1 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 typedef long long ll;
 4 #define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = a; i <= b; ++i)
 5
 6 int t, n, k;
 7
 8 int main() {
 9     cin >> t;
10
11     while (t--) {
12         cin >> n >> k;
13         int x = n / k, r = n - x * k;
14         rep(i, 1, k) rep(j, 1, x) {
15             cout << (char)('a' + i - 1);
16         }
17         rep(i, 1, r) {
18             cout << (char)('a' + i - 1);
19         }
20         cout << '\n';
21     }
22     return 0;
23 }

 1 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 typedef long long ll;
 4 #define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = a; i <= b; ++i)
 5
 6 const int N = 1e5 + 7;
 7
 8 int n, a[N];
 9
10 int main() {
11     cin >> n;
12
13     rep(i, 1, n) {
14         cin >> a[i];
15     }
16
17     sort(a + 1, a + n + 1);
18
19     int ans = 0;
20     rep(i, 1, n / 2) {
21         ans += a[i * 2] - a[i * 2 - 1];
22     }
23
24     cout << ans << '\n';
25
26     return 0;
27 }

 1 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 typedef long long ll;
 4 #define rep(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i <= b; ++i)
 5
 6 const int N = 507;
 7
 8 ll n;
 9 bool f[N];
10 string s[N];
11
12 int main() {
13     cin >> n; ll m = 2 * n - 2;
14
15     string s1 = "", s2 = "";
16     rep(i, 1, m) {
17         cin >> s[i];
18         if (s[i].size() > s1.size()) s1 = s[i];
19         else if (s[i].size() == s1.size()) s2 = s[i];
20     }
21
22     ll cnt = 0;
23     rep(i, 1, m) if (s1.substr(0, s[i].size()) == s[i]) {
24         if (s[i] != s2) cnt++;
25     }
26
27     string pre;
28     if (cnt >= n - 1 && s1.substr(1, s1.size() - 1) == s2.substr(0, s1.size() - 1)) pre = s1; else pre = s2;
29
30     rep(i, 1, m) {
31         if (pre.substr(0, s[i].size()) == s[i] && !f[s[i].size()]) {
32             cout << 'P';
33             f[s[i].size()] = 1;
34         }
35         else cout << 'S';
36     }
37
38     return 0;
39 }

 1 //D1
 2 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 3 using namespace std;
 4 typedef long long ll;
 5 #define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = a; i <= b; ++i)
 6
 7 const int N = 2e5 + 7;
 8
 9 int n;
10 bool a[N];
11 stack <bool> st;
12
13 int main() {
14     scanf("%d", &n);
15
16     int x;
17     rep(i, 1, n) {
18         scanf("%d", &x);
19         a[i] = x & 1;
20     }
21
22     rep(i, 1, n) {
23         if(st.empty())
24             st.push(a[i]);
25         else if(a[i] == st.top())
26             st.pop();
27         else
28             st.push(a[i]);
29     }
30
31     st.size() > 1 ? puts("NO") : puts("YES");
32
33     return 0;
34 }

 1 //D2
 2 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 3 using namespace std;
 4 typedef long long ll;
 5 #define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = a; i <= b; ++i)
 6
 7 int n, mx;
 8 stack <int> s;
 9
10 int main() {
11     scanf("%d", &n);
12
13     int x;
14     rep(i, 1, n) {
15         scanf("%d",&x);
16         mx=max(mx,x);
17         if (s.empty())
18             s.push(x);
19         else if (s.top()==x)
20             s.pop();
21         else if (s.top()>=x)
22             s.push(x);
23         else {
24             puts("NO");
25             return 0;
26         }
27     }
28
29     if (!s.size())
30         puts("YES");
31     else if (s.size() == 1 && s.top() == mx)
32         puts("YES");
33     else
34         puts("NO");
35
36     return 0;
37 }

 1 #include <bits/stdc++.h>
 2 using namespace std;
 3 typedef long long ll;
 4
 5 #define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = a; i <= b; ++i)
 6
 7 const int N = 2e5 + 7;
 8
 9 int n;
10
11 ll a[N], sum[N], res, ans;
12
13 vector <int> e[N];
14
15 void dfs1(int u, int p = 0, int d = 0) {
16     res += d * a[u];
17     sum[u] = a[u];
18     for (auto v : e[u]) if (v != p) {
19         dfs1(v, u, d + 1);
20         sum[u] += sum[v];
21     }
22 }
23
24 void dfs2(int u, int p = 0) {
25     ans = max(ans, res);
26     for (auto v : e[u]) if (v != p) {
27         res -= sum[v];
28         sum[u] -= sum[v];
29         res += sum[u];
30         sum[v] += sum[u];
31
32         dfs2(v, u);
33
34         sum[v] -= sum[u];
35         res -= sum[u];
36         sum[u] += sum[v];
37         res += sum[v];
38     }
39 }
40
41 int main() {
42     scanf("%d", &n);
43
44     rep(i, 1, n) {
45         scanf("%lld", &a[i]);
46     }
47
48     int u, v;
49     rep(i, 1, n - 1) {
50         scanf("%d%d", &u, &v);
51         e[u].push_back(v);
52         e[v].push_back(u);
53     }
54
55     dfs1(1);
56     dfs2(1);
57
58     printf("%lld\n", ans);
59
60     return 0;
61 }