这篇笔记介绍不可变数据, Persistent Data Structure 和 Immutable.
但是不深入数据结构实现, 函数式编程理论.

定义

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_data_structure

In computing, a persistent data structure is a data structure that always preserves the previous version of itself when it is modified. Such data structures are effectively immutable, as their operations do not (visibly) update the structure in-place, but instead always yield a new updated structure.

编程语言

FP: Haskell, Clojure, Elixir
类库: immutable-js

概念的区别

http://vkostyukov.ru/posts/designing-a-pfds/

Immutability and persistent are quite similar terms, which often substitute each other. We say immutable vector (in Scala) but mean persistent vector (in Clojure): both implementations are based on the same abstract data structure Bit-Mapped Vector Trie but named differently. Although, there is a slight difference between immutability and persistence as they apply to data structures.

• Persistent data structures support multiple versions
• Immutable data structures aren't changeable

优势

http://stackoverflow.com/a/4400389/883571
http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-immu...

• 多线程安全, 可靠
• 对于需要多份数据的情况, 可以重用结构
• 函数式编程

劣势

http://concurrencyfreaks.blogspot.sg/2013/10/immutable-data-structures...

• 使用门槛
• 需要编程语言实现好的 GC

底层实现

• Clojure

Clojure 的数据结构实现
Understanding Clojure's Persistent Vectors, pt. 1
http://hypirion.com/musings/understanding-persistent-vector-pt-1

• Haskell

Haskell lists are represented as singly linked list

haskelldata [] a = [] | a : [a]

http://stackoverflow.com/a/15063181/883571
http://i.stack.imgur.com/Y1Ajv.png

• Paper

A Functional Approach to Standard Binary Heaps
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.4666v1.pdf

写法

• Clojure

有变量. 但是复合数据结构是不可变的

clojure(def x 1)
(defn p []x)(p)
(def x 2)
(p)

• Haskell

没有变量的写法, 只能用 let 定义表达式 alias name
或者在 do notation 里有赋值, 但底层不是赋值
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haskell/do_notation

haskelldo x1 <- action1x2 <- action2action3 x1 x2

haskellaction1 >>= \ x1 ->action2 >>= \ x2 ->action3 x1 x2

• Elixir

变量被引用就是不可变的值(不过在 process 级别有私有数据)

iex(6)> a = 1
1
iex(7)> b = fn -> IO.puts a end
#Function<20.90072148/0 in :erl_eval.expr/5>
iex(8)> b.()
1
:ok
iex(9)> a = 2
2
iex(10)> b.()
1
:ok

性能问题

• Performance

http://www.quora.com/Is-object-immutability-in-functional-programming-...

• GHC

Data immutability forces us to produce a lot of temporary data but it also helps to collect this garbage rapidly.

https://wiki.haskell.org/GHC/Memory_Management

• React 的性能优化

jsshouldComponentUpdate: function(nextProps, nextState) {return true;
}

https://facebook.github.io/react/docs/advanced-performance.html

immutable-js

http://facebook.github.io/immutable-js/docs/#/
https://github.com/intelie/immutable-js-diff
https://github.com/intelie/immutable-js-patch

seamless-immutable

This level of backwards compatibility requires ECMAScript 5 features like Object.defineProperty and Object.freeze to exist and work correctly, which limits the browsers that can use this library to the ones shown in the test results below. (tl;dr IE9+)

• object.freeze

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Glob...

jsvar o = Object.freeze(obj);

然而没有复用数据结构, 将会有性能问题:
https://medium.com/google-developers/javascript-application-architectu...

Well, you technically could use Object.freeze() to achieve immutability, however, the moment you need to modify those immutable objects you will need to perform a deep copy of the entire object, mutate the copy and then freeze it. This is often too slow to be of practical use in most use-cases.

怎样编写程序

• sum

haskellfoldl f z []     = z
foldl f z (x:xs) = foldl f (f z x) xs

• maximum

haskellmaximum' :: (Ord a) => [a] -> a
maximum' [] = error "maximum of empty list"
maximum' [x] = x
maximum' (x:xs) = max x (maximum' xs)

• white/for

http://www.haskellforall.com/2012/01/haskell-for-c-programmers-for-loo...

haskellwhile :: (Monad m) => m Bool -> m a -> m ()
while cond action = doc <- condwhen c $ doactionwhile cond actionfor :: (Monad m) => m a -> m Bool -> m b -> m c -> m ()
for init cond post action = doinitwhile cond $ doactionpost

• model

elm-- manage the model of our application over time
model : Signal Model
model =Signal.foldp update initialModel actions.signal

https://github.com/evancz/elm-todomvc/blob/master/Todo.elm#L314