包裹识别码的类型 (Types of Parcel identifiers)

There are several classes or parcel identification systems. They fall into four basic types; (1) Geographic, (2) Map-Block Based, (3) Intelligent Key, and (4) Non-Intelligent Key. These approaches have all been implemented across the country and have distinct advantages and disadvantages.

有几种类别或包裹识别系统。 它们分为四种基本类型。 (1)地理，(2)基于地图块的，(3)智能钥匙和(4)非智能钥匙。 这些方法已在全国范围内实施，并具有明显的优缺点。

Geographic

地域

A geographic key is a special category of location-based intelligent key. Typically, it is the coordinate value of a point within the parcel (e.g. the centroid). The value is typically based on the projection used for parcel mapping or is converted to a non-projected coordinate system such as latitude/longitude. Automated routines can be developed to generate the parcel ID point, ensure that the point is located within the parcel polygon, and harvest the coordinate values for the PIN.

地理密钥是基于位置的智能密钥的特殊类别。 通常，它是地块内某个点(例如质心)的坐标值。 该值通常基于用于宗地映射的投影，或转换为非投影坐标系，例如纬度/经度。 可以开发自动例程来生成宗地ID点，确保该点位于宗地多边形内，并收集PIN的坐标值。

Another version of the geographic coordinate is the US National Grid (USNG) number. The USNG Standard has been adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) and provides a system to label points uniquely to one-meter accuracy. There may be some parcels that are smaller than one meter by one meter, but these would be a limited set and could be handled by an exception rule. The parcel identifier based on the USNG would provide a nationally unique index value and an approximate location.[1]

地理坐标的另一个版本是美国国家网格(USNG)号。 USNG标准已被联邦地理数据委员会(FGDC)采用，并提供了一种以一米的精度唯一标记点的系统。 可能会有一些小于一米乘一米的包裹，但是这些包裹是有限的，并且可以由例外规则处理。 基于USNG的包裹标识符将提供全国唯一的索引值和近似位置。 [1]

Another variation of geographic based parcel identifier is to interleaved values (e.g. NNNEEENNEENE). These values cannot be used directly for a location but may be useful to create a unique identifier.

基于地理的包裹标识符的另一个变体是交错值(例如NNNEEENNEENE)。 这些值不能直接用于位置，但是对于创建唯一标识符可能很有用。

Advantages: The geographic PIN is located inside the parcel polygon and can be used as point representation of the parcel data. The coordinate value can be generated from the parcel geometry. General location and adjacency can then be derived from the coordinate values.

优点：地理PIN位于宗地多边形内部，可以用作宗地数据的点表示。 坐标值可以从宗地几何图形生成。 然后可以从坐标值中得出一般位置和邻接关系。

Disadvantages: Generation of a geographic key requires that all parcels be mapped. Certain parcel configurations or generation scenarios (e.g. parcel combines, parcel splits) can create situations where the parcel identification uniqueness is difficult to guarantee if strict adherence to the generation scheme is observed. The length of the parcel identification will also vary in situations where additional identifying information needs to be incorporated (e.g. elevation, floor). In these situations, involving vertical parcels, the coordinate system-based identifiers often begin to break down. This is caused by the stacking of points or the necessity to incorporate an elevation value, resulting in a three-dimensional key. This approach is also sensitive to the map projection and the datum used and requires a GIS-based foundation to drive the assignment of the key. Non-convex parcel geometries can result in centroids that lie outside of the boundaries of the parcel. These situations must be resolved using alternate methods of centroid calculation.

缺点：生成地理密钥需要映射所有宗地。 某些宗地配置或生成方案(例如，宗地合并，宗地分割)可能会导致以下情况：如果严格遵守生成方案，则很难保证宗地标识的唯一性。 在需要合并其他标识信息(例如高程，地面)的情况下，包裹标识的长度也会有所不同。 在这些情况下，涉及垂直宗地，基于坐标系的标识符通常会开始崩溃。 这是由于点的堆积或合并高程值的必要性所致，从而产生了三维键。 这种方法对地图投影和使用的基准也很敏感，并且需要基于GIS的基础来驱动键的分配。 非凸的宗地几何形状可能导致形心位于宗地边界之外。 必须使用质心计算的替代方法解决这些情况。

Existing Systems: Statewide geographic PINs have been implemented in North Carolina and Massachusetts.

现有系统：已在北卡罗莱纳州和马萨诸塞州实施了州级地理PIN。

Block Based

基于块

The block-based parcel identification is sometimes referred to as the Sidwell or tax lot approach. In a block-based system, the jurisdiction is divided into blocks or map sheets and each block is assigned a unique identifier. Lots or tax parcels within each block are then assigned a unique number. In some systems, subsequent splits and combinations are identified using suffixes. These systems are easily recognized as they often have hyphens separating the components and are most commonly used in urban settings or in jurisdictions that have historically used a map/sheet-based system.

基于块的包裹识别有时也称为Sidwell或税收批次方法。 在基于块的系统中，权限被划分为块或地图，并且为每个块分配一个唯一的标识符。 然后，为每个街区中的地块或税区分配一个唯一的编号。 在某些系统中，使用后缀标识后续的拆分和组合。 这些系统很容易识别，因为它们通常使用连字符来分隔各个组成部分，并且最常用于城市环境或历史上使用基于地图/工作表的系统的辖区。

Advantages: The general location of the parcel is easily discerned from the block number as users become familiar with the numbering system and the hyphenation makes the parcel identification values more human-readable. The number can be used without hyphenation, no hyphens making it more “machine ready”. Value-based sorting arranges parcels into blocks groups.

优点：当用户熟悉编号系统时，可以很容易地从块编号中区分出包裹的一般位置，并且连字符使包裹标识值更易于阅读。 该数字可以不带连字符使用，没有连字符可以使其更“适合机器使用”。 基于值的排序将包裹分为块组。

Disadvantages: Block reconfiguration requires the creation and assignment of new block codes. If there are parcels between blocks, the system requires standardized rules for assigning a single block code to those parcels. This approach is not ideal for large land areas without clear urban block divisions and as implementation would require an indexing or tiling scheme. It is also possible to reach the limitation on unit numbering within a block, though this is rare in properly designed systems.

缺点：块重新配置需要创建和分配新的块代码。 如果块之间有包裹，则系统需要使用标准化规则为这些包裹分配单个块代码。 对于没有清晰的城市街区划分的大片土地，这种方法并不理想，因为要实施该方法将需要索引或切片方案。 尽管在正确设计的系统中这种情况很少见，但也有可能达到块内单元编号的限制。

Existing Systems: New York and Chicago use a modified block-based system.

现有系统：纽约和芝加哥使用经过修改的基于块的系统。

Intelligent Key

智能钥匙

An intelligent key is a synthetic value generated from selected information. In the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) states, the location within the PLSS Section or quarter section is often used as a base for the intelligent key. Other commonly used values are the parcel location within a block, the tax use classification, exempt status, and unit number. Intelligent keys are common and attempt to convey human-readable information about the property through the key itself.

智能密钥是根据所选信息生成的综合值。 在公共土地测量系统(PLSS)状态中，PLSS部分或四分之一部分内的位置通常用作智能钥匙的基础。 其他常用的值是块中的包裹位置，税收用途分类，免税状态和单位编号。 智能密钥很常见，并试图通过密钥本身传达有关该属性的人类可读信息。

Advantages: This is the most user-friendly option for parcel identification. An intelligent key can be derived from any number of existing geographic characteristics (e.g. municipality, council district, land use, tax category, location, address) and assignment can be based on these characteristics, eliminating the requirement of pre-assignment parcel mapping.

优点：这是用于包裹识别的最用户友好的选项。 智能钥匙可以从任何数量的现有地理特征(例如，市政当局，议会区域，土地使用，税收类别，位置，地址)中得出，并且可以基于这些特征进行分配，从而消除了预先分配宗地地图的需求。

Disadvantages: This approach can result in transient keys; keys that must be re-derived or re-assigned if any of the constituent values change. Improper maintenance of the keys across formerly interoperable systems can lead to issues with referential integrity; if a key change is not propagated to the systems and services relying on it, it can cause workflow disruption. The nature of the intelligent key approach means that any changes other than the creation of a new parcel could cause an update trigger. Standardized rules and workflows must be developed alongside the intelligent key system to address these changes.

缺点：这种方法可能会导致瞬态密钥。 如果任何组成值发生更改，则必须重新派生或重新分配键。 在以前可互操作的系统中，密钥维护不当会导致引用完整性问题。 如果密钥更改没有传播到依赖它的系统和服务，则可能导致工作流中断。 智能密钥方法的性质意味着除创建新宗地以外的任何其他更改都可能导致更新触发。 必须与智能钥匙系统一起制定标准化的规则和工作流程，以应对这些变化。

Existing Systems: Many PLSS states use an intelligent key. Many jurisdictions that had intelligent keys are migrating away from these systems.

现有系统：许多PLSS状态都使用智能密钥。 许多拥有智能钥匙的司法管辖区正在从这些系统迁移。

非智能顺序 (Non-Intelligent Sequential)

The non-intelligent sequential number is generated algorithmically and assigned to a record by a database management system (DBMS). It conveys no information about the parcel and contains no intelligence. Numbers can be assigned to any unit of land identified as a parcel. Because the value is assigned by the DBMS, no user intervention or input is required. This can facilitate synchronous electronic workflows supporting large numbers of users and large flows of data such as eRecording or electronic document management solutions.

非智能序列号是通过算法生成的，并由数据库管理系统(DBMS)分配给记录。 它不传达有关包裹的信息，也不包含情报。 编号可以分配给标识为地块的任何土地单位。 因为该值是由DBMS分配的，所以不需要用户干预或输入。 这可以促进支持大量用户和大量数据流的同步电子工作流，例如电子记录或电子文档管理解决方案。

Advantages: This approach offers the greatest automation potential as there is no need to map the parcel prior to assigning the pin. This approach provides machine-readable values that are independent of the DBMS or mapping system used. It can be adapted to changing generation criteria, such as the addition of non-taxable or unmapped parcels. This approach is easy to implement and maintain.

优点：这种方法具有最大的自动化潜力，因为在分配销钉之前无需映射包裹。 这种方法提供了与所使用的DBMS或映射系统无关的机器可读值。 它可以适应不断变化的生成标准，例如添加不征税或未映射的包裹。 这种方法易于实施和维护。

Disadvantages: This is the least human-readable/user-friendly approach. The generated values contain no derivable information; the adjacency or similarity of values does not convey information about the geographic location of the parcels, parcel history, or other characteristics.

缺点：这是最不易被人理解/用户友好的方法。 生成的值不包含任何派生信息。 值的相邻性或相似性不会传达有关包裹的地理位置，包裹历史或其他特征的信息。

Existing Systems: Two of the largest jurisdictions using this system are Atlanta and Houston. Most jurisdictions that drive the parcel number from the CAMA system or from the document reference use a sequentially assigned non-intelligent number and carry a non-intelligent number even if the jurisdiction assigns an alternate identifier.

现有系统：使用此系统的两个最大司法管辖区是亚特兰大和休斯顿。 从CAMA系统或文档参考驱动包裹编号的大多数辖区都使用顺序分配的非智能编号，并携带非智能编号，即使该辖区分配了备用标识符也是如此。

There are parcel identification creation and data maintenance issues with each approach. The following sections describe some of the underlying technical and use considerations for any parcel identification system.

每种方法都存在包裹识别创建和数据维护问题。 以下各节描述了任何包裹识别系统的一些基本技术和使用注意事项。

[1] http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/usng.html

[1] http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/usng.html