python-GUI编程

"""尚学堂学习笔记，复习用"""

通过面向对象的写法编写GUI程序

组件的常见属性

操纵组件和组件属性编写简易的登录界面：

操作代码

运行结果：

变量绑定相关操作：

text文本框应用实例代码：

效果：

单选按钮：Radiobutton

#通过StringVar()对象实现变量绑定进而动态输出选择的信息self.v = StringVar()self.r1 = Radiobutton(self, text = "男性", value = "M", variable = self.v)self.r2 = Radiobutton(self, text = "女性", value = "F", variable = self.v)self.r1.pack(side = "left")self.r2.pack(side = "left")Button(self, text = "确定", command = self.confirm).pack(side = "left")def confirm(self):messagebox.showinfo("测试", "选择的性别:" + self.v.get())

多选按钮：Checkbutton

    self.codeHobby = IntVar()self.videoHobby = IntVar()print(self.codeHobby.get)self.c1 = Checkbutton(self, text = "敲代码", Variable = self.codeHobby,onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0)self.c2 = Checkbutton(self, text = "看视频", Varialbe = self.videoHobby,onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0)self.c1.pack(side = "left")self.c2.pack(side = "left")Button(self, text = "确定", command = self.confirm).pack(self = "left")def confirm(self):if self.videoHobby.get() == 1:messagebox.showinfo("测试", "看视屏———")if self.codeHobby.get() == 1:messagebox.showinfo("测试", "程序猿————")

canvas组件：

def createWidget(self):self.canvas = Canvas(self, width = 300, height = 200, bg = "green")self.canvas.pack()line = self.canvas.create_line(10, 10, 30, 20, 40, 50)rect = self.canvas.create_rectangle(50, 50, 100, 100)oval = self.canvas.create_oval(50, 50, 100, 100)global photophoto = PhotoImage(file = "图片路径")self.canvas.create_image(150, 170, image = photo)Button(self, text = "画10个矩形", command = self.draw10Rec).pack(self = "left")def draw10Rec:for i in range(10)x1 = random.randrange(int(self.canvas["width"]) / 2)y1 = random.randrange(int(self.canvas["height"]) / 2)x2 = x1 + random.randrange(int(self.canvas["width"] / 2))y2 = y1 + random.randrange(int(self.canvas["height"]) / 2)self.canvas.create_rectange(x1, y1, x2, y2)

通过girp布局登录界面：

def createWidget(self):self.label01 = Label(self, text = "用户名")self.label01.grid(row = 0, column = 0)self.entry01 = Entry(self)self.entry01.grid(row = 0, column = 1)Label(self, text = "用户名为手机号").grid(row = 0, column = 2)Label(self, text = "密码").grid(row = 1, column = 0)Entry(self, show = "*").grid(row = 1, column = 1)Button(self, text = "登录").grid(row = 2, column = 1, sticky = EW)BUtton(self, text = "取消").grid(row = 2, column = 2, sticky = E)

布局计算机界面：

def createWidget(self):btnText = (("MC", "M+", "M-", "MR"),("C", "±", "/", "×")(7, 8, 9, "-"),(4, 5, 6, "+"),(1, 2, 3, "="),(0, "."))Entry(self).gird(row = 0, column = 0, columnspan = 4, pady = 10)for rindex, r in enumerate(btnText):for cindex, c in enumerate(r):if c == "=":Button(self, text = c, width = 2)\.grid(row = rindex + 1, column = cindex, rowspan = 2, sticky = NSEW)elif c == 0:Button(self, text = c, width = 2)\.grid(row = rindex + 1, column = cindex, columnspan = 2, sticky = NSEW)elif c == ".":Button(self, text = c, width = 2)\.grid(row = rindex + 1, column = cindex + 1, sticky = NSEW) else:Button(self, text = c, width = 2)\.grid(row = rindex + 1, column = cindex, sticky = NSEW)

通过pack布局界面

pack实现钢琴界面布局

from tkinter import *root = Tk()
root.geometry("700x220")f1 = Frame(root)
f1.pack()
f2 = Frame(root)
f2.pack()btnText("流行风", "中国风", "古风", "重金属", "轻音乐")for txt in btnText:Button(f1, text= txt).pack(side = "left", padx = "10")for i in range(1, 13):Label(f2, width = 5, height = 10, borderwidth = 1, relief = "solid",bg = "black" if i % 2 == 0 else "white").pack(side = "left, padx = "2")root.mainloop()

通过place布局界面

案例

# coding=utf-8from tkinter import *root = Tk(); root.geometry("500x300")
root.title("布局管理place"); root["bg"] = "white"f1 = Frame(root, width = 200, height = 200, bg = "green")
f1.place(x = 30, y = 30)#当relx和x同时存在时，x表示偏移量
Button(root, text = "江西理工大学").place(relx = 0.2, x = 100, y = 20, relwidth = 0.2,relheight = 0.5)
Button(f1, text = "信息工程学院").place(relx = 0.6, rely = 0.7)
Button(f1, text = "学生").place(relx = 0.5, rely = 0.2)root.mainloop()

事件机制

lambda表达式在组件command中进行传参

三种事件绑定

选择菜单(OptionMenu)

滑块(Scale)

颜色框

文件选择框

简单对话框

通用消息框

ttk子模块

用pyinstall可以将文件打包成可执行文件(.exe, 将文件和python解释器打包)

画图软件：

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.colorchooser import *  # 选择颜色的组件class Application(Frame):  # 继承自Frame组件,直接在Frame组件中增加子组件def __init__(self, master=None):  # 绑定根窗口super().__init__(master)self.master = masterself.pack()# 添加一些需要使用的属性self.st_draw = Falseself.last_draw = 0self.x = 0self.y = 0self.fg_color = "#ff0000"self.canvas_width = 900; self.canvas_height = 450; self.canvas_color = "#000000"# 调用创造子组件的方法self.createWidget()def createWidget(self):self.my_canvas = Canvas(root, width=self.canvas_width, height=self.canvas_height*0.9, bg=self.canvas_color)self.my_canvas.pack()my_start = Button(root, text="开始", name="start")my_start.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_pen = Button(root, text="画笔", name="pen")my_pen.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_rect = Button(root, text="矩形", name="rect")my_rect.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_clear = Button(root, text="清屏", name="clear")my_clear.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_eraser = Button(root, text="橡皮擦", name="eraser")my_eraser.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_line = Button(root, text="直线", name="line")my_line.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_lineArrow = Button(root, text="箭头直线", name="lineArrow")my_lineArrow.pack(side="left", padx=10)my_color = Button(root, text="颜色", name="color")my_color.pack(side="left", padx=10)# 绑定事件self.my_canvas.bind("<ButtonRelease-1>", self.stopDraw)my_pen.bind_class("Button", "<1>", self.eventManager)# 增加颜色切换的快捷键root.bind("<KeyPress-r>", self.kuaijiejian)root.bind("<KeyPress-g>", self.kuaijiejian)root.bind("<KeyPress-b>", self.kuaijiejian)# 管理事件def eventManager(self, event):name = event.widget.winfo_name()print(name)if name == "line":self.my_canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.myline)elif name == "lineArrow":self.my_canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.mylineArrow)elif name == "rect":self.my_canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.my_rect)elif name == "pen":self.my_canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.my_pen)elif name == "eraser":self.my_canvas.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.my_eraser)elif name == "clear":self.my_canvas.delete("all")elif name == "color":c = askcolor(color=self.fg_color, title="选择画笔颜色")self.fg_color = c[1]# 定义子组件功能def stopDraw(self, event):self.st_draw = Falseself.last_draw = Falsedef startDraw(self, event):self.my_canvas.delete(self.last_draw)if not self.st_draw:self.st_draw = Trueself.x = event.xself.y = event.ydef myline(self, event):self.startDraw(event)self.last_draw = self.my_canvas.create_line(self.x, self.y, event.x, event.y, fill=self.fg_color)def mylineArrow(self, event):self.startDraw(event)self.last_draw = self.my_canvas.create_line(self.x, self.y, event.x, event.y, arrow=LAST, fill=self.fg_color)def my_rect(self, event):self.startDraw(event)self.last_draw = self.my_canvas.create_rectangle(self.x, self.y, event.x, event.y, outline=self.fg_color)def my_pen(self, event):self.startDraw(event)self.my_canvas.create_line(self.x, self.y, event.x, event.y, fill=self.fg_color)self.x = event.xself.y = event.ydef my_eraser(self, event):self.startDraw(event)self.my_canvas.create_rectangle(event.x-4,event.y-4,event.x+4,event.y+4,fill=self.canvas_color)def kuaijiejian(self, event):if event.char == 'r':self.fg_color = "#ff0000"elif event.char == 'g':self.fg_color = "#00ff00"elif event.char == 'b':self.fg_color = '#0000ff'if __name__ == "__main__":root = Tk()  # 根窗口root.title("画图软件")  # 根窗口的标题app = Application(master=root)  # 创建app对象,app对象的父组件为rootroot.geometry(str(app.canvas_width) + 'x' + str(app.canvas_height) + "+400+200")  # 跟窗口大小为画布大小，离左屏幕400，上屏幕200root.mainloop()  # 不断进行事件循环

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