#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
#define ll long long
using namespace std;
const int N=5e5+5,mod=1e9;
int n,a[N],ans,s0[N],s1[N],s2[N];//s:可加入ans，相对长度
int ml0[N],ml1[N],ml2[N];//ml:单纯乘积相加
int rdn()
{int ret=0;bool fx=1;char ch=getchar();while(ch>'9'||ch<'0'){if(ch=='-')fx=0;ch=getchar();}while(ch>='0'&&ch<='9') ret=(ret<<3)+(ret<<1)+ch-'0',ch=getchar();return fx?ret:-ret;
}
void upd(int &x){x-=(x>=mod?mod:0);}
ll calc(int a){return (ll)a*(a+1)>>1ll;}
int dis(int x,int y){return y-x+1;}
void solve(int l,int r)
{if(l==r){s2[l]=ml2[l]=(ll)a[l]*a[l]%mod;s1[l]=ml1[l]=s0[l]=ml0[l]=a[l];s2[l-1]=s1[l-1]=s0[l-1]=ml2[l-1]=ml1[l-1]=ml0[l-1]=0;//
        ans+=s2[l]; upd(ans);return;}int mid=l+r>>1;solve(l,mid); solve(mid+1,r);int lo=a[mid],hi=a[mid],p0=mid+1,p1=mid+1;for(int i=mid,cd=1;i>=l;i--,cd++){hi=max(hi,a[i]); lo=min(lo,a[i]);while(a[p0]<=hi&&p0<=r) p0++;while(a[p1]>=lo&&p1<=r) p1++;int tl=min(p0,p1)-1,tr=max(p0,p1);
//        printf("l=%d r=%d hi=%d lo=%d p0=%d p1=%d\n",l,r,hi,lo,p0,p1);int d=dis(mid+1,tl);ans=(ans+( (ll)cd*d+calc(d) )%mod*lo%mod*hi)%mod;
//        printf("ans=%d ",ans);
ans=(ans+s2[r]-s2[tr-1])%mod+mod; upd(ans);ans=ans+(ll)(ml2[r]-ml2[tr-1])*cd%mod;//cd not dis(i,tr-1)if(ans<0) ans+=mod; else upd(ans);//if
//        printf("ans=%d ",ans);if(p1<p0)//最小值已更新
        {ans=ans+(ll)hi*(s1[tr-1]-s1[tl])%mod;if(ans<0)ans+=mod; else upd(ans);ans=(ans+(ll)(ml1[tr-1]-ml1[tl])*cd%mod*hi%mod);//cdif(ans<0) ans+=mod; else upd(ans);//if
        }if(p0<p1)//最大值已更新
        {
//            printf("tl=%d tr=%d dis(i,tl)=%d s0[%d]-s0[%d]=%d lo=%d mml=%d\n",
//            tl,tr,dis(i,tl),tr-1,tl,s0[tr-1]-s0[tl],lo,ml0[tr-1]-ml0[tl]);ans=ans+(ll)lo*(s0[tr-1]-s0[tl])%mod;if(ans<0)ans+=mod; else upd(ans);ans=(ans+(ll)(ml0[tr-1]-ml0[tl])*cd%mod*lo%mod);if(ans<0) ans+=mod; else upd(ans);//if
        }}hi=lo=a[l];s2[l]=ml2[l]=(ll)hi*lo%mod;  s1[l]=ml1[l]=lo; s0[l]=ml0[l]=hi;for(int i=l+1,d=2;i<=r;i++,d++){hi=max(hi,a[i]); lo=min(lo,a[i]);s2[i]=s2[i-1]+(ll)d*hi%mod*lo%mod; upd(s2[i]);s1[i]=s1[i-1]+(ll)d*lo%mod; upd(s1[i]);s0[i]=s0[i-1]+(ll)d*hi%mod; upd(s0[i]);ml2[i]=ml2[i-1]+(ll)hi*lo%mod; upd(ml2[i]);ml1[i]=ml1[i-1]+lo; upd(ml1[i]);ml0[i]=ml0[i-1]+hi; upd(ml0[i]);}s2[l-1]=s1[l-1]=s0[l-1]=ml2[l-1]=ml1[l-1]=ml0[l-1]=0;//
}
int main()
{n=rdn();for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)a[i]=rdn();solve(1,n);printf("%d\n",ans);return 0;
}