Lecture 1

PartA1: Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design

重点：
PartA1:
information technology
information system里的几个element分别是什么
Systems Analysis and Design 各自的概念与区别
整个system analysis部分都是follow SDLC的，要知道SDLC是什么
The Role of SystemsAnalysts —— Bussiness Problem Solver 系统分析师的角色——解决问题的人
Analyst’s General Approach to Problem Solving 解决问题的一般方法
Knowledge and Skills Required of a systems analyst 系统分析师需要掌握的知识和技能

Information Technology

Information Technology—the combination of hardware, software and services that people use to manage, communicate and share information.

What is a project?

What is the difference between project, job and exploration?

What is an IT project?

Systems analysis and design

Systems analysis

activities that enable a person to understand and specify what the new system should accomplish
- what a system must do to satisfy the need or solve the problem.

Those activities that enable a person to understand and specify what the new system should accomplish are usually referred to as_________
ANS: systems analysis

Those skills, steps, guides, and tools that support and lead up to the actual programming of the system are referred to as
ANS: systems analysis and design

Systems analysis is sometimes referred to as “understanding and specification.”
ANS: True

一项有计划的、有始有终的、产生某种结果的事业，被称为

Systems design

activities that enable a person to describe in detail how the information system will actually be implemented to provide the needed solution
- how the system will actually work.

Systems design consists of activities to describe the solution to the problem.
ANS: True

Project manager 项目经理

Project managers strive to meet the triple constraint (project scope, time, and cost goals) and also facilitate the entire process to meet the needs and expectations of project stakeholders.

Identify several of the qualities of a good project manager. 优秀的项目经理应该有的品质是什么？
The Role of the Project Manager PM的职责：
Job descriptions vary, but most include responsibilities like planning, scheduling, coordinating, and working with people to achieve project goals.
Remember that 97% of successful projects were led by experienced project managers, who can often help influence success factors.

Suggested skills for project managers PM应该掌握的技能：

The Project Management Body of Knowledge
Application area knowledge, standards, and regulations
Project environment knowledge
General management knowledge and skills
Soft skills or human relations skills

Project managers for large IT projects do not have to be experts in the field of IT, but they must have a working knowledge of various technologies and understand how the project would enhance the business.

Good project managers do not assume that their definition of success is the same as the sponsors. They take the time to understand their sponsors’ expectations and then track project performance based on important success criteria.

对比项目赞助商：A project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for a project.

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

The SDLC consisting of all activities required to build, launch, and maintain an information system. Six core processes are:

Identify the problem or need and obtain approval 确定问题或需求并获得批准
Plan and monitor the project, i.e., what, how and who 计划和监测项目，即什么、如何和谁？
Discover and understand the details of the problem or need 发现并了解问题或需求的细节
Design the system components that solve the problem 设计解决该问题的系统组件
Build, test, and integrate system components 构建、测试和整合系统组件
Complete system tests and then deploy the solution 完成系统测试，然后部署解决方案

Part A2: The Role of Systems Analysts 系统分析师的角色

技术知识和技能

IT知识
- 计算机和它们的工作原理
- 文件、数据库和存储硬件和软件
- 输入和输出硬件和软件
- 计算机网络和协议
- 编程语言、操作系统和实用工具
- 通信和协作技术，如数字电话、视频会议和基于网络的文件管理系统

知识和技能

工具 - 协助开发人员创建项目所需的模型或其他组件的软件应用程序。
技术 - 完成特定系统开发活动的策略
- 项目规划技术
- 成本/效益分析技术
- 访谈技术
- 需求建模技术
- 架构设计技术
- 网络配置技术
- 数据库设计技术

其他知识和技能

了解商业组织
- 组织履行哪些业务职能？
- 组织是如何结构化的？
- 组织是如何管理的？
- 组织中的工作类型是什么？
人际交往技巧
- 沟通系统中的不同利益相关者
- 说不同的语言

Project Attributes 项目属性

A project

has a unique purpose
is temporary
is developed using progressive elaboration（So, projects should be developed in increments.——week2_quiz）
requires resources, often from various areas
should have a primary customer or sponsor
- The project sponsor usually provides the direction and funding for the project
involves uncertainty

A project is developed using progressive elaboration. Projects are often defined broadly when they begin, and as time passes, the specific details of the project become clearer. Therefore, projects should be developed in increments.
一个项目的发展是采用渐进式的阐述。项目开始时往往被广泛定义，随着时间的推移，项目的具体细节变得更加清晰。因此，项目应该以递增的方式发展。

a. regressive 是倒退的意思
One of the attributes of projects is that they have a unique purpose. Every project should have a well-defined objective

A project involves uncertainty. Every project is unique and thus it is sometimes difficult to define its objectives clearly, estimate how long it will take to complete, or determine how much it will cost. This uncertainty is one of the main reasons project management is so challenging.

Project Success

There are several ways to define project success:

The project met scope, time, and cost goals
The project satisfied the customer/sponsor
The results of the project met its main objective, such as making or saving a certain amount of money, providing a good return on investment, or simply making the sponsors happy

project management 项目管理

What is Project Management? (Key activities involved in PM) 什么是项目管理，项目管理涉及的主要活动是什么？

Planning: decide what to do
Organizing: make arrangements
Staffing: select the right people
Directing: give instructions
Monitoring: check on progress
Controlling: take actions to remedy hold-ups
Innovating: come up with solutions when problems emerge
Representing: liaise with clients, users, developers and other stakeholders

Project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to
project activities to meet project requirements”

week2_quiz：

List and describe each of the ten project management knowledge areas.

Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop
• Integration management
• Scope management
• Schedule management
• Cost management
• Quality management
• Human Resource management
• Communications management
• Risk management
• Procurement management
• Stakeholder management

What is project management? Briefly describe the project management framework, providing examples of stakeholders, knowledge areas, tools and techniques, and project success factors.——week3_quiz

Project Management Tools and Techniques

Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their teams in various aspects of project management
Some popular ones include
- Project charter (integration),
- Scope statement, and WBS (scope)
- Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis (time)
- Cost estimates and earned value management (cost)
- Fishbone diagrams (quality)

Project constraints

Triple constraint of a project 三重约束

Scope: What work will be done as part of the project?
Time: How long should it take to complete the project?
Cost: What should it cost to complete the project?

Other elements may also play significant roles, e.g.,

Quality
Resources
Risk
etc

Describe the triple constraint. What are the three components and what is the relationship between them? ——week2_quiz
The triple constraint contains project scope, time, and cost goals.
The relationship between the triple constraint of project management is mutually constraining, and as a project manager, you should learn to balance the relationship between these three according to the ultimate project goals.

The question, “What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project?” is an example of a(n)______
Ans: scope

Project scope deals with questions such as, “What work will be done as part of the project?”, “What unique product, service, or result does the customer or sponsor expect from the project?”, or “How will the scope be verified?”

information system 信息系统

对比Information Technology和information system的区别
Information Technology—the combination of hardware, software and services that people use to manage, communicate and share information.
An information system consists of software, database, and manual processes ——week2_quiz
manual processes 人类操作

Stakeholder 利益相关者

Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities

the project sponsor
the project manager
the project team
support staff
customers
users
suppliers
opponents of the project

Stakeholders’ needs and expectations are important in the beginning and throughout the life of a project. Successful project managers develop good relationships with project stakeholders to understand and meet their needs and expectations.

Lecture3:
Stakeholders – persons who have an interest in the successful implementation of the system
Internal vs. External Stakeholders:

Internal: persons within the organization
External: persons outside the organization
Operational vs. Executive stakeholders:
Operational: persons who regularly interact with the system
Executive: persons who don’t directly interact, but use the information or have financial interest

week4_quiz

Project Manager and Program Manager

Program: group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually
• Project managers work with project sponsors, project team, and other people involved in a project to meet project goals
• Program managers oversee programs; often act as bosses for project managers; provide leadership and direction for the project managers heading the projects within the program

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