DispatcherServlet

DispatcherServlet 是Spring MVC的前端控制器名称, 用户的请求到达这里进行集中处理, 在Spring MVC中, 它的作用是为不同请求匹配对应的处理器, 将结果传递给视图解析器最终呈现给客户端.

前端控制器模式（Front Controller Pattern）是用来提供一个集中的请求处理机制，所有的请求都将由一个单一的处理程序处理。该处理程序可以做认证/授权/记录日志，或者跟踪请求，然后把请求传给相应的处理程序。

Servlet WebApplicationContext 和 Root WebApplicationContext

Spring MVC 存在两个应用上下文, 分别为Servlet WebApplicationContext和Root WebApplicationContext. 他们分别初始化不同类型的bean.

下图来自Spring官方文档

在DispatcherServlet启动的时候, 它会创建Spring上下文Servlet WebApplicationContext, 其中包含Web相关的Controller,ViewResolver,HandlerMapping等.

另外一个上下文Root WebApplicationContext是由ContextLoaderListener创建的, 包含除了Web组件外的其他bean, 比如包含业务逻辑的Service, 还有数据库相关的组件等.

代码(JavaConfig方式的配置代码)

下面是用JavaConfig方式实现的配置代码, 我们先搭建好一个Spring MVC 项目,然后结合源码分析Spring如何注册DispatcherServlet实例的.

// 继承AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer并重写其中的三个方法
public class MvcWebAppInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {// 指定Root上下文的配置类@Overrideprotected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {return new Class[]{ RootConfig.class };}// 指定Web上下文的配置类@Overrideprotected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {return new Class[]{ WebConfig.class };}// url映射@Overrideprotected String[] getServletMappings() {return new String[]{"/"};}
}

通过重写AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer的三个方法完成配置, WebConfig用来配置Web组件, RootConfig用来配置非Web组件.

@EnableWebMvc // 启用MVC
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"com.xlx.mvc.web"}) // 启用组件扫描,只扫描web相关的组件
@Configuration
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {// 视图解析器,jsp@Beanpublic ViewResolver viewResolver(){InternalResourceViewResolver resolver = new InternalResourceViewResolver();resolver.setPrefix("/WEB-INF/views/");resolver.setSuffix(".jsp");resolver.setExposeContextBeansAsAttributes(true);return  resolver;}// 重写以启用默认的处理器, 用来处理静态资源@Overridepublic void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer){configurer.enable();}}@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = {"com.xlx.mvc"},  excludeFilters = {@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes = EnableWebMvc.class)
}) // 扫描包, 但排除EnableWebMvc注解的类
public class RootConfig {}

源码分析

Servlet 3.0 旨在支持基于代码的方式配置Servlet容器, 当3.0兼容的servlet容器启动的时候会在ClassPath查找并调用实现了接口ServletContainerInitializer的类的onStartup()方法, Spring中提供了这个接口的一个实现类SpringServletContainerInitializer. 其启动方法的代码如下:

@Override
public void onStartup(@Nullable Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext servletContext)throws ServletException {List<WebApplicationInitializer> initializers = new LinkedList<>();// 应用中WebApplicationInitializer的bean生成到一个列表中.if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) {for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) {if (!waiClass.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(waiClass.getModifiers()) &&WebApplicationInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(waiClass)) {try {initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer)ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(waiClass).newInstance());}catch (Throwable ex) {throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex);}}}}if (initializers.isEmpty()) {servletContext.log("No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath");return;}servletContext.log(initializers.size() + " Spring WebApplicationInitializers detected on classpath");AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(initializers);// 遍历所有WebApplicationInitializer, 并调用其onStartup方法for (WebApplicationInitializer initializer : initializers) {initializer.onStartup(servletContext);}
}

在上面方法的最后, 可以看到其将控制权交给WebApplicationInitializer的实例并遍历调用了onStartup()方法, 而我们定义的类MvcWebAppInitializer 就是它的子类. 完整的继承关系为

WebApplicationInitializer <--
AbstractContextLoaderInitializer <--
AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer <--
AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer <--
MvcWebAppInitializer

在类 AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer 中实现了onStartup()方法, 最终调用registerDispatcherServlet()方法完成注册, 两个方法的代码如下:

@Override
public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {super.onStartup(servletContext);registerDispatcherServlet(servletContext);
}protected void registerDispatcherServlet(ServletContext servletContext) {// 获取Sevlet名称, 这个方法返回了默认值"dispatcher"String servletName = getServletName();Assert.hasLength(servletName, "getServletName() must not return null or empty");// 此处调用的方法是抽象方法, 由子类AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer实现, 其最终调用了自定义类的getServletConfigClasses()方法获取配置信息(源码附在本段后面). 用来生成Servlet上下文.WebApplicationContext servletAppContext = createServletApplicationContext();Assert.notNull(servletAppContext, "createServletApplicationContext() must not return null");// 生成dispatcherServlet实例FrameworkServlet dispatcherServlet = createDispatcherServlet(servletAppContext);Assert.notNull(dispatcherServlet, "createDispatcherServlet(WebApplicationContext) must not return null");dispatcherServlet.setContextInitializers(getServletApplicationContextInitializers());// 注册DispatcherServletServletRegistration.Dynamic registration = servletContext.addServlet(servletName, dispatcherServlet);if (registration == null) {throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to register servlet with name '" + servletName + "'. " +"Check if there is another servlet registered under the same name.");}registration.setLoadOnStartup(1);registration.addMapping(getServletMappings());registration.setAsyncSupported(isAsyncSupported());Filter[] filters = getServletFilters();if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(filters)) {for (Filter filter : filters) {registerServletFilter(servletContext, filter);}}customizeRegistration(registration);
}

下面附读取Servlet配置类的代码: 类AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer实现了createServletApplicationContext(), 可以看到代码中调用了方法getServletConfigClasses(), 这是个抽象方法, 声明为protected abstract Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses();. 最终的实现正是在我们自定义的子类MvcWebAppInitializer中.

@Override
protected WebApplicationContext createServletApplicationContext() {AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();// 读取配置类Class<?>[] configClasses = getServletConfigClasses();if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) {context.register(configClasses);}return context;
}

上面完成了DispatcherServlet的注册和启动, 接下来可以定义Controller了.

请求映射

在此之前需要了解下关于URL映射的Servlet规范, 注意这是Servlet的规范, 当然也适用于DispatcherServlet, 代码中我们为DispatcherServlet映射为"/", 规范中"/"为使用"default"Servlet, 也就意味着所有的请求默认通过DispatcherServlet处理.

为了处理静态资源, 在WebConfig中覆盖了方法configureDefaultServletHandling()已启用静态资源处理器DefaultServletHttpRequestHandler, 它的优先级是最低, 这意味着在匹配不到其他handler的时候,servlet会将请求交给这个handler处理.

规则按顺序执行,匹配到就直接返回.

1. 精确匹配, url完全与模式匹配
2. 最长路径匹配, 查找模式中路径最长的匹配项, 例如/user/list/1匹配模式/user/list/, 而不是/user/
3. 扩展名匹配
4. 默认Servlet

代码

@Controller
@RequestMapping(value = "/home")
public class HomeController {@RequestMapping(value = "/default",method = RequestMethod.GET)public String home(){return "home";}
}

源码分析

我们的Controller以注解(@RequestMapping,@GetMapping等)方式定义, RequestMappingHandlerMapping用来生成请求url与处理方法的映射关系(mapping),这个mapping最终是由DispatcherServlet调用找到匹配到url对应的controller方法并调用.

通过查看Spring的bean依赖关系图(找到类WebConfig, Ctrl+Alt+U并选spring beans dependency)可以找到RequestMappingHandlerMapping生成的线索.

简化的关系图如下:

可以看到WebmvcConfigurationSupport中有个@Bean注解的方法生成RequestMappingHandlerMapping的实例, 而WebmvcConfigurationSupport继承了DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration, 后者是由@EnableWebMvc注解导入.

/*** * 返回排序为0的RequestMappingHandlerMapping实例bean, 用来处理注解方式的Controller请求.*/
@Bean
public RequestMappingHandlerMapping requestMappingHandlerMapping() {RequestMappingHandlerMapping mapping = createRequestMappingHandlerMapping();// 顺序为0, 顺便提一句, 静态资源的处理器Handler的顺序为Integer.Maxmapping.setOrder(0);mapping.setInterceptors(getInterceptors());mapping.setContentNegotiationManager(mvcContentNegotiationManager());mapping.setCorsConfigurations(getCorsConfigurations());PathMatchConfigurer configurer = getPathMatchConfigurer();Boolean useSuffixPatternMatch = configurer.isUseSuffixPatternMatch();if (useSuffixPatternMatch != null) {mapping.setUseSuffixPatternMatch(useSuffixPatternMatch);}Boolean useRegisteredSuffixPatternMatch = configurer.isUseRegisteredSuffixPatternMatch();if (useRegisteredSuffixPatternMatch != null) {mapping.setUseRegisteredSuffixPatternMatch(useRegisteredSuffixPatternMatch);}Boolean useTrailingSlashMatch = configurer.isUseTrailingSlashMatch();if (useTrailingSlashMatch != null) {mapping.setUseTrailingSlashMatch(useTrailingSlashMatch);}UrlPathHelper pathHelper = configurer.getUrlPathHelper();if (pathHelper != null) {mapping.setUrlPathHelper(pathHelper);}PathMatcher pathMatcher = configurer.getPathMatcher();if (pathMatcher != null) {mapping.setPathMatcher(pathMatcher);}Map<String, Predicate<Class<?>>> pathPrefixes = configurer.getPathPrefixes();if (pathPrefixes != null) {mapping.setPathPrefixes(pathPrefixes);}return mapping;
}

好了, 现在有了DispatcherServlet, 并且有了可以处理映射关系的RequestMappingHandlerMapping, 接下来再看下当请求到达时, DispatcherServlet 如何为Url找到对应的Handler方法.

DispatcherServlet中定义了处理请求的doService()方法, 最终这个方法委托doDispatch()处理请求, 特别注意中文注释的几个语句, 除此之外, 这个方法还提供了生命周期的一些处理工作.

protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);try {ModelAndView mv = null;Exception dispatchException = null;try {processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);// 获取当前请求对应的handlermappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);if (mappedHandler == null) {noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);return;}// 获取当前请求对应handler的适配器HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());// Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.String method = request.getMethod();boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {return;}}if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {return;}// 最终调用Handler的方法mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {return;}applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);}catch (Exception ex) {dispatchException = ex;}catch (Throwable err) {// As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well,// making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios.dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err);}processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);}catch (Exception ex) {triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);}catch (Throwable err) {triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler,new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err));}finally {if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {// Instead of postHandle and afterCompletionif (mappedHandler != null) {mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);}}else {// Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.if (multipartRequestParsed) {cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);}}}
}

上面代码中, 重点关注getHandler方法.

protected HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {if (this.handlerMappings != null) {for (HandlerMapping mapping : this.handlerMappings) {HandlerExecutionChain handler = mapping.getHandler(request);if (handler != null) {return handler;}}}return null;
}

可以看到请求所需的handler是取自实例变量this.handlerMappings,接下来顺藤摸瓜, 看这个变量是何时初始化的.通过引用, 我们查找到了下面方法.

private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) {this.handlerMappings = null;if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) {// 找到上下文中的所有HandlerMapping, 包括祖先上下文Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans =BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false);if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<>(matchingBeans.values());// HandlerMapping排序AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings);}}else {try {HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class);this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm);}catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) {// Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later.  // 这个注释...}}// 保证至少要有一个HandlerMapping.if (this.handlerMappings == null) {this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class);if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {logger.trace("No HandlerMappings declared for servlet '" + getServletName() +"': using default strategies from DispatcherServlet.properties");}}
}

整理下调用关系: DispatcherServlet initHandlerMappings <-- initStrategies <-- onRefresh <--
FrameworkServlet initWebApplicationContext <-- initServletBean <--
HttpServletBean init <--
GenericServlet init(ServletConfig config)
最后的GenericServlet是servlet Api的.

Spring Boot 中的DispatcherServlet

Spring Boot微服务中的DispatcherServlet装配, 因为其一般使用内置的Servlet容器, 是通过DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration来完成的. 下面是生成DispatcherServlet bean的代码, 这个bean在内部静态类DispatcherServletConfiguration中.

@Bean(name = DEFAULT_DISPATCHER_SERVLET_BEAN_NAME)
public DispatcherServlet dispatcherServlet() {DispatcherServlet dispatcherServlet = new DispatcherServlet();dispatcherServlet.setDispatchOptionsRequest(this.webMvcProperties.isDispatchOptionsRequest());dispatcherServlet.setDispatchTraceRequest(this.webMvcProperties.isDispatchTraceRequest());dispatcherServlet.setThrowExceptionIfNoHandlerFound(this.webMvcProperties.isThrowExceptionIfNoHandlerFound());return dispatcherServlet;
}

上面我们通过注解方式构建了一个MVC应用程序, 并且通过源码分析其构建原理, 其中Spring使用的前端控制器实现类是DispatcherServlet, 其在Servlet容器启动的时候实例化, 并初始化容器中的Handler处理器. 当请求到达DispatcherServlet时会调用其doDispatcher()方法选择最合适的处理器. 最后我们扫了一眼Spring Boot的自动装配DispatcherServlet方式.