ImageMagick convert

ImageMagick简介

ImageMagick是一个适用于创建、编辑和组合位图的软件。它能够读、写和转换超过百余种格式的图片。

　　另外，ImageMagick针对主流的编程语言都有借口，包括G2F (Ada), MagickCore (C), MagickWand (C), ChMagick (Ch), ImageMagickObject (COM+), Magick++ (C++), JMagick (Java), L-Magick (Lisp), NMagick (Neko/haXe), MagickNet (.NET), PascalMagick (Pascal), PerlMagick (Perl), MagickWand for PHP (PHP), IMagick (PHP), PythonMagick (Python), RMagick (Ruby), 和 TclMagick (Tcl/TK)。当然，你也可以通过命令行的方式将它与其它程序组合起来。

　　ImageMagick是一个开源软件，以可运行的二进制文件和源代码两种方式发布。你可以在公开和私有的程序中随意地使用、复制、修改和分发它。它基于Apache 2.0风格的协议发布。

ImageMagick使用实例

Image MagicK 是一个强大的图象处理工具包。它提供了几个非常方便的命令行命令: display, animate,import, montage,mogrify,identify等，可以进行图象的显示，缩放，旋转，调色，加框，加注释等，还能制作GIF动画，图象索引，能自动生成图象.

制作索引图和动画

!/bin/bash
montage -bordercolor red -borderwidth 3 -label "%f" -tile 5x3 *.JPG montage.jpg
mogrify -format gif *.JPG
display montage.jpg
animate *.JPG

缩放 convert -sample 80x40 input.jpg output.jpg #注意：缩放后图像保持原来的长宽比例 convert -sample 25%x25% input.jpg output.jpg

为当前目录的所有图像生成缩略图

for img in `ls *.jpg`doconvert -sample 25%x25% $img thumb-$imgdone

获取文件信息 libtiff

tiffinfo filename.tiff
pnginfo filename.png

可以使用 ImageMagick 的 identify

 identify -verbose sample.png identify -format "%wx%h" sample.png

旋转图像

 convert -rotate 90 input.jpg output.jpg

更改文件类型
```
 convert input.jpg output.png
```

为图像增加注释文字

convert -font helvetica -fill white -pointsize 36 \-draw 'text 10,50 "Floriade 2002, Canberra, Australia"' \floriade.jpg comment.jpg
convert -font fonts/1900805.ttf -fill white -pointsize 36 \-draw 'text 10,475 "stillhq.com"' \floriade.jpg stillhq.jpg

特殊效果

convert -charcoal 2 input.jpg output.jpg #炭笔
convert -colorize 255 input.jpg output.jpg #着色 可以指定三种颜色 red/green/blue
convert -implode 4 input.jpg output.jpg  #内爆效果
convert -solarize 42 input.jpg output.jpg #曝光，模拟胶片曝光
convert -spread 5 input.jpg output.jpg  #随机移动，参数是位移大小

一次执行多个操作

 convert -sample 25%x25% -spread 4  -charcoal 4 input.jpg output.jpg

ImageMagick FAQ 摘要

如何让animate在显示图片的过程保持窗口的标题不变
```
animate -title "My Image Sequence" images.
```
import抓得的图片与X服务器上显示的不一致怎么办？
```
import -descend image.miff
```

如何动画显示YUV 图片序列?

animate -geometry 352x240 -scene 0-71 yuv3:frame%d

如果只看一个RGB图片的红色通道(red channel)?
```
display -gamma 1.0,0.0,0.0 image.miff
```
如何改变PostScript默认纸张大小?
要改变默认的612x792大小，修改magick/image.h中的PSPageGeometry的值并重编译.

如何自左至右无边无框无文字半三幅画连接在一起？

convert +append image1.ppm image2.ppm image3.ppm side_by_side.miff# 或
convert -size 350x500 xc:black composite.miff
composite -geometry +0+0 composite.miff image1.gif composite.miff
composite -geometry +100+0 composite.miff image2.gif composite.miff
composite -geometry +0+300 composite.miff image3.gif composite.miff
composite -geometry +0+375 composite.miff image4.gif composite.miff

如何生成gif动画?

convert -delay 20 frame*.gif animation.gif
convert -delay 20 frame1.gif -delay 10 frame2.gif -delay 5 frame3.gif animation.gif
convert frame1.gif -page +50+100 frame2.gif -page +0+100 frame3.gif animation.gif
convert -loop 50 frame*.gif animation.gif
convert +adjoin images.* frames%d.gif

如果完整的显示PostScript图片？
```
display -page letter image.ps
```

什么是图片目录？如何使用它们?

#图片目录（visual image directory ，VID）的创建：montage *.jpg directory.vidconvert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.vid
#显示图片目录display directory.viddisplay vid:movie.mpg

如果带框架保存一个窗口?

xwininfo -frame
import -frame -window ID window.miff

图片以单一颜色（a solid color）显示，是怎么回事？图片被破坏，或含有值为0的matte层，试着:
```
 display +matte image.miff
```
出现 "???? library is not available ..."是怎么回事? 没安装相关的函数库。参见安装说明。

如何查看图片不光滑层(matte channel)的值？

convert image.tiff image.matte
display -size 640x480 gray:image.matte

运行"Convert in.gif out.png" 时显示 "Invalid Parameter - out. 你运行的convert是windows的分区类型转换程序。

如何在图片增加斜角?

#对图片边缘的处理共分四类。1）增加有色边
convert -bordercolor red -border 25x25 image.jpg image.gif2）加亮或变暗图片边缘，以增强3D效果
convert -raise 25 image.jpg image.gif3）在图片周围增加装饰性框架。
convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25 image.jpg image.gif4）在图片边缘增加升、降斜角
convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25+0+25 image.jpg image.gif
convert -mattecolor gray -frame 25x25+25+0 image.jpg image.gif

用窗口管理器运行display失败了，怎么办? 用下列命令之一来确认display运行在一个交互环境中：
```
display logo:Untitled
display < /dev/console
```
将PostScript文件转换为其它格式时，如何改善文字的外观？
```
convert -density 288 -geometry 25% image.ps image.gif
```

如何用2－3英寸高的文字注释一个图片? 先检查有无可缩放字体： xlsfonts -fn '*-0-0-0-0-*'　有则：

convert -font '-*-helvetica-*-*-*--300-300-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1' \-fill green -draw 'text 50,300 Magick' image.gif annotated.gif
# If you have the FreeType support built into ImageMagick,
# just increase your pointsize and/or density:
convert -font Helvetica -pointsize 100 -density 300 ...

如何将gif文件分析为一系列的单个图片？
```
convert animation.gif frame%02d.gif
```
用NetScape显示的图片，如何去掉周围的背景色？ convert +page alpha.gif beta.gif
如何用web安全的颜色（Web safe colors）创建GIF或PNG图片？
```
convert -map netscape: alpha.gif beta.gif
```
为何Adobe Acrobat 2.1不能读ImageMagick's制作的PDF? 用 Acrobat 3.0或以上版本，来阅读这种经zip压缩的pdf，或制作PDF时不进行压缩。
```
convert +compress images.tiff image.pdf
```

如何在图片上增加一个不光滑层(matte channel)?

convert image.gif -matte temp.miff
composite -compose CopyOpacity mask.xbm temp.miff transparent.gif

在NT环境下如何用convert在图片上写字？

convert -font Arial -fill blue -draw "text 10,10 'your text here'" d:\test.tif png:d:\test.png
convert.exe -pointsize 18 -draw "text 0,0 "This is my text!"" C:\blank.gif c:\text.gif

为何GIF文件比期望的大? 需要在编译源码时加 --enable-lzw 参数，来打开LZW压缩功能。
为何JPEG文件比期望的大? 可能嵌入Exif或IPTC等"profiles", 或者含有没压缩的thumbnails. 可以用命令行参数 +profile ""或相关的API来将它们去掉。
如何从图片文件中抽取第一张图片？
```
convert "Image.gif[0]" first.gif
```

如何创建一张空白图片？

convert -size 800x600 xc:"#ddddff" ltblue.ppm
convert -size 800x600 null:white white.ppm
convert in.png -threshold 100% black.ppm #<--与in.png同大小

为何GIF文件比期望的大? 需要在编译源码时加 --enable-lzw 参数，来打开LZW压缩功能。
为何JPEG文件比期望的大? 可能嵌入Exif或IPTC等"profiles", 或者含有没压缩的thumbnails. 可以用命令行参数 +profile ""或相关的API来将它们去掉。

使用笔记

把matlab中画出的多幅图作成GIF动画

 for i in `ls *.jpg`; do convert -trim -resize 350x305 $i crop.$i; doneconvert -delay 10 -loop 3 crop.frame*.jpg string.gifrm crop.frame*.jpg

生成png格式的email地址

convert -size 185x19 null:white email.png
convert -font monospace -fill black -pointsize 16  -draw 'text 4,14 "youremail@yourdomain"' email.png email.png
convert -font monospace -fill blue -pointsize 16  -draw 'text 3,13 "youremail@yourdomain"' email.png email.png

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
convert -crop 300x300+0+0 -resize 200x200 -colors 100 +profile "*" 1.jpg 1.png

表示：把1.jpg先从左上角(0,0)为起点裁剪一块300x300的部分，然后把这部分缩小到200x200，然后把颜色缩减到100色，最后生成1.png。
+profile "*": 意味着在图片文件里不存储附加信息，以减小图片体积。
注意，-resize会试图保留原图的视觉比例，因此不一定生成的图片和你指定的尺寸一定匹配，比如，如果2.jpg大小是400x200，所以如果用命令：convert 2.jpg -resize 100x100 2.png，那么生成的图片2.png的实际大小是100x50。

常用的参数有：

-crop 宽x高+起点横坐标+起点纵坐标：裁剪图
-resize 宽x高!：改变尺寸，如果使用惊叹号，表示不保留视觉比例，强行改变尺寸匹配给定的宽和高；如果仅给定宽或者高，如“宽x”或“x高”形式的参数(“x高”与“宽x高”的效果是一样的)，则以已知参数为基准按比例改变尺寸。
-colors 颜色数：设定图片采用的颜色数，如果是生成png或gif图片应指定这个参数
-quality 质量：设定jpeg图片输出质量，推荐采用80，此命令仅用于输出格式是jpg的情况，不应省略，省略的话默认质量是95，生成图片过大
+profile "*"：图片中不存储附加信息，必须使用，否则生成图片过大

convert.exe工具命令列表

Use the convert program to convert between image formats as well as resize an image, blur, crop, despeckle, dither, draw on, flip, join, re-sample, and much more. See Command Line Processing for advice on how to structure your convert command or see below for example usages of the command.

Example Usage

We list a few examples of the convert command here to illustrate its usefulness and ease of use. To get started, lets convert an image in the JPEG format to PNG:

$ convert rose.jpg rose.png

Next, we reduce the image size before it is written to the PNG format:

$ convert rose.jpg -resize 50% rose.png

You can combine multiple image-processing operations to produce complex results:

$ convert -size 320x85 canvas:none -font Bookman-DemiItalic -pointsize 72 \
-draw "text 25,60 'Magick'" -channel RGBA -blur 0x6 -fill darkred -stroke magenta \
-draw "text 20,55 'Magick'" fuzzy-magick.png

or here we resize an image with improved quality:

$ convert input.png -colorspace RGB +sigmoidal-contrast 11.6933 \
-define filter:filter=Sinc -define filter:window=Jinc -define filter:lobes=3 \
-resize 400% -sigmoidal-contrast 11.6933 -colorspace sRGB output.png

You can find additional examples of using convert in Examples of ImageMagick Usage.

Option Summary

The convert command recognizes these options. Click on an option to get more details about how that option works.

Option	Description
-adaptive-blur geometry	adaptively blur pixels; decrease effect near edges
-adaptive-resize geometry	adaptively resize image with data dependent triangulation.
-adaptive-sharpen geometry	adaptively sharpen pixels; increase effect near edges
-adjoin	join images into a single multi-image file
-affine matrix	affine transform matrix
-alpha	on, activate, off, deactivate, set, opaque, copy", transparent, extract, background, or shape the alpha channel
-annotate geometry text	annotate the image with text
-antialias	remove pixel-aliasing
-append	append an image sequence
-authenticate value	decipher image with this password
-auto-gamma	automagically adjust gamma level of image
-auto-level	automagically adjust color levels of image
-auto-orient	automagically orient image
-background color	background color
-bench iterations	measure performance
-bias value	add bias when convolving an image
-black-threshold value	force all pixels below the threshold into black
-blue-primary point	chromaticity blue primary point
-blue-shift factor	simulate a scene at nighttime in the moonlight
-blur geometry	reduce image noise and reduce detail levels
-border geometry	surround image with a border of color
-bordercolor color	border color
-brightness-contrastgeometry	improve brightness / contrast of the image
-canny geometry	use a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in the image
-caption string	assign a caption to an image
-cdl filename	color correct with a color decision list
-channel type	apply option to select image channels
-charcoal radius	simulate a charcoal drawing
-chop geometry	remove pixels from the image interior
-clamp	set each pixel whose value is below zero to zero and any the pixel whose value is above the quantum range to the quantum range (e.g. 65535) otherwise the pixel value remains unchanged.
-clip	clip along the first path from the 8BIM profile
-clip-mask filename	associate clip mask with the image
-clip-path id	clip along a named path from the 8BIM profile
-clone index	clone an image
-clut	apply a color lookup table to the image
-contrast-stretch geometry	improve the contrast in an image by `stretching' the range of intensity value
-coalesce	merge a sequence of images
-colorize value	colorize the image with the fill color
-color-matrix matrix	apply color correction to the image.
-colors value	preferred number of colors in the image
-colorspace type	set image colorspace
-combine	combine a sequence of images
-comment string	annotate image with comment
-compare	compare image
-complexoperator	perform complex mathematics on an image sequence
-compose operator	set image composite operator
-composite	composite image
-compress type	image compression type
-contrast	enhance or reduce the image contrast
-convolve coefficients	apply a convolution kernel to the image
-crop geometry	crop the image
-cycle amount	cycle the image colormap
-decipher filename	convert cipher pixels to plain
-debug events	display copious debugging information
-define format:option	define one or more image format options
-deconstruct	break down an image sequence into constituent parts
-delay value	display the next image after pausing
-delete index	delete the image from the image sequence
-density geometry	horizontal and vertical density of the image
-depth value	image depth
-despeckle	reduce the speckles within an image
-direction type	render text right-to-left or left-to-right
-display server	get image or font from this X server
-dispose method	layer disposal method
-distribute-cache port	launch a distributed pixel cache server
-distort type coefficients	distort image
-dither method	apply error diffusion to image
-draw string	annotate the image with a graphic primitive
-duplicate count,indexes	duplicate an image one or more times
-edge radius	apply a filter to detect edges in the image
-emboss radius	emboss an image
-encipher filename	convert plain pixels to cipher pixels
-encoding type	text encoding type
-endian type	endianness (MSB or LSB) of the image
-enhance	apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
-equalize	perform histogram equalization to an image
-evaluate operator value	evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression
-evaluate-sequence operator	evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression for an image sequence
-extent geometry	set the image size
-extract geometry	extract area from image
-family name	render text with this font family
-features distance	analyze image features (e.g. contract, correlations, etc.).
-fft	implments the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
-fill color	color to use when filling a graphic primitive
-filter type	use this filter when resizing an image
-flatten	flatten a sequence of images
-flip	flip image in the vertical direction
-floodfill geometry color	floodfill the image with color
-flop	flop image in the horizontal direction
-font name	render text with this font
-format string	output formatted image characteristics
-frame geometry	surround image with an ornamental border
-function name	apply a function to the image
-fuzz distance	colors within this distance are considered equal
-fx expression	apply mathematical expression to an image channel(s)
-gamma value	level of gamma correction
-gaussian-blur geometry	reduce image noise and reduce detail levels
-geometry geometry	preferred size or location of the image
-gravity type	horizontal and vertical text placement
-grayscale method	convert image to grayscale
-green-primary point	chromaticity green primary point
-help	print program options
-hough-lines geometry	identify lines in the image
-identify	identify the format and characteristics of the image
-ift	implements the inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
-implode amount	implode image pixels about the center
-insert index	insert last image into the image sequence
-intensity method	method to generate an intensity value from a pixel
-intent type	type of rendering intent when managing the image color
-interlace type	type of image interlacing scheme
-interline-spacing value	the space between two text lines
-interpolate method	pixel color interpolation method
-interword-spacing value	the space between two words
-kerning value	the space between two characters
-label string	assign a label to an image
-lat geometry	local adaptive thresholding
-layers method	optimize or compare image layers
-level value	adjust the level of image contrast
-limit type value	pixel cache resource limit
-linear-stretch geometry	linear with saturation histogram stretch
-liquid-rescale geometry	rescale image with seam-carving
-list type	Color, Configure, Delegate, Format, Magic, Module, Resource, or Type
-log format	format of debugging information
-loop iterations	add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation
-mask filename	associate a mask with the image
-mattecolor color	frame color
-median radius	apply a median filter to the image
-mean-shift geometry	delineate arbitrarily shaped clusters in the image
-metric type	measure differences between images with this metric
-mode radius	make each pixel the 'predominant color' of the neighborhood
-modulate value	vary the brightness, saturation, and hue
-moments	display image moments.
-monitor	monitor progress
-monochrome	transform image to black and white
-morph value	morph an image sequence
-morphology method kernel	apply a morphology method to the image
-motion-blur geometry	simulate motion blur
-negate	replace each pixel with its complementary color
-noise radius	add or reduce noise in an image
-normalize	transform image to span the full range of colors
-opaque color	change this color to the fill color
-ordered-dither NxN	ordered dither the image
-orient type	image orientation
-page geometry	size and location of an image canvas (setting)
-paint radius	simulate an oil painting
-perceptible	set each pixel whose value is less than \|epsilon\| to -epsilon or epsilon (whichever is closer) otherwise the pixel value remains unchanged.
-ping	efficiently determine image attributes
-pointsize value	font point size
-polaroid angle	simulate a Polaroid picture
-poly terms	build a polynomial from the image sequence and the corresponding terms (coefficients and degree pairs).
-posterize levels	reduce the image to a limited number of color levels
-precision value	set the maximum number of significant digits to be printed
-preview type	image preview type
-print string	interpret string and print to console
-process image-filter	process the image with a custom image filter
-profile filename	add, delete, or apply an image profile
-quality value	JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
-quantize colorspace	reduce image colors in this colorspace
-quiet	suppress all warning messages
-radial-blur angle	radial blur the image
-raise value	lighten/darken image edges to create a 3-D effect
-random-threshold low,high	random threshold the image
-red-primary point	chromaticity red primary point
-regard-warnings	pay attention to warning messages.
-region geometry	apply options to a portion of the image
-remap filename	transform image colors to match this set of colors
-render	render vector graphics
-repage geometry	size and location of an image canvas
-resample geometry	change the resolution of an image
-resize geometry	resize the image
-respect-parentheses	settings remain in effect until parenthesis boundary.
-roll geometry	roll an image vertically or horizontally
-rotate degrees	apply Paeth rotation to the image
-sample geometry	scale image with pixel sampling
-sampling-factor geometry	horizontal and vertical sampling factor
-scale geometry	scale the image
-scene value	image scene number
-seed value	seed a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers
-segment values	segment an image
-selective-blur geometry	selectively blur pixels within a contrast threshold
-separate	separate an image channel into a grayscale image
-sepia-tone threshold	simulate a sepia-toned photo
-set attribute value	set an image attribute
-shade degrees	shade the image using a distant light source
-shadow geometry	simulate an image shadow
-sharpen geometry	sharpen the image
-shave geometry	shave pixels from the image edges
-shear geometry	slide one edge of the image along the X or Y axis
-sigmoidal-contrastgeometry	increase the contrast without saturating highlights or shadows
-smush offset	smush an image sequence together
-size geometry	width and height of image
-sketch geometry	simulate a pencil sketch
-solarize threshold	negate all pixels above the threshold level
-splice geometry	splice the background color into the image
-spread radius	displace image pixels by a random amount
-statistic type geometry	replace each pixel with corresponding statistic from the neighborhood
-strip	strip image of all profiles and comments
-stroke color	graphic primitive stroke color
-strokewidth value	graphic primitive stroke width
-stretch type	render text with this font stretch
-style type	render text with this font style
-swap indexes	swap two images in the image sequence
-swirl degrees	swirl image pixels about the center
-synchronize	synchronize image to storage device
-taint	mark the image as modified
-texture filename	name of texture to tile onto the image background
-threshold value	threshold the image
-thumbnail geometry	create a thumbnail of the image
-tile filename	tile image when filling a graphic primitive
-tile-offset geometry	set the image tile offset
-tint value	tint the image with the fill color
-transform	affine transform image
-transparent color	make this color transparent within the image
-transparent-color color	transparent color
-transpose	flip image in the vertical direction and rotate 90 degrees
-transverse	flop image in the horizontal direction and rotate 270 degrees
-treedepth value	color tree depth
-trim	trim image edges
-type type	image type
-undercolor color	annotation bounding box color
-unique-colors	discard all but one of any pixel color.
-units type	the units of image resolution
-unsharp geometry	sharpen the image
-verbose	print detailed information about the image
-version	print version information
-view	FlashPix viewing transforms
-vignette geometry	soften the edges of the image in vignette style
-virtual-pixel method	access method for pixels outside the boundaries of the image
-wave geometry	alter an image along a sine wave
-weight type	render text with this font weight
-white-point point	chromaticity white point
-white-threshold value	force all pixels above the threshold into white
-write filename	write images to this file