JSON 数据格式以及在 Java 网络爬虫中如何解析 JSON 数据？一般java中我们用于操作json的工具有： org.json、Gson 以及 Fastjson，这篇我们来操作网络爬虫中返回数据是json格式的，该怎么处理了。

网络爬虫中经常会遇到 JSON 数据，而在我们请求封装有 JSON 数据的网页时，需要对其进行预处理，使其成为标准化的 JSON 数据。例如可能出现下面的形式：

jQuery18305886476962892728_1531402823026({
"id":"07",
"language": "C++",
"edition": "second",
"author": "E.Balagurusamy"
})
此种包含 JSON 的字符串需要进行预处理（掐头去尾操作），例如上述字符串，在 Java 中可进行如下处理：

//拼接JSON串
String json = "jQuery18305886476962892728_1531402823026({\"id\":\"07\",\"language\": \"C++\",\"edition\": \"second\",\"author\": \"E.Balagurusamy\"})";
//掐头去尾操作
String arr = json.split("\\(")[1];
System.out.println(arr.substring(0,arr.length() - 1));

验证json的网站：json验证

针对java对象转json，json对象转java对象，json字符串转java对象，json字符串转json对象，这些基础知识，需要了解的网上有相关资料，可以去查一查，这里就不啰嗦了。

爬虫实战案例

下面来一个真实的爬虫网站实例：

网站地址：http://www.haodou.com/recipe/853171/

第一步，抓包分析评论对应的真实地址

打开f12：

真实地址为：http://www.haodou.com/comment.php?do=list&callback=jQuery18304706379730622201_1542510303429&channel=recipe&item=853171&sort=desc&page=1&size=5&comment_id=0&cate=0&purify=common&_=1542510303816

第二步，掐头去尾，在线校验json数据：http://www.bejson.com/

{"status": 200,"data": {"total": 7,"data": {"_30376977": {"CommentId": 30376977,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 4003739,"ReplyId": 0,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 0,"Content": "漂亮美味","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "iPhone客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 1,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "yxeg5","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-4003739\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar1.hoto.cn\/9b\/17\/4003739_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2016-02-15 12:22","Vip": "<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/recipe\/expert\/apply\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"ico12 mod_v\"><\/i><\/a> ","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-513793.html\" target=\"_blank\">【第119期】好问豆答：蜜三刀的制作技巧<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_29589112": {"CommentId": 29589112,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 9235790,"ReplyId": 0,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 0,"Content": "紫菜是干的还是","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 1,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "喻平凶","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-9235790\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/4e\/ed\/9235790_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-12-26 09:36","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_0\"><\/span> 新手<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发布了菜谱专辑：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/recipe\/album\/9061657\/\" target=\"_blank\">炒饭<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_29407043": {"CommentId": 29407043,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 3342562,"ReplyId": 0,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 0,"Content": "超市有干贝和海蛎卖？","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "好豆网","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 1,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "秋玉的美","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-3342562\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e2\/00\/3342562_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-12-05 15:54","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_1\"><\/span> 豆芽<\/span>","LastAct": "","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/","Admin": "non"},"_28188378": {"CommentId": 28188378,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 8008371,"ReplyId": 0,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 0,"Content": "干贝虾米一般都是咸的，要用水多泡会，泡软","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 1,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "月上荒城6","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-8008371\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar1.hoto.cn\/b3\/32\/8008371_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-07-09 12:51","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_1\"><\/span> 豆芽<\/span>","LastAct": "","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_27165505": {"CommentId": 27165505,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 3837,"ReplyId": 0,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 0,"Content": "食材丰富--口感也丰富！","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "好豆网","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 3,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "爱跳舞的老太","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-3837\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar1.hoto.cn\/fd\/0e\/3837_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-02-26 09:42","Vip": "<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/recipe\/expert\/apply\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"ico12 mod_v\"><\/i><\/a> ","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-556709.html\" target=\"_blank\">【深秋食语】在朋友单位吃午餐<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/","Admin": "non"},"_30383571": {"CommentId": 30383571,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 489704,"ReplyId": 30376977,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 4003739,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-4003739\/\" target=\"_blank\">yxeg5<\/a> 感谢你的分享。","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "挪红","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e8\/78\/489704_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2016-02-15 21:39","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-557724.html\" target=\"_blank\">【寻找温暖】港仔后请客，品沙县小吃<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_29596058": {"CommentId": 29596058,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 489704,"ReplyId": 29589112,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 9235790,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-9235790\/\" target=\"_blank\">喻平凶<\/a> 是干的，要冲洗一下。","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "挪红","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e8\/78\/489704_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-12-26 23:15","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-557724.html\" target=\"_blank\">【寻找温暖】港仔后请客，品沙县小吃<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_29407675": {"CommentId": 29407675,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 489704,"ReplyId": 29407043,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 3342562,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-3342562\/\" target=\"_blank\">秋玉的美<\/a> 商店里有网上也有。","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "挪红","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e8\/78\/489704_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-12-05 17:11","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-557724.html\" target=\"_blank\">【寻找温暖】港仔后请客，品沙县小吃<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_28189130": {"CommentId": 28189130,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 489704,"ReplyId": 28188378,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 8008371,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-8008371\/\" target=\"_blank\">月上荒城6<\/a> 我买的这种不是那种很硬的，很多盐的，要根据情况而定。","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "挪红","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e8\/78\/489704_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-07-09 15:19","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-557724.html\" target=\"_blank\">【寻找温暖】港仔后请客，品沙县小吃<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_27729797": {"CommentId": 27729797,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 489704,"ReplyId": 27165505,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 7566907,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-7566907\/\" target=\"_blank\">haodou8704818142<\/a> 我在厦门，漳州吃的，每一次都不是不一样的。都有紫菜","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "挪红","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e8\/78\/489704_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-05-07 01:53","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-557724.html\" target=\"_blank\">【寻找温暖】港仔后请客，品沙县小吃<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_27727527": {"CommentId": 27727527,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 7566907,"ReplyId": 27165505,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 489704,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/\" target=\"_blank\">挪红<\/a> 和我们的配料不一样","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "Android客户端","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "haodou8704818142","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-7566907\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar1.hoto.cn\/3b\/76\/7566907_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-05-06 19:23","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_0\"><\/span> 新手<\/span>","LastAct": "","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/help\/mobile.php","Admin": "non"},"_27166153": {"CommentId": 27166153,"ItemId": 853171,"UserId": 489704,"ReplyId": 27165505,"Type": 0,"AtUserId": 3837,"Content": "@<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-3837\/\" target=\"_blank\">爱跳舞的老太<\/a> 姐是这儿的人,不知我这样做对吗?","ImageNum": 0,"Platform": "好豆网","Status": 1,"SubCommentCnt": 0,"OpenDataId": "","OpenUserName": "挪红","OpenUserHome": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/cook-489704\/","OpenUserAvatar": "http:\/\/avatar0.hoto.cn\/e8\/78\/489704_70.jpg","CreateTime": "2015-02-26 11:26","Vip": "","Level": "<span class=\"gray6 mgr10\"><span class=\"ico32 mod_level_7\"><\/span> 金豆<\/span>","LastAct": "<span><span class=\"gray9\">最近发表了话题：<\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/group.haodou.com\/topic-557724.html\" target=\"_blank\">【寻找温暖】港仔后请客，品沙县小吃<\/a><\/span>","PlatformUrl": "http:\/\/www.haodou.com\/","Admin": "non"}},"avatar": "","page_nav": "<a href='javaScript:;' page='1' id='' class='cur'>1<\/a><a href='javaScript:;' page='2' id=''>2<\/a><span class='next'><a href='javaScript:;' page='2' id='' class='next'>下一页<\/a><\/span>","more": null,"offset": 0},"message": ""
}

第三步，根据接口数据获取字段，封装javabean

package com.jack.spiderone.entity;import lombok.Data;/*** create by jack 2018/11/18** @author jack* @date: 2018/11/18 11:26* @Description:*/
@Data
public class CommentModel {/*** 评论的id*/private String CommentId;//评论的菜品private String ItemId;//评论的内容private String Content;//评论的时间private String CreateTime;//评论作者的名称private String OpenUserName;
}

第四步：

使用 Httpclient 工具或其他 URL 请求工具，获取网页真实地址对应的字符串。针对已获取的字符串在程序中做掐头去尾处理，使其转化成易于解析的 JSON 串（经常使用到正则表达式操作）

代码：

package com.jack.spiderone.service;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
import com.jack.spiderone.entity.CommentModel;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;/*** create by jack 2018/11/18** @author jack* @date: 2018/11/18 11:35* @Description:*/
public class CookBookSpider {/*** 通过url获取json字符串* @param url* @return*/public static String getJson(String url) throws IOException {//初始化httpclientHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.custom().build();//使用的请求方法HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);//发出get请求HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpget);//获取网页内容流HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();//以字符串的形式(需设置编码)String entity = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity, "gbk");//关闭内容流EntityUtils.consume(httpEntity);//返回JSON字符串return entity;}/*** 解析json字符串为对象数组* @param jsonStr* @return*/public static List<CommentModel> parseData(String jsonStr){//将uncode码转化为中文jsonStr = decode(jsonStr);//使用分割以及正则取代，处理成标准化JSON数组String jsondata  = "{"+jsonStr.split("data\":\\{")[2].split("\"avatar")[0].replaceAll("\"_\\d*[0-9]\":", "");jsonStr = jsondata.substring(0, jsondata.length()-2);//将json数组解析成对象集合List<CommentModel>  datalis = JSONObject.parseArray("["+jsonStr.substring(1,jsonStr.length())+"]", CommentModel.class);return datalis;}public static void spiderCookBook() throws IOException {//需要解析的URLString url = "http://www.haodou.com/comment.php?do=list&callback=jQuery18304706379730622201_1542510303429&channel=recipe&item=853171&sort=desc&page=1&size=5&comment_id=0&cate=0&purify=common&_=1542510303816";//获取JSON数据String jsonstring = getJson(url);//解析JSON数据List<CommentModel> datalist = parseData(jsonstring);//输出数据for (CommentModel comm : datalist) {System.out.println(comm.getCommentId() + "\t" + comm.getItemId() + "\t" + comm.getContent());}}/*** 将unicode码转化为中文* @param unicodeStr* @return*/public static String decode(String unicodeStr) {if (unicodeStr == null) {return null;}StringBuffer retBuf = new StringBuffer();int maxLoop = unicodeStr.length();for (int i = 0; i < maxLoop; i++) {if (unicodeStr.charAt(i) == '\\') {if ((i < maxLoop - 5) && ((unicodeStr.charAt(i + 1) == 'u') || (unicodeStr.charAt(i + 1) == 'U')))try {retBuf.append((char) Integer.parseInt(unicodeStr.substring(i + 2, i + 6), 16));i += 5;} catch (NumberFormatException localNumberFormatException) {retBuf.append(unicodeStr.charAt(i));}elseretBuf.append(unicodeStr.charAt(i));} else {retBuf.append(unicodeStr.charAt(i));}}return retBuf.toString();}public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {spiderCookBook();}}

运行程序，输出如下：

30376977 853171  漂亮美味
29589112    853171  紫菜是干的还是
29407043    853171  超市有干贝和海蛎卖？
28188378    853171  干贝虾米一般都是咸的，要用水多泡会，泡软
27165505    853171  食材丰富--口感也丰富！
30383571    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-4003739/" target="_blank">yxeg5</a> 感谢你的分享。
29596058    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-9235790/" target="_blank">喻平凶</a> 是干的，要冲洗一下。
29407675    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-3342562/" target="_blank">秋玉的美</a> 商店里有网上也有。
28189130    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-8008371/" target="_blank">月上荒城6</a> 我买的这种不是那种很硬的，很多盐的，要根据情况而定。
27729797    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-7566907/" target="_blank">haodou8704818142</a> 我在厦门，漳州吃的，每一次都不是不一样的。都有紫菜
27727527    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-489704/" target="_blank">挪红</a> 和我们的配料不一样
27166153    853171  @<a href="http://www.haodou.com/cook-3837/" target="_blank">爱跳舞的老太</a> 姐是这儿的人,不知我这样做对吗?

需要注意的是该网页的中文编码 Unicode 码，故需在操作之前将其转化成中文字符。再者，读者可能会思考，一般情况下，我们只知道一个菜谱的 ID（http://www.haodou.com/recipe/853171/），即853171，该如何操作？

抓包获取的真实 URL 中包含 &callback=jQuery183016721538977115902_1531563599327，这个字符串又该如何拼接？另外一个字符串 &_=1531563599599 又该怎么得到？在抓包时，我们会发现，这两个字符串是动态变化的，这和前端 JS 操作有关。但我们可以将这两个字符串从抓包的 URL 中去除，对应的地址为：

http://www.haodou.com/comment.php?do=list&channel=recipe&item=853171&sort=desc&page=1&size=5&comment_id=0&cate=0&purify=common

请求这个地址，也是可以成功获取数据的，而且得到的是标准化的 JSON 数据。假如给定另外一个菜品的 ID（http://www.haodou.com/recipe/344953/），即344953，便可有规律的拼接其评论内容对应的 URL：

http://www.haodou.com/comment.php?do=list&channel=recipe&item=344953&sort=desc&page=1&size=5&comment_id=0&cate=0&purify=common

再者，评论如果存在多页情况，我们可以通过上述 URL 中的 page 字段操作循环的方式获取多页评论数据。例如，ID 为344953菜品的第二页评论 URL 地址为：

http://www.haodou.com/comment.php?do=list&channel=recipe&item=344953&sort=desc&page=2&size=5&comment_id=0&cate=0&purify=common

源码地址：

源码

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