在线学位课程

by Colin Smith

通过科林·史密斯

您在四年制计算机科学学位课程中学到的知识 (What you learn in a 4 year Computer Science degree)

I recently wrote an article on whether you need a computer science degree to get a job in tech. I thought that going over my transcript would be useful. Discussing what I studied will hopefully help people. I want everyone to be able to make the most informed decision possible when choosing their path for pursuing a tech career.

我最近写了一篇关于是否需要计算机科学学位才能从事技术工作的文章。 我认为复习笔录会很有用。 讨论我学习的内容有望对人们有所帮助。 我希望每个人在选择自己的技术职业道路时都能做出最明智的决定。

Disclaimer: This is written from my recollection of the classes and from the perspective of a mobile developer. A lot of the topics of these classes could be specialized in and turned into a career. So they are all important to someone in the world. I am writing from my perspective and from the viewpoint of someone who chose the career path of a mobile developer.

免责声明 ：这是从我对类的回忆以及移动开发人员的角度写的。 这些课程中的许多主题都可以专门从事并变成职业。 因此，它们对世界上的某人都很重要。 我是从我的观点以及选择移动开发人员职业道路的人的观点撰写的。

编程一，二 (Programming I, II)

This was the meat of everything that I learned and got me going with programming. These were the classes where you learned to program. Before I took these classes, I had barely even programmed at all. I had tried getting a head start but didn’t get much further than loops.

这是我学到的所有知识的源泉，并促使我着手编程。 这些是您学习编程的课程。 在上这些课之前，我什至几乎没有编程。 我曾经尝试过抢先一步，但没有比循环做得更多。

This class started with creating an empty file and making it compile in an IDE (I used Code::Blocks). And we worked ourselves all the way up to creating our own text-based battle game. Looking back at the code I wrote makes me embarrassed. I have come a long way since then. Here is the repo if you’d like to have a laugh (I only use a main.cpp file with 1063 lines of code).

此类始于创建一个空文件并使其在IDE中编译(我使用了Code :: Blocks)。 我们一直在努力创建自己的基于文本的战斗游戏。 回顾我编写的代码，我感到很尴尬。 从那以后我走了很长一段路。 如果您想笑的话， 这是仓库 (我只使用带有1063行代码的main.cpp文件)。

So what did I learn here? I want to say everything. These courses were insanely valuable and got me at least 70% of the knowledge I needed to work professionally as a programmer. I learned if statements, loops, boolean logic, class creation, struct creation, creating interfaces, polymorphism, inheritance and more. There was also some use of basic data structures like arrays and vectors.

那我在这里学到了什么？ 我想说的一切。 这些课程具有不可思议的价值，可以让我获得至少70％的专业程序员知识。 我了解了语句，循环，布尔逻辑，类创建，结构创建，创建接口，多态性，继承等等。 还有一些基本数据结构的使用，例如数组和向量。

计算机科学中的离散结构 (Discrete Structures in Computer Science)

This class was added to the transcript to get people used to boolean logic. Which we had down in the first two weeks of the class. Unfortunately for us, unsuspecting students, it goes pretty far down the rabbit hole. Here are some of the topics it covered: “logic, set and set operations, methods of proof, recursive definitions, combinatorics, and graph theory”.

此类已添加到成绩单中，以使人们习惯于布尔逻辑。 这是我们在上课的前两周所经历的。 对于我们来说，不幸的是，毫无戒心的学生，它远远超出了兔子洞。 这里涵盖了一些主题：“逻辑，集合和集合运算，证明方法，递归定义，组合学和图论”。

Now, these are all useful things to know. But the issue is that students were encouraged to take this class early. Usually alongside Progamming I and II. And these are some advanced topics. I would struggle now to use mathematical methods of proof. And I remember I really struggled back then. Also, I just had to google what combinatorics is so I obviously don’t use them too much.

现在，这些都是有用的知识。 但是问题是鼓励学生尽早参加这堂课。 通常与程序I和II一起使用。 这些是一些高级主题。 我现在很难使用数学证明方法。 我记得那时我真的很挣扎。 另外，我只需要用谷歌搜索什么是组合学，所以我显然不会过多地使用它们。

The fact is a lot of the things they taught in this course didn’t seem applicable to a computer science career at the time I took the course. I now know that logic, set and set operations, recursive definitions and graph theory can be useful. But that is only with the hindsight of being a programmer for a few years.

事实上，在我上这门课程时，他们在本课程中教过的很多东西似乎不适用于计算机科学职业。 我现在知道逻辑，设置和设置操作，递归定义和图论可能会有用。 但这只是作为程序员几年的后见之明。

What I apply daily in my current career is logic and maybe set operations. Recursive definitions and graph theory have really only been helpful for interviews. But take this with a grain of salt because I am a mobile developer. A back end dev would probably find graph theory very useful.

在我目前的职业生涯中，我每天都在应用逻辑，或者可能是固定操作。 递归定义和图论实际上仅对访谈有用。 但是，因为我是移动开发人员，所以请一筹莫展。 后端开发人员可能会发现图论非常有用。

数据结构 (Data Structures)

This class was good. Very good. Data structures are used all over computer programming and are the backbone of most of the code people write. They allow us to store data in a way that is useful to the programs we write. The ability to look at data and know the best way to store it for time and space performance is a very useful skill to have.

这节课很好。 很好。 数据结构在整个计算机编程中都被使用，并且是人们编写的大多数代码的骨干。 它们使我们能够以对我们编写的程序有用的方式存储数据。 查看数据并了解最佳存储方式以实现时间和空间性能的能力是一项非常有用的技能。

I learned about arrays, stacks, linked lists, doubly linked lists, trees, graphs, heaps and all the different flavors of these data structures (like self-balancing trees). This class not only helped me understand data structures but also helped me to better organize the data that I was storing.

我了解了数组，堆栈，链表，双链表，树，图，堆以及这些数据结构(如自平衡树)的所有不同样式。 该课程不仅帮助我理解了数据结构，而且还帮助我更好地组织了所存储的数据。

This class was done in C which made it even more interesting. C can be very finicky but also very powerful if used correctly. I had to be very careful with how I allocated and cleaned up memory which was also very good for teaching about memory management.

此类使用C语言完成，这使其变得更加有趣。 如果使用正确，C可能非常挑剔，但也非常强大。 我必须非常小心如何分配和清理内存，这对于教导内存管理也非常有用。

There were so many useful things in this class that it is hard to cover all of them. I haven’t even mentioned the fact that this is a key knowledge component for interviewing in tech. If you are shaky on data structures, then start brushing up on some basics because they are very important.

此类中有很多有用的东西，很难涵盖所有这些东西。 我什至没有提到以下事实：这是技术面试的关键知识组成部分。 如果您对数据结构不满意，那么请开始尝试一些基础知识，因为它们非常重要。

算法分析 (Analysis of Algorithms)

This class was somewhat useful. Algorithms are useful. They drive the best software in the world and make them powerful enough to stay relevant in the modern world. But this class had some issues.

此类有点有用。 算法很有用。 他们驱动着世界上最好的软件，并使其功能强大到足以与现代世界保持联系。 但是这堂课有一些问题。

The most useful part of this was learning Big O notation. Big O notation allows you to evaluate code and understand how well it would perform time-wise and space-wise. In general, if you are measuring code performance at a company, you will use a timer to track time between interactions. This allows you to see how well your software is performing. This requires you to write code and evaluate the results afterward.

其中最有用的部分是学习Big O符号。 Big O表示法使您可以评估代码并了解其在时间和空间方面的执行情况。 通常，如果要衡量公司的代码性能，则将使用计时器来跟踪交互之间的时间。 这使您可以查看软件的性能。 这要求您编写代码并随后评估结果。

Big O notation allows you to do evaluations of code performance by just looking at the code. I don’t want to get into this too much, but if you don’t know about Big O notation, read this blog post.

Big O表示法使您可以仅通过查看代码来评估代码性能。 我不想太多，但是如果您不了解Big O表示法，请阅读此博客文章 。

The actual algorithms we went over weren’t as useful. All I remember is the knapsack problem and the traveling salesman problem. I also had to write code for these in groups which wasn’t great because there was one person in my group that went beyond what he was scoped for. That meant I ended up writing less code towards the final implementation each time than I would have liked to.

我们讨论过的实际算法没什么用。 我只记得背包问题和旅行推销员问题。 我还必须在小组中为这些人编写代码，但这并不是很好，因为小组中只有一个人超出了他的工作范围。 这意味着我最终每次为最终实现编写的代码都比我想要的少。

A basic understanding of what famous algorithms exist, their purpose and how they are implemented can be useful (mostly for interviewing). Big O notation is the key here. It is very useful on the job and it is also incredibly useful for interviewing.

对存在哪些著名算法，它们的目的以及如何实现它们的基本理解可能会很有用(主要是用于采访)。 大O符号是这里的关键。 它在工作中非常有用，对于面试也非常有用。

Web开发 (Web Development)

This class had the most skills that were directly applicable to a job in tech. I learned about HTML, CSS, JQuery, JavaScript, PHP, and JSON. I learned how a request is sent from a website front end to a back end, how its processed on the back end and then sent back to the front end with a response. I learned how to create UI and how to interact with a data layer that then interacts with the network.

该课程的技能最多，可直接用于技术工作。 我了解了HTML，CSS，JQuery，JavaScript，PHP和JSON。 我了解了如何将请求从网站前端发送到后端，如何在后端处理请求，然后通过响应将其发送回前端。 我学习了如何创建UI以及如何与数据层交互，然后与网络交互。

At the end of the class, I had built my own website and took the initiative to learn Angular. I used Angular to make my site look flashy which ended up getting me my first internship. I also acquired a good understanding of how a website works under the hood.

在课堂结束时，我建立了自己的网站并主动学习Angular。 我使用Angular使我的网站显得浮华，最终获得了我的第一个实习机会。 我还对网站的幕后运作方式有了很好的了解。

This knowledge alone was great but I also learned how to pick up and learn an unfamiliar language, framework or data format and work with it on the fly. I did a lot of googling on these topics to see concrete examples. I learned how to use documentation and online investigation to better understand a concept that I needed to apply directly in a short time frame. This is a key skill in being an adept programmer.

单单这些知识就很丰富，但是我也学会了如何学习和学习一种陌生的语言，框架或数据格式，并即时使用它。 我在这些主题上进行了大量搜索，以查看具体示例。 我学习了如何使用文档和在线调查来更好地理解我需要在短时间内直接应用的概念。 这是成为熟练的程序员的一项关键技能。

数据库简介 (Introduction to Databases)

I mostly just learned SQL in this class. I am sure we went over some other concepts like sharding and clustering but I don’t remember them. I sometimes use SQL at my current job to run data queries for events I’ve logged. SQL is either going to be integral to your job or you will barely use it. If you need it, learn it and become an expert. If you don’t, then don’t worry too much about it.

我大部分时间只是在本课中学习SQL。 我确信我们已经讨论了分片和群集等其他概念，但我不记得了。 有时，我在当前的工作中使用SQL对已记录的事件运行数据查询。 SQL将成为您工作不可或缺的一部分，或者您几乎不会使用它。 如果您需要它，请学习它并成为专家。 如果您不这样做，则不必担心太多。

软件工程I，II (Software Engineering I, II)

Also another class I can’t really remember. I believe we went over a bunch of broad concepts in this class. We covered Scrum and Waterfall project management methods. We went over testing and all the different types of testing there are. We covered some usability and accessibility concepts. It was really just a catch-all for concepts that didn’t really fit into their own classes.

还有我真的不记得的另一堂课。 我相信我们在这一堂课中讨论了很多广泛的概念。 我们介绍了Scrum和Waterfall项目管理方法。 我们进行了测试，并找到了所有不同类型的测试。 我们介绍了一些可用性和可访问性概念。 对于那些确实不适合自己的类的概念，这实际上只是万能的。

Due to the patchwork nature of the class, I didn’t really internalize any of the concepts too well. It was good to have a basic overview of the concepts covered but I wish more time was spent on the important individual topics such as testing.

由于班级的拼凑性质，我并没有很好地将任何概念内部化。 最好对所涵盖的概念进行基本的概述，但是我希望在诸如测试之类的重要个人主题上花费更多的时间。

计算机架构与汇编语言 (Computer Architecture & Assembly Language)

I remember this class vividly. This class goes into how a computer works. How machine instructions are sent around and processed by the computer. We also got to write some code in MASM which is an assembly language that interacts very closely with machine code.

我清楚地记得这堂课。 本课程探讨计算机的工作方式。 机器指令如何在计算机周围发送和处理。 我们还必须用MASM编写一些代码，这是一种汇编语言，它与机器代码紧密交互。

Most of the programming languages I had used up to taking this class were high-level languages. High-level languages tend to be closer to human language than machine code. MASM is very close to the machine code and I would say is closer to the machine language over human language.

在上这堂课之前，我用过的大多数编程语言都是高级语言。 高级语言倾向于比机器语言更接近人类语言。 MASM非常接近机器代码，我想说的是人类语言更接近机器语言。

The most important part of this class is getting an idea for what happens to your code once it gets compiled. Understanding the different logical units in a computer and how your code gets handled by them was very interesting to learn about.

此类的最重要部分是让您了解一旦编译后代码将发生什么情况。 了解计算机中的不同逻辑单元以及如何处理它们的代码非常有趣。

For practical purposes, I don’t think this class was very pivotal in contributing to my tech career. I haven’t used much of the knowledge I gained from this class during my career so far.

出于实际目的，我认为本课程对于为我的技术职业做出贡献不是至关重要的。 到目前为止，我还没有使用过从这堂课中学到的很多知识。

操作系统 (Operating Systems)

I’ll be honest, I am having a really hard time remembering what I learned in this class. The only thing I can remember is building a messaging program that used socket programming in C to communicate. I also learned about opening files and manipulating folders using scripts.

老实说，我很难记住我在这堂课中学到的东西。 我唯一记得的是建立一个使用C语言中的套接字编程进行通信的消息传递程序。 我还学习了如何使用脚本打开文件和操作文件夹。

I want to be upfront about what I remember from my degree and the fact is, I don’t remember much from this class. I just didn’t use much of the knowledge gained from it in my current career.

我想对自己从学位方面所记得的事情保持直觉，事实是，我对这一堂课的记忆不多。 在我当前的职业生涯中，我只是很少使用从中学到的知识。

计算机网络概论 (Introduction to Computer Networks)

This class was very useful. It went over how computer networks functioned. This included going over network protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, IP, FTP, IMAP, POP3, SSH, and DNS. I got to learn about what each of these protocols is used for, how they are implemented and gained an understanding of why they were created.

这节课非常有用。 它讨论了计算机网络如何运作。 这包括遍历网络协议，例如HTTP，HTTPS，TCP，IP，FTP，IMAP，POP3，SSH和DNS。 我必须了解这些协议分别用于什么目的，如何实现以及了解为什么要创建它们。

The networking protocols I mentioned above are used for critical functions of modern software. This includes email handling (POP3 & IMAP), sending network requests between client and server (HTTP, HTTPS) and handling devices securely through a network (SSH). This really gives you an understanding of how the internet works and how devices across the world can interact with each other.

我上面提到的网络协议用于现代软件的关键功能。 这包括电子邮件处理(POP3和IMAP)，在客户端和服务器之间发送网络请求(HTTP，HTTPS)以及通过网络安全地处理设备(SSH)。 这确实使您了解了Internet的工作方式以及世界各地的设备如何相互交互。

This is not only fascinating but it can be useful. I have used the things I learned from this class to debug issues I came across when I was getting errors from the network. I was able to pinpoint the issues I was running into and help the back end dev that I was working with find the bug on their end.

这不仅令人着迷，而且很有用。 我利用从该类中学到的知识来调试从网络中获取错误时遇到的问题。 我能够查明我遇到的问题，并帮助与我一起工作的后端开发人员找到问题所在。

可用性工程导论 (Introduction to Usability Engineering)

This class covered how to make an intuitive app but also how to make an app or website accessible. Accessibility refers to making a piece of software usable for anyone, including those with disabilities. This covers things like text to speech use and designing software that isn’t completely reliant on audio elements only.

本课程涵盖如何制作直观的应用程序，以及如何使应用程序或网站可访问。 可访问性是指使任何人(包括残障人士)都可以使用该软件。 它涵盖了文本到语音的使用以及设计软件，这些软件并不完全依赖音频元素。

The topics covered were useful if you have never heard about accessibility before. It at least made you consider these things when you design software. It also got me to really start thinking about user experience and how important it is to good software. If no one is using the key functionality of your app because it is confusing, then your software will eventually lose all of its users.

如果您以前从未听说过可访问性，那么所涉及的主题将非常有用。 至少在设计软件时让您考虑了这些问题。 这也让我真正开始考虑用户体验以及它对优质软件的重要性。 如果没有人因为应用程序的混乱而使用它的关键功能，那么您的软件最终将失去所有用户。

While the knowledge was interesting, the specific implementations of how you would create a usable and accessible piece of software depends on the platform. For example, Apple has its own set of user interface guidelines that describe general design principles and specific details of how you should design software that will run on any of Apple’s platforms.

虽然知识很有趣，但是如何创建可用和可访问的软件的具体实现取决于平台。 例如， Apple有自己的一套用户界面指南 ，这些指南描述了一般的设计原理以及如何设计可在Apple的任何平台上运行的软件的特定详细信息。

Because of the specific information needed per platform, I am not sure that this class was incredibly useful. It was a nice intro, but I ended up having to learn Apple’s interface guidelines which went over all the topics covered in this class.

由于每个平台都需要特定的信息，因此我不确定此类是否非常有用。 这是一个不错的介绍，但最终我不得不学习Apple的界面指南，该指南涵盖了本课程中涉及的所有主题。

移动和云软件开发 (Mobile and Cloud Software Development)

I’ll keep this one short. I was already a mobile engineer when I took this class. I built a crappy mobile app in a few hours in order to finish my degree ASAP. At this point, I had already achieved my goal of getting a job as a software engineer but just needed to finish up my comp sci degree since I was almost done. My heart was not into learning at this point.

我会简短一点。 我上这堂课时已经是一名移动工程师。 我在几个小时内构建了一个糟糕的移动应用程序，以便尽快完成学位。 在这一点上，我已经实现了获得软件工程师职位的目标，但是由于我差不多完成了，所以只需要完成我的理学学位即可。 此时，我的心还没有开始学习。

Even with that being said, I don’t think this class was run well. It was lazily designed. They encouraged people to write code for a Windows phone app for this class, and the demand for those jobs is much lower than others. And I feel it was only encouraged because the environment is easier to set up and the code can be written in JavaScript and resembles web development.

即使这样说，我也不认为本堂课的进展很好。 它设计得很懒。 他们鼓励人们为此类的Windows Phone应用程序编写代码，而这些工作的需求比其他人要低得多。 我觉得这只是受到鼓励，因为环境易于设置，并且代码可以用JavaScript编写并且类似于Web开发。

Also, it was clear to me the person running the class didn’t know about all mobile app platforms. We were required to write a small back end portion but I really didn’t want to. I ended up faking a web request by instead reading from disk and returning a canned response after a few seconds. This worked because I only had to submit a demo and the source code. And I have a feeling the person grading only looked at the demo.

另外，对我来说很明显，上课的人并不知道所有的移动应用平台。 我们被要求写一个小的后端部分，但是我真的不想这么做。 我最终伪装了一个Web请求，而是从磁盘上读取并在几秒钟后返回一个固定的响应。 之所以有效，是因为我只需要提交一个演示和源代码。 而且我觉得评分的人只看了演示。

Overall, the class taught outdated and unused tech, wasn’t properly evaluated and really didn’t offer much guidance. This was not a very good class.

总体而言，该课程所教授的过时和未使用的技术没有得到正确的评估，并且实际上并没有提供太多指导。 这不是一个很好的课程。

Capstone软件项目 (Capstone Software Project)

Speaking of outdated tech, this project required us to build a GUI for accessing a database using curses. Here is the full project if you are interested. We didn’t get to choose what our capstone project was, it was assigned to us. And everyone had to do the same project. It was also done in groups of 3, so you only really covered one small portion of the project. This was a really poorly run class.

说到过时的技术，这个项目要求我们构建一个GUI，以便使用curses访问数据库。 如果您有兴趣， 这里是完整的项目 。 我们没有选择我们的顶峰项目，而是分配给了我们。 每个人都必须做相同的项目。 它也以3人为一组进行，因此您只真正覆盖了项目的一小部分。 这是一个运行不佳的课程。

The interaction with the teacher was pretty much non-existent. I had zero interest in the project and what we were learning seemed absolutely useless. To create an interest in a topic, you need to let people have some free will when it comes to choosing what they learn. Having no choice in your capstone project is just silly. This project is useless for a majority of career paths and it doesn’t make sense to force it on people.

与老师的互动几乎不存在。 我对该项目的兴趣为零，而我们所学的内容似乎毫无用处。 要引起对某个主题的兴趣，您需要让人们在选择他们所学的知识时有一些自由意志。 在顶峰项目中别无选择只是愚蠢的。 这个项目对大多数职业道路都是无用的，把它强加于人是没有意义的。

The class should have made every student submit a proposal with rough estimates for a timeline of when they would finish each sub-portion of the project. This accomplishes two things: getting people to start practice estimating work and allowing people to work on what they are interested in. The class would have been 100 times better this way.

班级应该让每位学生提交一份建议书，并对何时完成项目的每个子部分的时间表进行粗略估计。 这完成了两件事：让人们开始练习评估工作，并允许人们按照自己的兴趣进行工作。通过这种方式，班级可以提高100倍。

最后的想法 (Final Thoughts)

I could have not taken a good portion of the classes and still be the software engineer I am today. But I think missing out on some of these courses could leave a huge gap in your knowledge as a dev. The topics I think every software engineer should have some knowledge in are Data Structures and Algorithms.

我本来不能上大部分课程，但仍然是我今天的软件工程师。 但是我认为错过其中一些课程可能会在您作为开发人员的知识上留下巨大的空白。 我认为每个软件工程师都应该对数据结构和算法有一定的了解。

The other classes depend on the career you path you choose. If you decided to go into embedded development, you should learn about computer architecture. If you decide to become a front end engineer, you should learn about computer networks.

其他类别取决于您选择的职业。 如果您决定进行嵌入式开发，则应该了解计算机体系结构。 如果您决定成为一名前端工程师，则应该了解计算机网络。

The key takeaway here is that a good engineer is constantly learning. If you’re missing some knowledge that you know would be useful and applicable in your job, then go take a class to gain that knowledge. That is how you get better at writing good code. Always be learning.

这里的要点是，优秀的工程师会不断学习。 如果您缺少某些知识，这些知识对您的工作将是有用的和适用的，那么请上一堂课以获取该知识。 这样您才能更好地编写良好的代码。 一直在学习。

喜欢您阅读的内容吗？ 看看我的其他文章 (Liked what you read? Check out my other articles)

Starting a tech career from nothing.

从零开始的科技职业。

Choose the best tech career for yourself — Dev Ops, Mobile Engineer, Data Scientist, Project Manager, and Front End.

为自己选择最佳的技术职业-开发运营，移动工程师，数据科学家，项目经理和前端。

Tips for your first tech interview.

首次技术面试的提示。

Should you get a computer science degree?

您应该获得计算机科学学位吗？

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Swift与Objective-C

翻译自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/what-you-learn-in-a-4-year-computer-science-degree-35a95457cb06/

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