Python turtle库如何瞬间完成作图？难道只难像海龟一样慢慢爬吗？

作为一个74年出生的中年业余玩家，第一次进CSDN周创作榜，恰好呢还是第74名，真的真的有点小窃喜。容我陶醉一下，这算不算凡尔赛？

好吧，言归正传。先问一下，大家有没有在小霸王学习机上用过LOGO语言呢？小霸王学习机是成龙代言的，用过的朋友，岁数也都不小了吧？用各种各样的插卡可以换节目，学习、游戏都有。隐约记得其中有个“海龟画图”的程序，其实它就是LOGO语言，或者说是一个子集。

LOGO语言简介

　　20世纪60年代，美国麻省理工学院人工智能实验室的西摩尔·帕伯特专为孩子们设计了一种叫LOGO的计算机语言，是一种易学、易懂、易于掌握的结构化程序设计语言，出发点是将原本较为枯燥的程序设计形象化，希望学生不要机械地记忆事实，使学生在掌握了为数不多的LOGO原始命令后，能在发现和探索中学习，通过操纵屏幕上的海龟来学习编写程序，强调创造性的探索能给学生严密的计算思维和有趣的学习体验。它具有三部分功能：一是编辑功能，可以进行命令与过程的编辑，使学生们了解成年人是怎样进行文字编辑工作的；二是驱使海龟移动业绘出各种图形的功能，即海龟作图功能；三是字表处理与数值处理的功能。
　　LOGO语言是一种结构化程序设计语言。它是交互式的，为人们提供了良好的编程环境；它是模块化的，便于程序的修改与扩充；它是过程化的，包含了过程、参数、变量等重要概念，并允许递归调用；它有丰富的数据结构类型；有生动的图形处理功能。它不仅具备多种优秀程序设计语就能掌握LOGO的基本绘图指令，高年级学LOGO程序设计自然不是难事。 ——摘自百度百科

如今python的turtle库把它给复活了，python2.6版本开始引入了turtle库，也能海龟作图了！

turtle库函数

>>> import turtle as t
>>> t.__all__
['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen', 'RawTurtle', 'Turtle','RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D', 'addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic','bye', 'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas','getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput', 'onkey', 'onkeypress','onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer', 'register_shape', 'resetscreen','screensize', 'setup', 'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer','turtles', 'update', 'window_height', 'window_width', 'back', 'backward','begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk', 'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps','clone', 'color', 'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly','fd', 'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen','get_shapepoly', 'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht','isdown', 'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd','pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position', 'pu','radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt', 'seth', 'setheading','setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle', 'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety','shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle', 'speed','st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards', 'turtlesize', 'undo','undobufferentries', 'up', 'width', 'write', 'xcor', 'ycor','write_docstringdict', 'done', 'Terminator']
>>>

挑几个常用的回忆下“小时候”的感觉：

命令	说明
.forward() \| fd( )	向当前画笔方向移动distance像素长
.backward() \| bd( ) \| back( )	向当前画笔相反方向移动distance像素长度
.right() \| rt()	顺时针移动degree°
.left() \| lt()	逆时针移动degree°
.pendown()	移动时绘制图形,缺省时也为绘制
.penup()	移动时不绘制图形,提起笔，用于另起一个地方绘制时用
.pensize(width)	绘制图形时的宽度
.pencolor()	画笔颜色
.fillcolor()	绘制图形的填充颜色 fillcolor(colorstring)
.color()	同时设置pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2
.filling()	返回当前是否在填充状态
.begin_fill()	准备开始填充图形
.end_fill()	填充完成
.setheading() \| seth()	设置当前朝向为某个角度
.position() \| pos()	返回乌龟当前的位置 (x,y)
.goto(x,y) \| setpos() \| setposion()	将画笔移动到坐标为x,y的位置
.setx()、.sety()	将当前x轴、y轴移动到指定位置
.xcor()、.ycor()	返回画笔x、y坐标
.degrees()	将角度设置为度量单位，degrees(fullcircle=360.0 )
.radians()	将弧度设置为角度度量单位，相当于degrees(2*math.pi)
.home()	设置当前画笔位置为原点，朝向东
.speed(speed)	画笔绘制的速度，speed范围0~10
.circle()	画圆,半径为正(负),表示圆心在画笔的左边(右边)画圆
.dot()	使用给定颜色绘制给定直径大小的圆点 dot(size=None, *color)
.hide()	隐藏箭头显示
.show()	与hideturtle()函数对应
.clear()	清空turtle窗口，但是turtle的位置和状态不会改变
.reset()	清空窗口，重置turtle状态为起始状态
.undo()	撤消(重复)最后一次动作，撤消操作数由取消缓冲区的大小决定
.isvisible()	返回当前turtle是否可见
.stamp()	复制乌龟形状的副本在当前canvas上，返回stamp_id
.clearstamp(stampid)	删除给定stamp_id对应的标记
.clearstamps(n=None)	删除标记的全部或前/后n个

窗口启动

>>> import turtle as t
>>> t.Turtle()
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x03D3D208>
>>>

执行Turtle()会启动一个图形窗口，如下：

箭头位置是画布canvas上的坐标原点(0,0)，和笛卡尔坐标系一样，坐标(x,y)的点：x正值的点都在原点的右侧，负值的点在左侧；y正值的点都在原点的上方，负值的点在下方。

那么海龟在哪里？

好吧，来让海龟出来爬一爬：

>>> import turtle as t
>>> Shape = 'arrow', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic','turtle'
>>> for s in Shape:t.penup()t.forward(30)t.pendown()t.shape(s)stampid = t.stamp()>>>

函数 turtle.shape() 用来控制画笔的形状，共有6种画笔形状，分别是：'arrow', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic','turtle'。默认值为'classic'。最后一个turtle.shape('turtle')就能把海龟召唤出来了。

初步尝试作图

画个正方形

向前画边长100的线段，向左或向右转90度，循环4次即成

>>> import turtle as t
>>> t.Turtle()
>>> for i in range(4):t.forward(100)t.left(90)

循环出多个正方形

>>> import turtle as t
>>> def rect(n):for i in range(4):t.forward(n)t.left(90)>>> t.Turtle()
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0000000002C6A340>
>>> for i in range(1,10):rect(i*20)>>>

加上色彩和“旋转”效果

import turtle
turtle.bgcolor('black')
turtle.speed(0)
colors = ['red','yellow','blue','green','orange','purple','white','gray']
sides = 4  # 可以改变sides，看其它的多边形效果
for x in range(360):turtle.pencolor(colors[x % sides]) turtle.forward(x * 3 / sides + x)  turtle.left(360 / sides + 1)     turtle.width(x * sides / 200)

画笔移动速度

turtle.speed(speed) 用来控制绘制的速度的，speed范围是0~10，设置成1~10速度依次加快，但speed=0才是最快的。也可用指定的字串表示：'fastest' == 0; 'fast' == 10; 'normal' == 6; 'slow' == 3; 'slowest' == 1。

画以下这个图形需要1分钟：

>>> import turtle,time
>>> t = time.time()
>>> turtle.Turtle()
>>> for i in range(100):turtle.pencolor(ls[i%10])turtle.fd(i*5)turtle.lt(90)if i==99: print(time.time()-t)61.13451147079468

设置最快速度 turtle.speed(0) 约用35秒；设置最慢速度 turtle.speed(1) 约用180秒。直是龟速啊，难道没有加速完成的方法吗？

瞬间完成！

可以用 tracer(False) 关掉画笔踪迹开关，再复杂的图形也能几乎“秒画”：

还是上面那个图形，关掉后只要5秒钟：

>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.tracer(False)
>>> t = time.time()
>>> for i in range(100):turtle.pencolor(ls[i%10])turtle.fd(i*5)turtle.lt(90)if i==99: print(time.time()-t)5.0890655517578125
>>>

如不关掉踪迹开关，画以下这种图形等得你不想看完结果：

更多作图案例可以自己到网上去搜来模仿学习，但不是本篇所想重点展示的内容。就挑选了以下这个手表的代码，作了部分修改放到这里以作示范：

海龟手表

from turtle import *
from datetime import *def Init():global Watch, Second, Minute, Hourmode("logo")Create("Second", 135)Create("Minute", 125)Create("Hour", 90)Second = Turtle()Second.shape("Second")Minute = Turtle()Minute.shape("Minute")Hour = Turtle()Hour.shape("Hour")for hand in Second, Minute, Hour:hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)hand.speed(0)Watch = Turtle()Watch.hideturtle()Watch.penup()def Skip(step):penup()forward(step)pendown()def Create(name, length):reset()Skip(-length * 0.1)begin_poly()forward(length * 1.1)end_poly()handForm = get_poly()register_shape(name, handForm)def Write(msg,obj=None):if obj=='Watch':Watch.write(msg, align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))else:write(msg, align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))def SetupClock(radius):reset()pensize(7)for i in range(60):Skip(radius)if i % 5==0:forward(12)penup()if i==0:bk(45); Write(12); fd(45)elif i==30:bk(20); Write(6); fd(20)elif i==15 or i==45:bk(30); rt(90)bk(12 if i==45 else -12)Write(i//5)fd(12 if i==45 else -12)lt(90); fd(30)pendown()Skip(-radius - 12)else:dot(5)Skip(-radius)right(6)home()penup()forward(55)Write('海龟表')forward(40)shape('turtle')def Week(t):   week = ["一", "二", "三", "四", "五", "六", "日"]return '星期'+week[t.weekday()]def Date(t):return "%s-%.2d-%.2d"%(t.year,t.month,t.day)def Tick():t = datetime.today()second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001minute = t.minute + second / 60.0hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0Second.seth(6 * second)Minute.seth(6 * minute)Hour.seth(30 * hour)tracer(False) Watch.back(100)Write(Week(t), 'Watch')Watch.forward(30)Write(Date(t), 'Watch')Watch.home()tracer(True)ontimer(Tick, 100)def main():tracer(False)setup(410,400)bgcolor('lightgray')title("Turtle Watch")Init()SetupClock(160)tracer(True)Tick()done()if __name__=="__main__":main()

部分原版帮助

函数实在太多了，除了以上提到过的函数，更多的可调用python自带的原版帮助，help(turtle)总共有8000多行，挑其中一部分放在最后以供参考学习：

>>> import turtle as t
>>> help(t.Pen)
Help on class Turtle in module turtle:class Turtle(RawTurtle)|  Turtle(shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)|  |  RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas.|  |  When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some|  Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created.|  |  Method resolution order:|      Turtle|      RawTurtle|      TPen|      TNavigator|      builtins.object|  |  Methods defined here:|  |  __init__(self, shape='classic', undobuffersize=1000, visible=True)|      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.|  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------|  Methods inherited from RawTurtle:|  |  begin_fill(self)|      Called just before drawing a shape to be filled.|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.color("black", "red")|      >>> turtle.begin_fill()|      >>> turtle.circle(60)|      >>> turtle.end_fill()|  |  begin_poly(self)|      Start recording the vertices of a polygon.|      |      No argument.|      |      Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position|      is first point of polygon.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.begin_poly()|  |  clear(self)|      Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.|      |      No arguments.|      |      Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle.|      State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other|      turtles are not affected.|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.clear()|  |  clearstamp(self, stampid)|      Delete stamp with given stampid|      |      Argument:|      stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.color("blue")|      >>> astamp = turtle.stamp()|      >>> turtle.fd(50)|      >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)|  |  clearstamps(self, n=None)|      Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps.|      |      Optional argument:|      n -- an integer|      |      If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps,|      else if n > 0 delete first n stamps|      else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> for i in range(8):|      ...     turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)|      ...|      >>> turtle.clearstamps(2)|      >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)|      >>> turtle.clearstamps()|  |  clone(self)|      Create and return a clone of the turtle.|      |      No argument.|      |      Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading|      and turtle properties.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named mick):|      mick = Turtle()|      joe = mick.clone()|  |  dot(self, size=None, *color)|      Draw a dot with diameter size, using color.|      |      Optional arguments:|      size -- an integer >= 1 (if given)|      color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple|      |      Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color.|      If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.dot()|      >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)|  |  end_fill(self)|      Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill().|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.color("black", "red")|      >>> turtle.begin_fill()|      >>> turtle.circle(60)|      >>> turtle.end_fill()|  |  end_poly(self)|      Stop recording the vertices of a polygon.|      |      No argument.|      |      Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is|      last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.end_poly()|  |  filling(self)|      Return fillstate (True if filling, False else).|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.begin_fill()|      >>> if turtle.filling():|      ...     turtle.pensize(5)|      ... else:|      ...     turtle.pensize(3)|  |  get_poly(self)|      Return the lastly recorded polygon.|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> p = turtle.get_poly()|      >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)|  |  get_shapepoly(self)|      Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs.|      |      No argument.|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape("square")|      >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2)|      >>> turtle.get_shapepoly()|      ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))|  |  getpen = getturtle(self)|  |  getscreen(self)|      Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing  on.|      |      No argument.|      |      Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing  on.|      So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> ts = turtle.getscreen()|      >>> ts|      <turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770>|      >>> ts.bgcolor("pink")|  |  getturtle(self)|      Return the Turtleobject itself.|      |      No argument.|      |      Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle':|      |      Example:|      >>> pet = getturtle()|      >>> pet.fd(50)|      >>> pet|      <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>|      >>> turtles()|      [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>]|  |  onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)|      Bind fun to mouse-click event on this turtle on canvas.|      |      Arguments:|      fun --  a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned|              the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.|      btn --  number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).|      add --  True or False. If True, new binding will be added, otherwise|              it will replace a former binding.|      |      Example for the anonymous turtle, i. e. the procedural way:|      |      >>> def turn(x, y):|      ...     left(360)|      ...|      >>> onclick(turn)  # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.|      >>> onclick(None)  # event-binding will be removed|  |  ondrag(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)|      Bind fun to mouse-move event on this turtle on canvas.|      |      Arguments:|      fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned|             the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.|      btn -- number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).|      |      Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a|      mouse-click event on that turtle.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)|      |      Subsequently clicking and dragging a Turtle will move it|      across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is|      down).|  |  onrelease(self, fun, btn=1, add=None)|      Bind fun to mouse-button-release event on this turtle on canvas.|      |      Arguments:|      fun -- a function with two arguments, to which will be assigned|              the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas.|      btn --  number of the mouse-button defaults to 1 (left mouse button).|      |      Example (for a MyTurtle instance named joe):|      >>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):|      ...     def glow(self,x,y):|      ...             self.fillcolor("red")|      ...     def unglow(self,x,y):|      ...             self.fillcolor("")|      ...|      >>> joe = MyTurtle()|      >>> joe.onclick(joe.glow)|      >>> joe.onrelease(joe.unglow)|      |      Clicking on joe turns fillcolor red, unclicking turns it to|      transparent.|  |  reset(self)|      Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values.|      |      No argument.|      |      Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle|      and set variables to the default values.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00,-22.00)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      100.0|      >>> turtle.reset()|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00,0.00)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      0.0|  |  settiltangle(self, angle)|      Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction|      |      Argument: angle -- number|      |      Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,|      regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's|      heading (direction of movement).|      |      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape("circle")|      >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)|      >>> turtle.settiltangle(45)|      >>> stamp()|      >>> turtle.fd(50)|      >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)|      >>> stamp()|      >>> turtle.fd(50)|  |  setundobuffer(self, size)|      Set or disable undobuffer.|      |      Argument:|      size -- an integer or None|      |      If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed.|      Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone|      by the undo() function.|      If size is None, no undobuffer is present.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)|  |  shape(self, name=None)|      Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename.|      |      Optional argument:|      name -- a string, which is a valid shapename|      |      Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given,|      return name of current shape.|      Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary.|      Initially there are the following polygon shapes:|      'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'.|      To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape()|      'arrow'|      >>> turtle.shape("turtle")|      >>> turtle.shape()|      'turtle'|  |  shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)|      Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user".|      |      Optional arguments:|         stretch_wid : positive number|         stretch_len : positive number|         outline  : positive number|      |      Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline.|      Set resizemode to "user".|      If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed|      stretched according to its stretchfactors:|      stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation|      stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation.|      outline determines the width of the shapes's outline.|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.resizemode("user")|      >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)|      >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)|  |  shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None)|      Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.|      |      Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers.|      |      If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation|      matrix.|      Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape|      according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and|      second row t21, 22.|      Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the|      given matrix.|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape("square")|      >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)|      >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)|      >>> turtle.shapetransform()|      (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)|  |  shearfactor(self, shear=None)|      Set or return the current shearfactor.|      |      Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle|      |      Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear,|      which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the|      turtle's heading (direction of movement).|      If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the|      tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the|      heading of the turtle are sheared.|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape("circle")|      >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)|      >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)|      >>> turtle.shearfactor()|      >>> 0.5|  |  stamp(self)|      Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id.|      |      No argument.|      |      Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current|      turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be|      used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id).|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.color("blue")|      >>> turtle.stamp()|      13|      >>> turtle.fd(50)|  |  tilt(self, angle)|      Rotate the turtleshape by angle.|      |      Argument:|      angle - a number|      |      Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle,|      but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement).|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape("circle")|      >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)|      >>> turtle.tilt(30)|      >>> turtle.fd(50)|      >>> turtle.tilt(30)|      >>> turtle.fd(50)|  |  tiltangle(self, angle=None)|      Set or return the current tilt-angle.|      |      Optional argument: angle -- number|      |      Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,|      regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's|      heading (direction of movement).|      If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle|      between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the|      turtle (its direction of movement).|      |      Deprecated since Python 3.1|      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.shape("circle")|      >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)|      >>> turtle.tilt(45)|      >>> turtle.tiltangle()|  |  turtlesize = shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None)|  |  undo(self)|      undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.|      |      No argument.|      |      undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action.|      Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of|      the undobuffer.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> for i in range(4):|      ...     turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)|      ...|      >>> for i in range(8):|      ...     turtle.undo()|      ...|  |  undobufferentries(self)|      Return count of entries in the undobuffer.|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> while undobufferentries():|      ...     undo()|  |  write(self, arg, move=False, align='left', font=('Arial', 8, 'normal'))|      Write text at the current turtle position.|      |      Arguments:|      arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen|      move (optional) -- True/False|      align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right"|      font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)|      |      Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current|      turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right")|      and with the given font.|      If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner|      of the text. By default, move is False.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center")|      >>> turtle.write((0,0), True)|  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------|  Data and other attributes inherited from RawTurtle:|  |  screens = []|  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------|  Methods inherited from TPen:|  |  color(self, *args)|      Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor.|      |      Arguments:|      Several input formats are allowed.|      They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows:|      |      color()|          Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor|          as a pair of color specification strings as are returned|          by pencolor and fillcolor.|      color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b)|          inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor,|          to the given value.|      color(colorstring1, colorstring2),|      color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))|          equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2)|          and analogously, if the other input format is used.|      |      If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon|      is drawn with the newly set colors.|      For more info see: pencolor, fillcolor|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.color('red', 'green')|      >>> turtle.color()|      ('red', 'green')|      >>> colormode(255)|      >>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))|      >>> color()|      ('#285078', '#a0c8f0')|  |  down = pendown(self)|  |  fillcolor(self, *args)|      Return or set the fillcolor.|      |      Arguments:|      Four input formats are allowed:|        - fillcolor()|          Return the current fillcolor as color specification string,|          possibly in hex-number format (see example).|          May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.|        - fillcolor(colorstring)|          s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"|        - fillcolor((r, g, b))|          *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,|          and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,|          where colormode is either 1.0 or 255|        - fillcolor(r, g, b)|          r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b|          are in the range 0..colormode|      |      If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn|      with the newly set fillcolor.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet')|      >>> col = turtle.pencolor()|      >>> turtle.fillcolor(col)|      >>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0)|  |  hideturtle(self)|      Makes the turtle invisible.|      |      Aliases: hideturtle | ht|      |      No argument.|      |      It's a good idea to do this while you're in the|      middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding|      the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.hideturtle()|  |  ht = hideturtle(self)|  |  isdown(self)|      Return True if pen is down, False if it's up.|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.penup()|      >>> turtle.isdown()|      False|      >>> turtle.pendown()|      >>> turtle.isdown()|      True|  |  isvisible(self)|      Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden.|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.hideturtle()|      >>> print turtle.isvisible():|      False|  |  pd = pendown(self)|  |  pen(self, pen=None, **pendict)|      Return or set the pen's attributes.|      |      Arguments:|          pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys.|          **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below|                       listed keys as keywords.|      |      Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary'|      with the following key/value pairs:|         "shown"      :   True/False|         "pendown"    :   True/False|         "pencolor"   :   color-string or color-tuple|         "fillcolor"  :   color-string or color-tuple|         "pensize"    :   positive number|         "speed"      :   number in range 0..10|         "resizemode" :   "auto" or "user" or "noresize"|         "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number)|         "shearfactor":   number|         "outline"    :   positive number|         "tilt"       :   number|      |      This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent|      pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one|      or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments.|      This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.|      |      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)|      >>> turtle.pen()|      {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,|      'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black',|      'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}|      >>> penstate=turtle.pen()|      >>> turtle.color("yellow","")|      >>> turtle.penup()|      >>> turtle.pen()|      {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,|      'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '',|      'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}|      >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")|      >>> p.pen()|      {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1,|      'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green',|      'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0}|  |  pencolor(self, *args)|      Return or set the pencolor.|      |      Arguments:|      Four input formats are allowed:|        - pencolor()|          Return the current pencolor as color specification string,|          possibly in hex-number format (see example).|          May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.|        - pencolor(colorstring)|          s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow"|        - pencolor((r, g, b))|          *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color,|          and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode,|          where colormode is either 1.0 or 255|        - pencolor(r, g, b)|          r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b|          are in the range 0..colormode|      |      If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn|      with the newly set pencolor.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pencolor('brown')|      >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)|      >>> turtle.pencolor(tup)|      >>> turtle.pencolor()|      '#33cc8c'|  |  pendown(self)|      Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving.|      |      Aliases: pendown | pd | down|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pendown()|  |  pensize(self, width=None)|      Set or return the line thickness.|      |      Aliases:  pensize | width|      |      Argument:|      width -- positive number|      |      Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set|      to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with|      the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize|      is returned.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pensize()|      1|      >>> turtle.pensize(10)   # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn|  |  penup(self)|      Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.|      |      Aliases: penup | pu | up|      |      No argument|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.penup()|  |  pu = penup(self)|  |  resizemode(self, rmode=None)|      Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize".|      |      (Optional) Argument:|      rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize"|      |      Different resizemodes have the following effects:|        - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle|                 corresponding to the value of pensize.|        - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the|                 values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline),|                 which are set by shapesize()|        - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place.|      If no argument is given, return current resizemode.|      resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments.|      |      |      Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize")|      >>> turtle.resizemode()|      'noresize'|  |  showturtle(self)|      Makes the turtle visible.|      |      Aliases: showturtle | st|      |      No argument.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.hideturtle()|      >>> turtle.showturtle()|  |  speed(self, speed=None)|      Return or set the turtle's speed.|      |      Optional argument:|      speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)|      |      Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10.|      If no argument is given: return current speed.|      |      If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5,|      speed is set to 0.|      Speedstrings  are mapped to speedvalues in the following way:|          'fastest' :  0|          'fast'    :  10|          'normal'  :  6|          'slow'    :  3|          'slowest' :  1|      speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of|      line drawing and turtle turning.|      |      Attention:|      speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump|      and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.speed(3)|  |  st = showturtle(self)|  |  up = penup(self)|  |  width = pensize(self, width=None)|  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------|  Data descriptors inherited from TPen:|  |  __dict__|      dictionary for instance variables (if defined)|  |  __weakref__|      list of weak references to the object (if defined)|  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------|  Methods inherited from TNavigator:|  |  back(self, distance)|      Move the turtle backward by distance.|      |      Aliases: back | backward | bk|      |      Argument:|      distance -- a number|      |      Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the|      turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00, 0.00)|      >>> turtle.backward(30)|      >>> turtle.position()|      (-30.00, 0.00)|  |  backward = back(self, distance)|  |  bk = back(self, distance)|  |  circle(self, radius, extent=None, steps=None)|      Draw a circle with given radius.|      |      Arguments:|      radius -- a number|      extent (optional) -- a number|      steps (optional) -- an integer|      |      Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left|      of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the|      circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle.|      If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the|      current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction|      if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally|      the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.|      |      As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon,|      steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given,|      it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular|      polygons.|      |      call: circle(radius)                  # full circle|      --or: circle(radius, extent)          # arc|      --or: circle(radius, extent, steps)|      --or: circle(radius, steps=6)         # 6-sided polygon|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.circle(50)|      >>> turtle.circle(120, 180)  # semicircle|  |  degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0)|      Set angle measurement units to degrees.|      |      Optional argument:|      fullcircle -  a number|      |      Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number|      of 'degrees' for a full circle. Default value is|      360 degrees.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.left(90)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      90|      |      Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,|      grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)|      >>> turtle.degrees(400.0)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      100|  |  distance(self, x, y=None)|      Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units.|      |      Arguments:|      x -- a number   or  a pair/vector of numbers   or   a turtle instance|      y -- a number       None                            None|      |      call: distance(x, y)         # two coordinates|      --or: distance((x, y))       # a pair (tuple) of coordinates|      --or: distance(vec)          # e.g. as returned by pos()|      --or: distance(mypen)        # where mypen is another turtle|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pos()|      (0.00, 0.00)|      >>> turtle.distance(30,40)|      50.0|      >>> pen = Turtle()|      >>> pen.forward(77)|      >>> turtle.distance(pen)|      77.0|  |  fd = forward(self, distance)|  |  forward(self, distance)|      Move the turtle forward by the specified distance.|      |      Aliases: forward | fd|      |      Argument:|      distance -- a number (integer or float)|      |      Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction|      the turtle is headed.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00, 0.00)|      >>> turtle.forward(25)|      >>> turtle.position()|      (25.00,0.00)|      >>> turtle.forward(-75)|      >>> turtle.position()|      (-50.00,0.00)|  |  goto(self, x, y=None)|      Move turtle to an absolute position.|      |      Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto:|      |      Arguments:|      x -- a number      or     a pair/vector of numbers|      y -- a number             None|      |      call: goto(x, y)         # two coordinates|      --or: goto((x, y))       # a pair (tuple) of coordinates|      --or: goto(vec)          # e.g. as returned by pos()|      |      Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down,|      a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> tp = turtle.pos()|      >>> tp|      (0.00, 0.00)|      >>> turtle.setpos(60,30)|      >>> turtle.pos()|      (60.00,30.00)|      >>> turtle.setpos((20,80))|      >>> turtle.pos()|      (20.00,80.00)|      >>> turtle.setpos(tp)|      >>> turtle.pos()|      (0.00,0.00)|  |  heading(self)|      Return the turtle's current heading.|      |      No arguments.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.left(67)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      67.0|  |  home(self)|      Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0).|      |      No arguments.|      |      Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its|      heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode).|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.home()|  |  left(self, angle)|      Turn turtle left by angle units.|      |      Aliases: left | lt|      |      Argument:|      angle -- a number (integer or float)|      |      Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,|      but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)|      Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.heading()|      22.0|      >>> turtle.left(45)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      67.0|  |  lt = left(self, angle)|  |  pos(self)|      Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector.|      |      Aliases: pos | position|      |      No arguments.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pos()|      (0.00, 240.00)|  |  position = pos(self)|  |  radians(self)|      Set the angle measurement units to radians.|      |      No arguments.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.heading()|      90|      >>> turtle.radians()|      >>> turtle.heading()|      1.5707963267948966|  |  right(self, angle)|      Turn turtle right by angle units.|      |      Aliases: right | rt|      |      Argument:|      angle -- a number (integer or float)|      |      Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees,|      but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.)|      Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.)|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.heading()|      22.0|      >>> turtle.right(45)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      337.0|  |  rt = right(self, angle)|  |  seth = setheading(self, to_angle)|  |  setheading(self, to_angle)|      Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.|      |      Aliases:  setheading | seth|      |      Argument:|      to_angle -- a number (integer or float)|      |      Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle.|      Here are some common directions in degrees:|      |       standard - mode:          logo-mode:|      -------------------|--------------------|         0 - east                0 - north|        90 - north              90 - east|       180 - west              180 - south|       270 - south             270 - west|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.setheading(90)|      >>> turtle.heading()|      90|  |  setpos = goto(self, x, y=None)|  |  setposition = goto(self, x, y=None)|  |  setx(self, x)|      Set the turtle's first coordinate to x|      |      Argument:|      x -- a number (integer or float)|      |      Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate|      unchanged.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00, 240.00)|      >>> turtle.setx(10)|      >>> turtle.position()|      (10.00, 240.00)|  |  sety(self, y)|      Set the turtle's second coordinate to y|      |      Argument:|      y -- a number (integer or float)|      |      Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains|      unchanged.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00, 40.00)|      >>> turtle.sety(-10)|      >>> turtle.position()|      (0.00, -10.00)|  |  towards(self, x, y=None)|      Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y).|      |      Arguments:|      x -- a number   or  a pair/vector of numbers   or   a turtle instance|      y -- a number       None                            None|      |      call: distance(x, y)         # two coordinates|      --or: distance((x, y))       # a pair (tuple) of coordinates|      --or: distance(vec)          # e.g. as returned by pos()|      --or: distance(mypen)        # where mypen is another turtle|      |      Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position|      specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on|      modes - "standard" or "logo")|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> turtle.pos()|      (10.00, 10.00)|      >>> turtle.towards(0,0)|      225.0|  |  xcor(self)|      Return the turtle's x coordinate.|      |      No arguments.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> reset()|      >>> turtle.left(60)|      >>> turtle.forward(100)|      >>> print turtle.xcor()|      50.0|  |  ycor(self)|      Return the turtle's y coordinate|      ---|      No arguments.|      |      Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle):|      >>> reset()|      >>> turtle.left(60)|      >>> turtle.forward(100)|      >>> print turtle.ycor()|      86.6025403784|  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------|  Data and other attributes inherited from TNavigator:|  |  DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0|  |  DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1|  |  DEFAULT_MODE = 'standard'|  |  START_ORIENTATION = {'logo': (0.00,1.00), 'standard': (1.00,0.00), 'wo...>>>

turtle.done();turtle.bye()!!!