uname -a               # 查看内核/操作系统/CPU信息
head -n 1 /etc/issue   # 查看操作系统版本
cat /proc/cpuinfo      # 查看CPU信息
hostname               # 查看计算机名
lspci -tv              # 列出所有PCI设备
lsusb -tv              # 列出所有USB设备
lsmod                  # 列出加载的内核模块
env                    # 查看环境变量

free -m                # 查看内存使用量和交换区使用量
df -h                  # 查看各分区使用情况
du -sh <目录名>        # 查看指定目录的大小
grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo   # 查看内存总量
grep MemFree /proc/meminfo    # 查看空闲内存量
uptime                 # 查看系统运行时间、用户数、负载
cat /proc/loadavg      # 查看系统负载

mount | column -t      # 查看挂接的分区状态
fdisk -l               # 查看所有分区
swapon -s              # 查看所有交换分区
hdparm -i /dev/hda     # 查看磁盘参数(仅适用于IDE设备)
dmesg | grep IDE       # 查看启动时IDE设备检测状况

ifconfig               # 查看所有网络接口的属性
iptables -L            # 查看防火墙设置
route -n               # 查看路由表
netstat -lntp          # 查看所有监听端口
netstat -antp          # 查看所有已经建立的连接
netstat -s             # 查看网络统计信息

ps -ef                 # 查看所有进程
top                    # 实时显示进程状态

w                      # 查看活动用户
id <用户名>            # 查看指定用户信息
last                   # 查看用户登录日志
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd   # 查看系统所有用户
cut -d: -f1 /etc/group    # 查看系统所有组
crontab -l             # 查看当前用户的计划任务

chkconfig --list       # 列出所有系统服务
chkconfig --list | grep on    # 列出所有启动的系统服务

rpm -qa                # 查看所有安装的软件包  

lspci | grep Ethernet  

00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82567V-2 Gigabit Network Connection 

df -h

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5             2.0G  272M  1.6G  15% /
/dev/sda8             199G  188M  189G   1% /home
/dev/sda3             9.7G  1.3G  7.9G  15% /usr
/dev/sda2             9.7G  198M  9.0G   3% /var
/dev/sda1              99M   17M   77M  18% /boot

hdparm -i /dev/sda

/dev/sda:Model=SAMSUNG HE253GJ                         , FwRev=1AJ30001, SerialNo=      S2B5J90ZC12060Config={ Fixed }RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=16384kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=?16?CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=268435455IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}PIO modes:  pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 DMA modes:  mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 AdvancedPM=yes: disabled (255) WriteCache=enabledDrive conforms to: unknown:  ATA/ATAPI-0 ATA/ATAPI-1 ATA/ATAPI-2 ATA/ATAPI-3 ATA/ATAPI-4 ATA/ATAPI-5 ATA/ATAPI-6 ATA/ATAPI-7* signifies the current active mode

dmesg | grep ATA

ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf190 ctl 0xf180 bmdma 0xf150 irq 185
ata2: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf170 ctl 0xf160 bmdma 0xf158 irq 185
ata1: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300)
ata1.00: ATA-8: SAMSUNG HE253GJ, 1AJ30001, max UDMA/133
ata2: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)Vendor: ATA       Model: SAMSUNG HE253GJ   Rev: 1AJ3
ata3: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf130 ctl 0xf120 bmdma 0xf0f0 irq 185
ata4: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xf110 ctl 0xf100 bmdma 0xf0f8 irq 185
ata3: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
ata4: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300)
ata5: PATA max UDMA/100 cmd 0xe040 ctl 0xe030 bmdma 0xe000 irq 177

dmidecode | more

# dmidecode 2.10
SMBIOS 2.4 present.
57 structures occupying 2318 bytes.
Table at 0x000E84B0.Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS InformationVendor: Intel Corp.Version: GTG4310H.86A.0019.2009.0625.1334Release Date: 06/25/2009.....System Information  服务器品牌Manufacturer:                                  Product Name:              （没有信息表示非品牌或未识别）                    Version:                                  Serial Number:                                  UUID: 889BD67E-8D96-11DE-AC40-0013D4D9C9E8Wake-up Type: Power SwitchSKU Number: Not SpecifiedFamily: Not SpecifiedHandle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
Base Board Information  主板型号/主板信息Manufacturer: Intel CorporationProduct Name: DG43GTVersion: AAE62768-300Serial Number: BTGT9340022NProcessor Information  CPU信息/CPU型号/CPU主频Socket Designation: PROCESSORType: Central ProcessorFamily: Pentium DManufacturer: Intel(R) Corp.ID: 7A 06 01 00 FF FB EB BFSignature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 23, Stepping 10Version: Pentium(R) Dual-Core  CPU      E6500  @ 2.93GHz   Voltage: 1.2 VExternal Clock: 266 MHzMax Speed: 4000 MHzCurrent Speed: 2931 MHzStatus: Populated, EnabledUpgrade: Socket LGA775Cache Information  硬件和CPU缓存情况Socket Designation: L1-CacheConfiguration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 1Operational Mode: Write BackLocation: InternalInstalled Size: 32 kBMaximum Size: 32 kBBIOS Language Information  BIOS语言Installable Languages: 1en|US|iso8859-1Currently Installed Language: en|US|iso8859-1Physical Memory Array  主板最大支持内存Location: System Board Or MotherboardUse: System MemoryError Correction Type: NoneMaximum Capacity: 16 GBError Information Handle: Not ProvidedNumber Of Devices: 4Handle 0x002C, DMI type 19, 15 bytes
Memory Array Mapped Address  目前的内存Starting Address: 0x00000000000Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFFRange Size: 4 GBPhysical Array Handle: 0x002BPartition Width: 0On Board Device Information  显卡型号Type: VideoStatus: EnabledDescription:  Intelr GMA X4500 Video Device