网页放大缩小引起布局混乱

During the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities worldwide implemented the closure either countrywide or localized of schools affecting 91.3% of the world’s student population¹. As of April 1 2020, 194 countries had ordered national education institution closures. Faculty members were left with the choice of synchronous or asynchronous online delivery or a mix of the two modes.

在COVID-19大流行期间，全世界的当局都在全国或本地关闭了影响91.3％世界学生人口的学校 ¹。截至2020年4月1日，有194个国家下令关闭国家教育机构。教职工可以选择同步或异步在线授课，也可以选择两种模式的混合。

The boom of videoconference platforms such as Zoom, Google Hangouts, and Microsoft Teams suggests that synchronous delivery has been favored over asynchronous delivery. This trend can also be explained by the short time frame under which the shift from face-to-face to online teaching was expected to happen.

诸如Zoom，Google Hangouts和Microsoft Teams之类的视频会议平台的兴起表明，与异步传递相比，同步传递更受青睐。这种趋势也可以用较短的时间框架来解释，在这种情况下，预计将发生从面对面到在线教学的转变。

Now that schools are on the brink of reopening, a question remains for all instructors:

既然学校处于重新开放的边缘，所有教师的问题仍然存在：

Is synchronous online teaching adequate only in situations of emergency and crisis or is it here to stay?

同步在线教学仅在紧急情况和危机情况下是否足够？

Videoconference platforms such as Zoom have brought improvements in the way classes are delivered that, to some of us, it will be hard to live without or to transpose in physical classroom setting.

像Zoom这样的视频会议平台带来了课堂授课方式的改进，对于我们中的某些人来说，如果没有或在物理教室环境中进行转换，将很难生存。

Image for post — Countries with countrywide or localized educational institution closures as of April 1, 2020. (Source: UNESCO)

为什么要通过异步传递进行同步？ (Why Synchronous over Asynchronous Delivery?)

In the synchronous mode, delivery is fully live and interactive and involves the use of a videoconference software. Recordings of online classes can be made available for students who cannot attend live transmissions due to time zone differences for instance.

在同步模式下，交付是完全实时和交互的，并且涉及视频会议软件的使用。例如，由于时区不同而无法参加现场直播的学生可以使用在线课程的记录。

Asynchronous delivery relies on course materials prepared ahead and made available for students to access on their own time, during a time frame set by the instructors. Such materials include videos, recorded lectures, or discussion boards.

异步授课依赖于事先准备的课程资料，并在讲师设定的时间范围内让学生自己访问。这些材料包括视频，录制的讲座或讨论区。

Synchronous delivery presents the advantages of instant feedback from instructors and fellow learners. It also provides students a regular schedule and a sense of community. However, the limitation of synchronous instruction is equity in access to computers and reliable Internet access. It also requires students to feel comfortable about sharing their surrounding environment on camera. It may also not address individual preferences if instructors and students are scattered across different time zones.

同步交付具有来自教师和学习者即时反馈的优势。它还为学生提供了定期的日程安排和社区意识。但是，同步指令的局限性在于公平访问计算机和可靠的Internet访问。它还要求学生在相机上分享周围的环境时要感到自在。如果教师和学生分散在不同时区，也可能无法解决个人的偏爱。

At the other end, asynchronous delivery comes with the challenge of creating engaging content and ensuring student offline engagement.

另一方面，异步交付带来了创建引人入胜的内容并确保学生离线参与的挑战。

在线教学设置 (Online Teaching Setup)

The basic setup required for synchronous teaching consists of a computer either a laptop or an all-in-one computer connected to the Internet using an Ethernet cable, WiFi, or to some extent 4G/LTE.

同步教学所需的基本设置包括一台笔记本电脑或一台通过以太网电缆，WiFi或某种程度上的4G / LTE连接到Internet的多合一计算机。

Though most modern computers come with integrated webcams, microphones, and speakers, each of these internal peripherals can be replaced or supplemented by external ones. Upgrading to external peripherals allows for different setups, each helping improve teaching delivery.

尽管大多数现代计算机都配备了集成的网络摄像头，麦克风和扬声器，但是每个内部外围设备都可以由外部设备代替或补充。升级到外部外围设备可实现不同的设置，每一个都有助于提高教学质量。

画中画效果 (Picture-in-picture Effect)

An external usb-connected webcam or a camera pointing downwards, on top of a desk can be used for paper-based teaching. This webcam will show the instructor’s hand writing notes on paper. When used in complement of the computer’s internal camera, the video captured by the external camera can be used to create a picture-in-picture layout where the notes are shown in a thumbnail playing over the main window, showing the instructor talking on the main camera.

台式顶部的外部USB连接网络摄像头或指向下方的摄像头可用于基于纸张的教学。该网络摄像头将显示教师在纸上的手写笔记。当与计算机的内置摄像头配合使用时，外接摄像头捕获的视频可用于创建画中画布局，其中注释以缩略图形式显示在主窗口上，显示讲师在主屏幕上讲话相机。

A similar effect can be obtained by replacing the external camera with a drawing tablet, not to be confused with a computer tablet, which can be used as a virtual whiteboard. The drawing tablet can be used as an input device that enables the presenter to hand-draw images and graphics or to annotate a document with a stylus.

通过用绘图板代替外接摄像机(不要与可用作虚拟白板的计算机板混淆)，可以获得类似的效果。绘图板可用作输入设备，使演示者可以手绘图像和图形或使用手写笔注释文档。

虚拟白板 (Virtual Whiteboard)

Videoconference softwares allow for screen sharing from a tablet connected wirelessly or via cable to the main device. Coupled to a digital pen, the tablet can be used as a digital whiteboard or to show and annotate presentation slides. This way, the main purpose of the computer is to run the videoconference software. Such setup can improve the monitoring of participants’ feedback.

视频会议软件允许从通过无线方式或通过电缆连接到主设备的平板电脑共享屏幕。数位板耦合到数字笔后，可以用作数字白板或显示和注释演示幻灯片。这样，计算机的主要目的是运行视频会议软件。这样的设置可以改善对参与者反馈的监视。

双显示器显示 (Dual Monitor Display)

Instead of screen mirroring, an exterior monitor can be configured to show the shared content while the main monitor displays the list of participants or the participant thumbnail videos arranged in a grid layout. Such setup can improve monitoring of the participants including their nonverbal feedback.

代替屏幕镜像，外部监视器可以配置为显示共享内容，而主监视器显示以网格布局排列的参与者列表或参与者缩略图视频。这样的设置可以改善对参与者的监视，包括他们的非语言反馈。

电视会议平台 (Videoconference Platform)

Zoom is a tech company that provides videotelephony and online chat services through a cloud-based peer-to-peer software platform launched in January 2013. Their platform is designed for teleconferencing, distance education, and social relations.

Zoom是一家技术公司，该公司通过2013年1月启动的基于云的对等软件平台提供视频电话和在线聊天服务。他们的平台旨在用于电话会议，远程教育和社会关系。

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom established itself as one of the world leaders in the business of videoconferencing. It saw a major spike in the usage of their platform: As for April 1, Zoom added 2.22 million monthly active users, while in 2019 it added 1.99 million². At that time, their platform was used by 90,000 schools in 20 countries and its usage increased by 67% between January and mid-March 2020³.

在COVID-19大流行期间，Zoom成为视频会议业务的全球领导者之一。该平台的使用率出现了大幅增长：截至4月1日，Zoom每月增加222万活跃用户，而在2019年则增加199万²。当时，他们的平台已在20个国家/地区的90,000所学校中使用，并且在2020年1月至3月中之间的使用率增长了67％。

缩放应用程序窗口 (Zoom Application Window)

User is presented with a main window surrounded by a control bar across the bottom, the participant panel, and the chat panel. In gallery view, the main window shows the video thumbnails of all participants equally-sized and arranged in a grid layout. In active speaker view, the main window shows the video of the active speaker while the videos of other participants are shown in thumbnails below the active speaker’s video. In screen sharing, the video thumbnails of all participants move to a free-floating video panel.

向用户显示一个主窗口，该窗口由底部的控件栏，参与者面板和聊天面板围绕。在图库视图中，主窗口显示所有参与者的视频缩略图，其大小均等并排列为网格布局。在活动发言者视图中，主窗口显示活动发言者的视频，而其他参与者的视频以活动发言者的视频下方的缩略图显示。在屏幕共享中，所有参与者的视频缩略图都将移动到自由浮动的视频面板中。

The control bar contains the following clickable icons:

控制栏包含以下可单击的图标：

Mute: control user audio output.
静音：控制用户音频输出。
Start Video: control user video output.
启动视频：控制用户视频输出。
Participants: display the participant panel.
参与者：显示参与者面板。
Chat: show the chat panel.
聊天：显示聊天面板。
Share Screen: share user desktop or specific app window.
共享屏幕：共享用户桌面或特定的应用程序窗口。
Record: start recording the meeting locally or in Zoom’s cloud.
记录：开始在本地或Zoom的云中记录会议。
Reactions: select one of two emojis.
React：选择两个表情符号之一。

参与者的控制和反馈 (Participants’ Controls and Feedback)

Zoom provides different levels of feedback to meeting participants. Zoom’s feedback features can be classified depending on whether the feedback is visual, verbal, textual, or click-based. Each feature can be used to serve different purposes during online classes depending on the type of class.

缩放为会议参与者提供不同级别的反馈。可以根据反馈是基于视觉，语言，文本还是基于单击来对Zoom的反馈功能进行分类。根据课程的类型，在线课程期间，每种功能均可用于不同的目的。

言语反馈 (Verbal Feedback)

When scheduling a meeting, the host can mute all participants upon entry. Once in meeting, participants can unmute their audio or be requested to do so individually by the host. The host can also mute all or individual participants. By default, participants to Zoom webinars are view-only attendees. Combined to nonverbal feedback, verbal feedback recreates common in-classroom interaction patterns such as the “raise hand to speak” implicit rule.

安排会议时，主持人可以使所有与会者静音。会议结束后，与会者可以取消音频静音，也可以由主持人单独取消静音。主持人还可以使所有或单个参与者静音。默认情况下，Zoom网络研讨会的参与者是仅供查看的参与者。结合非言语反馈，言语反馈会重新创建常见的课堂互动模式，例如“举手说话”的内隐规则。

视觉反馈 (Visual Feedback)

Visual feedback refers to any feedback received from students without any interruption. These features come in handy especially in large class meetings. They allow instructors to receive quick feedback while avoiding participants talking over one another.

视觉反馈是指从学生那里收到的任何反馈而不会受到干扰。这些功能特别在大型会议中派上用场。它们使讲师能够快速收到反馈，同时避免参与者彼此交谈。

Video sharing. When scheduling a meeting, the host can let participants join with their video off upon entry. Once in meeting, participants can start or stop their video or be asked to do so by the host. By default, participants to Zoom webinars are listen-only mode and cannot share their video.

视频共享。 安排会议时，主持人可以让参与者在进入会议时关闭视频。会议结束后，参与者可以开始或停止他们的视频，也可以由主持人要求这样做。默认情况下，Zoom网络研讨会的参与者为仅收听模式，无法共享他们的视频。

Screen sharing. In a Zoom meeting, the host and the participants if enabled by the host can share their screen. During a lecture, screen sharing should be enabled only for the host. Presentations shared in slide show view can be shared either in full screen or in a window. The latter allows the presenter to keep other meeting features on screen, including the video panel, the participant panel, or the chat panel. Presentations can also be showed in presenter view but this requires a dual monitor setup with one monitor showing the slide show and the presenter’s notes in the second. Screen sharing can be enabled for participants when scheduling office hour meetings, tutorials, or labs in case the instructor needs to view students’ screen to better address their questions. Host and participants can share either the entire desktop, a portion of the screen, the window of a specific application. They can also share the screen of a smartphone or tablet and the video captured by a secondary camera, either stand-alone or embedded in a smartphone or tablet.

屏幕共享。 在Zoom会议中，主持人和与会者(如果主持人启用)可以共享他们的屏幕。在演讲期间，仅应为主持人启用屏幕共享。可以在全屏或窗口中共享在幻灯片视图视图中共享的演示文稿。后者使演示者可以在屏幕上保留其他会议功能，包括视频面板，参与者面板或聊天面板。演示文稿也可以在主持人视图中显示，但这需要双监视器设置，其中一个监视器在第二个中显示幻灯片放映和演示者的注释。在安排办公时间会议，教程或实验室时，可以为参与者启用屏幕共享，以防教师需要查看学生的屏幕以更好地解决他们的问题。主持人和参与者可以共享整个桌面，屏幕的一部分，特定应用程序的窗口。他们还可以共享智能手机或平板电脑的屏幕以及辅助相机捕获的视频，这些摄像头可以独立运行，也可以嵌入在智能手机或平板电脑中。

Screen annotation. The host and participants if enabled by the host can annotate the content shared on the screen. The annotation tools include text, draw (lines, arrows, and shapes), stamp (icons like a check mark or a star), spotlight (presenter’s mouse pointer is displayed within the area being shared to help point out parts of the screen). The host can save the screen with all annotations which will be captured as screenshot images.

屏幕注释。 主持人和参与者(如果由主持人启用)可以注释屏幕上共享的内容。注释工具包括文本，绘图(线条，箭头和形状)，图章(如复选标记或星形的图标)，聚光灯(演示者的鼠标指针显示在共享区域内，以帮助指出屏幕的一部分)。主机可以保存带有所有注释的屏幕，这些注释将被捕获为屏幕截图图像。

In-meeting reactions. During a meeting, a participant can give visual feedback by sending a thumbs up (

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