基于有序二叉树的专家系统应用—

二、设计与实现

1、设计思想

建立一个有序二叉树作为决策树，用来作为专家系统的知识库。决策树中的叶子结点存储各种动物的名称，其他节点存储有关动物特征的问题。从根节点开始，访问节点的内容。如果是节点内容是问题，由用户回答“是”、“否”。若回答“是”，访问左孩子结点，若回答否，访问右孩子节点，直到节点的内容为动物名称为止。此时，程序给出猜测结果。如果猜对，专家胜利。如果猜错，用户给出动物名称和特征，程序根据两者更改决策树、添加新的节点。

2、类结构

3、主要数据结构

主要的数据结构是链栈和二叉树。

二叉树，用来作为决策树，叶节点存储动物名称，其他节点存储有关动物特征的问题。同时对于每个问题节点，回答“是”对应的是左孩子节点，回答“否”对应的右孩子节点。

链栈在从文件中读取决策树中起作用。由于在文件中存储的决策树是按照后序遍历的方式存入的。在读取决策树的时候，也按照后序的次序建立相应的节点。栈中存储的是即将建立的双亲结点的孩子节点。也就是在每一轮中，首先被读入的是两个孩子节点，被存入到栈中，当读到它们的双亲结点时，两个孩子节点出栈，作为双亲结点的左右孩子后，双亲结点入栈。

4、算法设计

5、核心代码展示

static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{int wmId, wmEvent;wmId = LOWORD(wParam);wmEvent = HIWORD(wParam);HDC hdc;PAINTSTRUCT ps;switch (message){case WM_PAINT:{PAINTSTRUCT ps;HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);// To paint with a DDB it first needs to be associated// with a memory device context. We make a DC that// is compatible with the screen by passing NULL to// CreateCompatibleDC.// Then we need to associate our saved bitmap with the// device context.HDC hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(NULL);HBITMAP hbmT = SelectBitmap(hdcMem, hbm);// Now, the BitBlt function is used to transfer the contents of the // drawing surface from one DC to another. Before we can paint the// bitmap however we need to know how big it is. We call the GDI// function GetObject to get the relevent details.BITMAP bm;GetObject(hbm, sizeof(bm), &bm);BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, bm.bmWidth, bm.bmHeight, hdcMem, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);// Now, clean up. A memory DC always has a drawing// surface in it. It is created with a 1X1 monochrome// bitmap that we saved earlier, and need to put back// before we destroy it.SelectBitmap(hdcMem, hbmT);DeleteDC(hdcMem);// EndPaint balances off the BeginPaint call.EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);break;}case WM_CREATE:{ static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("欢迎来到专家系统应用"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 10, 500, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("进入专家系统应用"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 360, 100, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);HINSTANCE hInstance = GetWindowInstance(hWnd);//hbm = LoadBitmapW(hInstance,MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDB_BITMAP1));//C:\\Users\\Administrator.33XBYKMCA2C5EX4\Desktop\SpecPichbm = LoadBitmap(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDB_BITMAP1));return 0;}case WM_COMMAND:{HWND hwndTmp;int wmId = LOWORD(wParam);switch (wmId){case ID_40003:{MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("开发人员名单:武祎、王艺然、何鸿丞、辛喆\n开发时间：2020年6月\n版本号:8.0\n学校:北京理工大学"), TEXT("开发者信息"), MB_OK);break;}case ID_40001:{MessageBox(hWnd, in_address, TEXT("当前决策树的文件路径"), MB_OK);break;}case ID_40004:{AnimalNumber();MessageBox(hWnd, t_num,TEXT ("决策树中的动物数量"), MB_OK);break;}case ID_40005:{if (IsTreeEmpty()){MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("当前决策树为空！"), TEXT("提示"), MB_ICONWARNING);}else{TCHAR2Char(in_address, a);Save(hWnd);}break;}case ID_40006:{TCHAR2Char(in_address, a);Build(hWnd);break;}case IDC_BUTTON3:GetDlgItemText(hWnd, IDC_EDIT1, address, 100);TCHAR2Char(address, a);if (Build(hWnd)){if (flag == 0){static3 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("后序遍历输出的语句"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE|WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 200, 200, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC3, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static3, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);edit2=CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, TEXT("EDIT"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER | ES_MULTILINE|WS_HSCROLL|WS_VSCROLL , 10, 220, 300, 200, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_EDIT2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(edit2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);flag++;}GetDlgItemText(hWnd, IDC_EDIT1, in_address, 100);Display(hWnd);}break;case IDC_BUTTON4:{if (Expert(-1, hWnd)){}else{ClearAllWindows();static1 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("猜动物"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 10, 50, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), question, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 50, 500, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("结束本轮游戏"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 360, 300, 120, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button8 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("是"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 10, 100, 60, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON8, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button8, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button11 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("否"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 100, 100, 60, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON11, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button11, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);}break;}case IDC_BUTTON8:{if (!Expert(1, hWnd)){DestroyWindow(static2);static2 = NULL;static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), question, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 50, 500, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);}else{DestroyWindow(static2);static2 = NULL;static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), question, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 50, 500, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);DestroyWindow(button8);button8 = NULL;DestroyWindow(button11);button11 = NULL;button12 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("猜对了"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 10, 250, 60, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON12, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button12, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button13 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("猜错了"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 100, 250, 60, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON13, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button13, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);}break;}case IDC_BUTTON11:{if (!Expert(0, hWnd)){DestroyWindow(static2);static2 = NULL;static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), question, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 50, 500, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);}else{DestroyWindow(static2);static2 = NULL;static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), question, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 50, 500, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);DestroyWindow(button8);button8 = NULL;DestroyWindow(button11);button11 = NULL;button12 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("猜对了"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 10, 250, 60, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON12, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button12, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button13 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("猜错了"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 100, 250, 60, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON13, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button13, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);}break;}case IDC_BUTTON5:{ClearAllWindows();static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("菜单"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 10, 50, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button4 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("进入猜动物环节"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 360, 200, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON4, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button4, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button6 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("将决策树写入文件"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 360, 300, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON6, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button6, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button7 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("从文件中读入决策树"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 360, 100, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON7, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button7, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button10 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("退出系统"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 360, 400, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON10, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button10, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);break;}case IDC_BUTTON6:{if (IsTreeEmpty()){MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("您的决策树为空树!"), TEXT("提示"), MB_ICONWARNING);break;}ClearAllWindows();static1 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("将决策树写入文件"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 10, 140, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("请输入txt文件的地址："), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 10, 100, 160, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button9 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("确定"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 320, 140, 80, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON9, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button9, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("返回"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 320, 200, 80, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);flag = 0;edit1 = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, TEXT("EDIT"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER|ES_MULTILINE|WS_HSCROLL, 10, 140, 300, 50, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_EDIT1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(edit1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);break;}case IDC_BUTTON9:{GetDlgItemText(hWnd, IDC_EDIT1, address, 100);TCHAR2Char(address, a);Save(hWnd);break;}case IDC_BUTTON7:{ClearAllWindows();static1 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("读取文件建立决策树"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 10, 140, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("请输入txt文件的地址："), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 100, 160, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button3 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("确定"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 320, 140, 80, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON3, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button3, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);flag = 0;edit1 = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, TEXT("EDIT"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER| WS_HSCROLL | ES_MULTILINE, 10, 140, 300, 50, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_EDIT1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(edit1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("返回"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 320, 200, 80, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);break;}case IDC_BUTTON12:{MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("你竟然被一台电脑打败了，，，"), TEXT("提示"), MB_OK);ClearAllWindows();button4 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("再玩一次"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 420, 200, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON4, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button4, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("返回"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 160, 200, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);break;}case IDC_BUTTON13:{MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("专家猜错，请告诉专家动物信息"), TEXT("提示"), MB_OK);ClearAllWindows();static1 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("动物名称"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 110, 150, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);static2 = CreateWindow(TEXT("STATIC"), TEXT("区别于专家猜测的动物的特征(例如“它（不）是/（不）会/（没）有”句式)"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_EX_TRANSPARENT, 10, 200, 600, 20, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_STATIC2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(static2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);edit1 = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, TEXT("EDIT"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER | WS_HSCROLL | ES_MULTILINE, 10, 140, 300, 50, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_EDIT1, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(edit1, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);edit2 = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, TEXT("EDIT"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_BORDER | WS_HSCROLL | ES_MULTILINE, 10, 230, 300, 50, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_EDIT2, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(edit2, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button14 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("确定"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 320, 300, 80, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON14, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button14, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("返回"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 320, 350, 80, 30, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);break;}case IDC_BUTTON14:{GetDlgItemText(hWnd, IDC_EDIT1, a_name, 100);GetDlgItemText(hWnd, IDC_EDIT2, a_feature, 100);if (a_name[0] == '\0'){MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("动物名称不能为空"), TEXT("提示"), MB_ICONWARNING);break;}if (a_feature[0] == '\0'){MessageBox(hWnd, TEXT("相关特征不能为空"), TEXT("提示"), MB_ICONWARNING);break;}Expert(14, hWnd);ClearAllWindows();button4 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("再玩一次"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 420, 200, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON4, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button4, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);button5 = CreateWindow(TEXT("BUTTON"), TEXT("返回"), WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE, 160, 200, 150, 40, hWnd, (HMENU)IDC_BUTTON5, NULL, NULL);SendMessage(button5, WM_SETFONT, (WPARAM)hFont, 1);break;}case IDC_BUTTON10:{PostQuitMessage(0);return 0;}}}return 0;case WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC:{HDC hdc = (HDC)wParam;}return (BOOL)((HBRUSH)GetStockObject(NULL_BRUSH));case WM_DESTROY:PostQuitMessage(0);return 0;}return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}

三、测试与结论

1、测试环境：Visual Studio 2019
1）从文件读取决策树如下图：

2）用户依次选择问题答案如下图：

3）程序输出猜测结果如下图：

4）若猜测正确则显示如下图：

5）猜测错误则用户输入动物名称并按照提示描述特征如下图（如果用户输入为空系统会发出提示）：

6）用户可选择再玩一次或将新的决策树保存到文件中如下图：

7）在上侧菜单中，文件栏下，有以下辅助功能；在关于栏下，有开发者信息；在数据栏下，有动物的个数。

若用户没有读入决策树就开始进入猜动物环节，程序有相应提醒。

9）当用户非法输入时会有相应提醒。

当用户未建立决策树就开始保存到新文件时，会有相应提醒。

程序源码：

基于有序二叉树的专家系统应用——动物游戏（C++）源代码与应用程序-C/C++文档类资源-CSDN文库

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