计算机英语 69

Unit 4: Computer Language and Programming

(计算机语言与编程)

Section A

Programming Language

I. Introduction

Programming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax . However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous , meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.

Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility . Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN 1 and COBOL 2 were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable , meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively

1 FORTRAN ：FORTRAN 语言，公式翻译程序语言(For mula Tran slation 的缩合)。

2

COBOL ：COBOL 语言，面向商业的通用语言(Co mmon B usiness-O riented L anguage 的缩略)。

syntax / 5sintAks / n. 句法 ambiguous

/ Am5bigjuEs /

a. 含糊不清的， 模棱两可的 punctuation

/ 7pQNktju5eiF E n /

n. 标点符号 sophistication / sE7fisti5keiF E n / n. 复杂性；尖端性versatility / 7vE:sE5tiliti /

n. 多用途；通用性address / E5dres / v. 对付，处理

portable / 5pC:tEb E l / a. 可移植的； 便携的