之前先后总结并发表了关于WEB Service、WCF身份验证相关文章，如下：

关于WEB Service&WCF&WebApi实现身份验证之WEB Service篇、

关于WEB Service&WCF&WebApi实现身份验证之WCF篇（1）、关于WEB Service&WCF&WebApi实现身份验证之WCF篇（2）

今天再来总结关于如何实现WebApi的身份验证，以完成该系列所有文章，WebApi常见的实现方式有：FORM身份验证、集成WINDOWS验证、Basic基础认证、Digest摘要认证

 第一种：FORM身份验证（若在ASP.NET应用程序使用，则该验证方式不支持跨域，因为cookie无法跨域访问）

1.定义一个FormAuthenticationFilterAttribute，该类继承自AuthorizationFilterAttribute，并重写其OnAuthorization，在该方法中添加从请求头中获取有无登录的Cookie，若有则表示登录成功，否则失败，代码如下：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Http.Filters;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Threading;
using System.Security.Principal;
using System.Net;
using System.Text;namespace WebApplication1.Models
{public class FormAuthenticationFilterAttribute : AuthorizationFilterAttribute{private const string UnauthorizedMessage = "请求未授权，拒绝访问。";public override void OnAuthorization(System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext){if (actionContext.ActionDescriptor.GetCustomAttributes<AllowAnonymousAttribute>().Count > 0){base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);return;}if (HttpContext.Current.User != null && HttpContext.Current.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated){base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);return;}var cookies = actionContext.Request.Headers.GetCookies();if (cookies == null || cookies.Count < 1){actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized) { Content = new StringContent(UnauthorizedMessage, Encoding.UTF8) };return;}FormsAuthenticationTicket ticket = GetTicket(cookies);if (ticket == null){actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized) { Content = new StringContent(UnauthorizedMessage, Encoding.UTF8) };return;}//这里可以对FormsAuthenticationTicket对象进行进一步验证var principal = new GenericPrincipal(new FormsIdentity(ticket), null);HttpContext.Current.User = principal;Thread.CurrentPrincipal = principal;base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);}private FormsAuthenticationTicket GetTicket(Collection<CookieHeaderValue> cookies){FormsAuthenticationTicket ticket = null;foreach (var item in cookies){var cookie = item.Cookies.SingleOrDefault(c => c.Name == FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName);if (cookie != null){ticket = FormsAuthentication.Decrypt(cookie.Value);break;}}return ticket;}}
}

　　

2.在需要认证授权后才能访问的Controller中类或ACTION方法上添加上述授权过滤器FormAuthenticationFilterAttribute，也可在global文件中将该类添加到全局过滤器中，同时定义一个登录ACTION，用于登录入口，示例代码如下：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Security;
using WebApplication1.Models;namespace WebApplication1.Controllers
{[FormAuthenticationFilter]public class TestController : ApiController{[AllowAnonymous][AcceptVerbs("Get")][Route("Api/Test/Login")]public HttpResponseMessage Login(string uname, string pwd){if ("admin".Equals(uname, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && "api.admin".Equals(pwd)){//创建票据FormsAuthenticationTicket ticket = new FormsAuthenticationTicket(1, uname, DateTime.Now, DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30), false, string.Empty);//加密票据string authTicket = FormsAuthentication.Encrypt(ticket);//存储为cookieHttpCookie cookie = new HttpCookie(FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName, authTicket);cookie.Path = FormsAuthentication.FormsCookiePath;HttpContext.Current.Response.AppendCookie(cookie);//或者//FormsAuthentication.SetAuthCookie(uname, false, "/");return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, "登录成功！");}else{HttpContext.Current.Response.AppendCookie(new HttpCookie(FormsAuthentication.FormsCookieName) { Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-10) });//测试用：当登录失败时，清除可能存在的身份验证Cookiereturn Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, "登录失败，无效的用户名或密码！");}}// GET api/testpublic IEnumerable<string> GetValues(){return new string[] { "value1", "value2" };}// GET api/test/5public string GetValue(int id){return "value";}}
}

测试用法一：可直接在浏览器中访问需要授权的方法（即：Login除外），如：http://localhost:11099/api/test/，响应结果如下：

请求头信息如下：

若成功调用Login方法后（http://localhost:11099/api/test/login?uname=admin&pwd=api.admin），再调用上述方法，则可以获得正常的结果，如下图示：

看一下请求时附带的Cookie，如下图示：

测试用法二：采用HttpClient来调用Api的相关方法，示例代码如下：

        public async static void TestLoginApi(){HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler();handler.UseCookies = true;//因为采用Form验证，所以需要使用Cookie来记录身份登录信息HttpClient client = new HttpClient(handler);Console.WriteLine("Login>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>");var response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/login/?uname=admin&pwd=api.admin");var r = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<dynamic>();Console.WriteLine("StatusCode:{0}", response.StatusCode);if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode){Console.WriteLine("Msg:{1}", response.StatusCode, r.Message);return;}Console.WriteLine("Msg:{1}", response.StatusCode, r);var getCookies = handler.CookieContainer.GetCookies(new Uri("http://localhost:11099/"));Console.WriteLine("获取到的cookie数量：" + getCookies.Count);Console.WriteLine("获取到的cookie：");for (int i = 0; i < getCookies.Count; i++){Console.WriteLine(getCookies[i].Name + ":" + getCookies[i].Value);}Console.WriteLine("GetValues>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>");response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/");var r2 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<string>>();foreach (string item in r2){Console.WriteLine("GetValues - Item Value:{0}", item);}Console.WriteLine("GetValue>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>");response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/8");var r3 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<string>();Console.WriteLine("GetValue - Item Value:{0}", r3);}

结果如下图示：

如果Web Api作为ASP.NET 或MVC的一部份使用，那么完全可以采用基于默认的FORM身份验证授权特性（Authorize），或采用web.config中配置，这个很简单，就不作说明了，大家可以网上参考关于ASP.NET 或ASP.NET MVC的FORM身份验证。

第二种：集成WINDOWS验证

首先在WEB.CONFIG文件中，增加如下配置，以开启WINDOWS身份验证，配置如下：

    <authentication mode="Windows"></authentication>

然后在需要认证授权后才能访问的Controller中类或ACTION方法上添加Authorize特性，Controller与上文相同不再贴出，当然也可以在WEB.CONFIG中配置：

    <authorization><deny users="?"/></authorization>

最后将WEB API寄宿到（或者说发布到）IIS，且需要在IIS中启用WINDOWS身份验证，如下图示：

这样就完成了该身份验证模式（理论上WEB服务、WCF若都以IIS为宿主，都可以采用集成WINDOWS身份验证模式），测试方法很简单，第一种直接在浏览器中访问，第二种采用HttpClient来调用WEB API，示例代码如下：

        public async static void TestLoginApi2(){HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler();handler.ClientCertificateOptions = ClientCertificateOption.Manual;handler.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("admin", "www.zuowenjun.cn");HttpClient client = new HttpClient(handler);var response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:8010/api/test/");var r2 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<string>>();foreach (string item in r2){Console.WriteLine("GetValues - Item Value:{0}", item);}response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:8010/api/test/8");var r3 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<string>();Console.WriteLine("GetValue - Item Value:{0}", r3);}

第三种：Basic基础认证

1.定义一个继承自AuthorizationFilterAttribute的HttpBasicAuthenticationFilter类，用于实现Basic基础认证，实现代码如下：

using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Text;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Http.Controllers;
using System.Web.Http.Filters;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Security.Principal;
using System.Threading;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;namespace WebApplication1.Models
{public class HttpBasicAuthenticationFilter : AuthorizationFilterAttribute{public override void OnAuthorization(System.Web.Http.Controllers.HttpActionContext actionContext){if (actionContext.ActionDescriptor.GetCustomAttributes<AllowAnonymousAttribute>().Count > 0){base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);return;}if (Thread.CurrentPrincipal != null && Thread.CurrentPrincipal.Identity.IsAuthenticated){base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);return;}string authParameter = null;var authValue = actionContext.Request.Headers.Authorization;if (authValue != null && authValue.Scheme == "Basic"){authParameter = authValue.Parameter;  //authparameter:获取请求中经过Base64编码的（用户：密码）}if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(authParameter)){Challenge(actionContext);return;}authParameter = Encoding.Default.GetString(Convert.FromBase64String(authParameter));var authToken = authParameter.Split(':');if (authToken.Length < 2){Challenge(actionContext);return;}if (!ValidateUser(authToken[0], authToken[1])){Challenge(actionContext);return;}var principal = new GenericPrincipal(new GenericIdentity(authToken[0]), null);Thread.CurrentPrincipal = principal;if (HttpContext.Current != null){HttpContext.Current.User = principal;}base.OnAuthorization(actionContext);}private void Challenge(HttpActionContext actionContext){var host = actionContext.Request.RequestUri.DnsSafeHost;actionContext.Response = actionContext.Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized, "请求未授权，拒绝访问。");//actionContext.Response.Headers.Add("WWW-Authenticate", string.Format("Basic realm=\"{0}\"", host));//可以使用如下语句actionContext.Response.Headers.WwwAuthenticate.Add(new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Basic", string.Format("realm=\"{0}\"", host)));}protected virtual bool ValidateUser(string userName, string password){if (userName.Equals("admin", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) && password.Equals("api.admin")) //判断用户名及密码，实际可从数据库查询验证,可重写{return true;}return false;}}
}

　　

2.在需要认证授权后才能访问的Controller中类或ACTION方法上添加上述定义的类HttpBasicAuthenticationFilter，也可在global文件中将该类添加到全局过滤器中，即可

测试方法很简单，第一种直接在浏览器中访问（同上），第二种采用HttpClient来调用WEB API，示例代码如下：

        public async static void TestLoginApi3(){HttpClient client = new HttpClient();client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = CreateBasicHeader("admin", "api.admin");var response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/");var r2 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<string>>();foreach (string item in r2){Console.WriteLine("GetValues - Item Value:{0}", item);}response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/8");var r3 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<string>();Console.WriteLine("GetValue - Item Value:{0}", r3);}public static AuthenticationHeaderValue CreateBasicHeader(string username, string password){return new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Basic",Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(string.Format("{0}:{1}", username, password))));}

实现Basic基础认证，除了通过继承自AuthorizationFilterAttribute来实现自定义的验证授权过滤器外，还可以通过继承自DelegatingHandler来实现自定义的消息处理管道类，具体的实现方式可参见园子里的这篇文章：

http://www.cnblogs.com/CreateMyself/p/4857799.html

 第四种：Digest摘要认证

1.定义一个继承自DelegatingHandler的HttpDigestAuthenticationHandler类，用于实现在消息管道中实现Digest摘要认证，同时定义该类所需关联或依赖的其它类，源代码如下：

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Security.Principal;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web;namespace WebApplication1.Models
{public class HttpDigestAuthenticationHandler : DelegatingHandler{protected async override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken){try{HttpRequestHeaders headers = request.Headers;if (headers.Authorization != null){Header header = new Header(request.Headers.Authorization.Parameter, request.Method.Method);if (Nonce.IsValid(header.Nonce, header.NounceCounter)){string password = "www.zuowenjun.cn";//默认值//根据用户名获取正确的密码，实际情况应该从数据库查询if (header.UserName.Equals("admin", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)){password = "api.admin";//这里模拟获取到的正确的密码}#region 计算正确的可授权的Hash值string ha1 = String.Format("{0}:{1}:{2}", header.UserName, header.Realm, password).ToMD5Hash();string ha2 = String.Format("{0}:{1}", header.Method, header.Uri).ToMD5Hash();string computedResponse = String.Format("{0}:{1}:{2}:{3}:{4}:{5}",ha1, header.Nonce, header.NounceCounter, header.Cnonce, "auth", ha2).ToMD5Hash();#endregionif (String.CompareOrdinal(header.Response, computedResponse) == 0) //比较请求的Hash值与正确的可授权的Hash值是否相同，相则则表示验证通过，否则失败{// digest computed matches the value sent by client in the response field.// Looks like an authentic client! Create a principal.//    var claims = new List<Claim>//{//                new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, header.UserName),//                new Claim(ClaimTypes.AuthenticationMethod, AuthenticationMethods.Password)//};//    ClaimsPrincipal principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(new[] { new ClaimsIdentity(claims, "Digest") });//    Thread.CurrentPrincipal = principal;//    if (HttpContext.Current != null)//        HttpContext.Current.User = principal;var principal = new GenericPrincipal(new GenericIdentity(header.UserName), null);Thread.CurrentPrincipal = principal;if (HttpContext.Current != null){HttpContext.Current.User = principal;}}}}HttpResponseMessage response = await base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized){response.Headers.WwwAuthenticate.Add(new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Digest", Header.GetUnauthorizedResponseHeader(request).ToString()));}return response;}catch (Exception){var response = request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized);response.Headers.WwwAuthenticate.Add(new AuthenticationHeaderValue("Digest", Header.GetUnauthorizedResponseHeader(request).ToString()));return response;}}}public class Header{public Header() { }public Header(string header, string method){string keyValuePairs = header.Replace("\"", String.Empty);foreach (string keyValuePair in keyValuePairs.Split(',')){int index = keyValuePair.IndexOf("=", System.StringComparison.Ordinal);string key = keyValuePair.Substring(0, index).Trim();string value = keyValuePair.Substring(index + 1).Trim();switch (key){case "username": this.UserName = value; break;case "realm": this.Realm = value; break;case "nonce": this.Nonce = value; break;case "uri": this.Uri = value; break;case "nc": this.NounceCounter = value; break;case "cnonce": this.Cnonce = value; break;case "response": this.Response = value; break;case "method": this.Method = value; break;}}if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(this.Method))this.Method = method;}public string Cnonce { get; private set; }public string Nonce { get; private set; }public string Realm { get; private set; }public string UserName { get; private set; }public string Uri { get; private set; }public string Response { get; private set; }public string Method { get; private set; }public string NounceCounter { get; private set; }// This property is used by the handler to generate a// nonce and get it ready to be packaged in the// WWW-Authenticate header, as part of 401 responsepublic static Header GetUnauthorizedResponseHeader(HttpRequestMessage request){var host = request.RequestUri.DnsSafeHost;return new Header(){Realm = host,Nonce = WebApplication1.Models.Nonce.Generate()};}public override string ToString(){StringBuilder header = new StringBuilder();header.AppendFormat("realm=\"{0}\"", Realm);header.AppendFormat(",nonce=\"{0}\"", Nonce);header.AppendFormat(",qop=\"{0}\"", "auth");return header.ToString();}}public class Nonce{private static ConcurrentDictionary<string, Tuple<int, DateTime>>nonces = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, Tuple<int, DateTime>>();public static string Generate(){byte[] bytes = new byte[16];using (var rngProvider = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider()){rngProvider.GetBytes(bytes);}string nonce = bytes.ToMD5Hash();nonces.TryAdd(nonce, new Tuple<int, DateTime>(0, DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(10)));return nonce;}public static bool IsValid(string nonce, string nonceCount){Tuple<int, DateTime> cachedNonce = null;//nonces.TryGetValue(nonce, out cachedNonce);nonces.TryRemove(nonce, out cachedNonce);//每个nonce只允许使用一次if (cachedNonce != null) // nonce is found{// nonce count is greater than the one in recordif (Int32.Parse(nonceCount) > cachedNonce.Item1){// nonce has not expired yetif (cachedNonce.Item2 > DateTime.Now){// update the dictionary to reflect the nonce count just received in this request//nonces[nonce] = new Tuple<int, DateTime>(Int32.Parse(nonceCount), cachedNonce.Item2);// Every thing looks ok - server nonce is fresh and nonce count seems to be // incremented. Does not look like replay.return true;}}}return false;}}
}

using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;namespace WebApplication1.Models
{public static class HashHelper{public static string ToMD5Hash(this byte[] bytes){StringBuilder hash = new StringBuilder();MD5 md5 = MD5.Create();md5.ComputeHash(bytes).ToList().ForEach(b => hash.AppendFormat("{0:x2}", b));return hash.ToString();}public static string ToMD5Hash(this string inputString){return Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(inputString).ToMD5Hash();}}}

2.将上述自定义的HttpDigestAuthenticationHandler类添加到全局消息处理管道中，代码如下：

    public static class WebApiConfig{public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config){config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes();config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(name: "DefaultApi",routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional });config.MessageHandlers.Add(new HttpDigestAuthenticationHandler());//添加到消息处理管道中}}

3.在需要认证授权后才能访问的Controller中类或ACTION方法上添加Authorize特性即可。

测试方法很简单，第一种直接在浏览器中访问（同上），第二种采用HttpClient来调用WEB API，示例代码如下：

        public async static void TestLoginApi4(){HttpClientHandler handler = new HttpClientHandler();handler.ClientCertificateOptions = ClientCertificateOption.Manual;handler.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("admin", "api.admin");HttpClient client = new HttpClient(handler);var response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/");var r2 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<IEnumerable<string>>();foreach (string item in r2){Console.WriteLine("GetValues - Item Value:{0}", item);}response = await client.GetAsync("http://localhost:11099/api/test/8");var r3 = await response.Content.ReadAsAsync<string>();Console.WriteLine("GetValue - Item Value:{0}", r3);}

该实现方法，参考了该篇文章：http://zrj-software.iteye.com/blog/2163487

实现Digest摘要认证，除了上述通过继承自DelegatingHandler来实现自定义的消息处理管道类外，也可以通过继承自AuthorizationFilterAttribute来实现自定义的验证授权过滤器，Basic基础认证与Digest摘要认证流程基本相同，区别在于：Basic是将密码直接base64编码(明文),而Digest是用MD5进行加密后传输，所以两者实现认证方式上，也基本相同。

最后说明一下，WEB SERVICE、WCF、WEB API实现身份验证的方法有很多，每种方法都有他所适用的场景，我这个系列文章仅是列举一些常见的实见身份验证的方法，一是给自己复习并备忘，二是给大家以参考，文中可能有不足之处，若发现问题，可以在下面评论指出，谢谢！

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