1. URL的组成

汉字通过URL encode(UTF-8)编码出来的编码，里面的字符全是打字节

如果你复制粘贴下来这个网址，出来的不是汉字，而是编码后的字节
https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E5%90%A7

我们也可以在python中做转换-urllib.parse.urlencode

import urllib.parse.urlencode
url = "http://www.baidu.com/s?"
wd = {"wd": "编程吧"}
out = urllib.parse.urlencode(wd)
print(out)

结果是: wd=%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E5%90%A7

2. 贴吧爬虫

2.1. 只爬贴吧第一页

import urllib.parse
import urllib.requesturl = "http://www.baidu.com/s?"
keyword = input("Please input query: ")wd = {"wd": keyword}
wd = urllib.parse.urlencode(wd)fullurl = url + "?" + wd
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36"}
request = urllib.request.Request(fullurl, headers = headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
html = response.read()print(html)

2.2. 爬取所有贴吧的页面

对于一个贴吧(编程吧)爬虫，可以翻页，我们可以总结规律

page 1: http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&ie=utf-8&pn=0
page 2: http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&ie=utf-8&pn=50
page 3: http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B&ie=utf-8&pn=100

import urllib.request
import urllib.parsedef loadPage(url,filename):"""作用： url发送请求url：地址filename: 处理的文件名"""print("正在下载", filename)headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36"}request = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)html = response.read()return htmldef writePage(html,filename):"""作用：将html内容写入到本地html：服务器响应文件内容"""print("正在保存",filename)with open(filename, "wb") as f:f.write(html)print("-"*30)def tiebaSpider(url, beginPage, endPage):"""作用:贴吧爬虫调度器，复制组合处理每个页面的url"""for page in range(beginPage, endPage + 1):pn = (page - 1) * 50filename = "第" + str(page) + "页.html"fullurl = url + "&pn=" + str(pn)html = loadPage(fullurl,filename)writePage(html,filename)if __name__ == "__main__":kw = input("Please input query: ")beginPage = int(input("Start page: "))endPage = int(input("End page: "))url = "http://tieba.baidu.com/f?"key = urllib.parse.urlencode({"kw":kw})fullurl = url + keytiebaSpider(fullurl, beginPage, endPage)

结果是：

Please input query: 编程吧
Start page: 1
End page: 5
正在下载 第1页.html
正在保存 第1页.html
------------------------------
正在下载 第2页.html
正在保存 第2页.html
------------------------------
正在下载 第3页.html
正在保存 第3页.html
------------------------------
正在下载 第4页.html
正在保存 第4页.html
------------------------------
正在下载 第5页.html
正在保存 第5页.html
------------------------------

3. GET和POST的区别

• GET: 请求的url会附带查询参数
• POST： 请求的url不会

3.1. GET请求

对于GET请求：查询参数在QueryString里保存

3.2. POST请求

对于POST请求： 茶韵参数在WebForm里面

3.3. 有道翻译模拟发送POST请求

1. 首先我们用抓包工具获取请求信息

POST http://fanyi.youdao.com/translate?smartresult=dict&smartresult=rule&smartresult=ugc&sessionFrom=null HTTP/1.1
Host: fanyi.youdao.com
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 254
Accept: application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01
Origin: http://fanyi.youdao.com
X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8
Referer: http://fanyi.youdao.com/
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.9,en-US;q=0.8,en;q=0.7,en-CA;q=0.6
Cookie: OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID=-1071824454@10.169.0.83; OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID_NCOO=848207426.083082; JSESSIONID=aaaiYkBB5LZ2t6rO6rCGw; ___rl__test__cookies=1546662813170
x-hd-token: rent-your-own-vps
# 这一行是form表单数据，重要
i=love&from=AUTO&to=AUTO&smartresult=dict&client=fanyideskweb&salt=15466628131726&sign=63253c84e50c70b0125b869fd5e2936d&ts=1546662813172&bv=363eb5a1de8cfbadd0cd78bd6bd43bee&doctype=json&version=2.1&keyfrom=fanyi.web&action=FY_BY_REALTIME&typoResult=false

1. 提取关键的表单数据

i=love
doctype=json
version=2.1
keyfrom=fanyi.web
action=FY_BY_REALTIME
typoResult=false  

1. 有道翻译模拟

import urllib.request
import urllib.parse# 通过抓包方式获取，并不是浏览器上面的URL地址
url = "http://fanyi.youdao.com/translate?smartresult=dict&smartresult=rule&smartresult=ugc&sessionFrom=null"# 完整的headers
headers = {"Accept" : "application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01","X-Requested-With" : "XMLHttpRequest","User-Agent" : "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.98 Safari/537.36","Content-Type" : "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"
}# 输入用户接口
key = input("Please input english: ")# 模拟有道翻译传回的form数据
# 这是post发送到服务器的form数据，post是有数据提交到web服务器的，与服务器做一个交互，通过传的数据返回响应的文件，而get不会发数据
formdata = {"i":key,"doctype":"json","version":"2.1","keyfrom":"fanyi.web","action":"FY_BY_REALTIME","typoResult": "false"
}# 通过转码
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(formdata).encode("utf-8")
# 通过data和header数据，就可以构建post请求，data参数有值，就是POST，没有就是GET
request = urllib.request.Request(url, data=data, headers=headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
html = response.read()print(html)

结果如下:

Please input english: hello
b'                          {"type":"EN2ZH_CN","errorCode":0,"elapsedTime":1,"translateResult":[[{"src":"hello","tgt":"\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd"}]]}\n'