
-------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
Backup Set 60 2020-04-10 06:13:38Backup Piece 92 2020-04-10 06:13:38 /home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.oldDo you really want to delete the above objects (enter YES or NO)? yes
deleted backup piece
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/control01.old RECID=92 STAMP=1037340817
Deleted 1 objects
2、删除无效备份
首先执行CROSSCHECK命令核对备份集，如果发现备份无效（比如备份对应的数据文件损坏或丢失），RMAN会将该备份集标记为 EXPIRED状态。
说明：noprompt参数表示删除时不提示yes或no。
RMAN> delete noprompt expired backup;using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
specification does not match any backup in the repository
3、删除EXPIRED镜像副本
delete expired copy;
4、删除特定备份集
RMAN> delete noprompt backupset 57;using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2List of Backup Pieces
BP Key BS Key Pc# Cp# Status Device Type Piece Name
------- ------- --- --- ----------- ----------- ----------
89 57 1 1 AVAILABLE DISK /home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbf
deleted backup piece
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbf RECID=89 STAMP=1037305714
Deleted 1 objects
5、删除特定备份片
RMAN> delete noprompt backuppiece '/home/oracle/rmanbak/archivelog_ORCL_1559168802_81_1_20200409';using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2List of Backup Pieces
BP Key BS Key Pc# Cp# Status Device Type Piece Name
------- ------- --- --- ----------- ----------- ----------
90 58 1 1 AVAILABLE DISK /home/oracle/rmanbak/archivelog_ORCL_1559168802_81_1_20200409
deleted backup piece
backup piece handle=/home/oracle/rmanbak/archivelog_ORCL_1559168802_81_1_20200409 RECID=90 STAMP=1037305924
Deleted 1 objects
6、删除所有备份集
delete noprompt backup;
7、删除所有镜像副本
delete noprompt copy;
8、删除特定镜像副本
delete datafile copy '/home/oracle/rmanbak/data01.dbf';
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