linux——apache
2024-04-11 12:50:59
Apache
Apache是世界上使用排名第一的Web服务器软件，它可以运行在所有广泛使用的计算机平台上，由于其跨平台和安全性被广泛使用，是最流行的Web服务器端软件之一。
一、Apache的前期准备
[root@localhost ~]# yum install httpd -y
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -antlupe | grep 80
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 36254 2133/httpd
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -antlupe | grep httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 36254 2133/httpd
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/www/html/ ##目录/var/www/html是默认访问目录
[root@localhost html]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost html]# vim index.html ##index.html文件是默认访问文件
[root@localhost html]# cat index.html
<h1>/var/www/html/index's page<h1> ##<h1>内容<h1> 这是html的写法，表示的格式是标题一
[root@localhost html]# vim tutu.html ##tutu.html不是默认访问文件，所以在访问时，需访问http://ip/tutu.html
[root@localhost html]# cat tutu.html
<h1>/var/www/html/tutu's page<h1>
[root@localhost html]#浏览器查看——http://172.25.254.127/
浏览器查看——http://172.25.254.127/tutu.html
二、Apache的基本配置
1、协议端口的修改
[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ##httpd的配置文件
Listen 80 ——> Listen 8080 ##修改第42行
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@localhost html]# netstat -antlupe | grep httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 0 110156 9396/httpd
浏览器访问——http://172.25.254.127
[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Listen 8080 ——> Listen 80 ##修改第42行
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@localhost html]# netstat -antlupe | grep httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 0 111224 9449/httpd
浏览器访问——http://172.25.254.127
2、默认访问目录、文件的设置
[root@localhost html]# pwd
/var/www/html
[root@localhost html]# mkdir /westos/html -p
[root@localhost html]# cd /westos/html/
[root@localhost html]# pwd
/westos/html
[root@localhost html]# vim index.html
[root@localhost html]# cat index.html
<h1>/westos/html/index's page</h1>浏览器访问——http://172.25.254.127
[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ##注释掉第119行，添加120——123行内容如下
119 #DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
120 DocumentRoot "/westos/html"
121 <Directory "/westos">
122 require all granted
123 </Directory>
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd浏览器访问——http://172.25.254.127（默认目录）
[root@localhost html]# ls
index.html
[root@localhost html]# vim test.html
[root@localhost html]# cat test.html
<h1>/westos/html/test's page</h1>
[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ##添加第123行，设置默认访问文件为test.html
120 DocumentRoot "/westos/html"
121 <Directory "/westos">
122 require all granted
123 DirectoryIndex test.html
124 </Directory>
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd浏览器访问——http://172.25.254.127（默认文件）
[root@localhost html]# pwd
/westos/html
[root@localhost html]# ls
index.html test.html
[root@localhost html]# mkdir linux
[root@localhost html]# cd linux/
[root@localhost linux]# vim index.html
[root@localhost linux]# cat index.html
<h1>/westos/html/linux/index's page<h1>
[root@localhost linux]# vim test.html
[root@localhost linux]# cat test.html
<h1>/westos/html/linux/test's page<h1>
浏览器访问——http://172.25.254.127/linux
[root@localhost linux]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ##添加121——123行，使得访问linux目录时，默认文件是index.html
120 DocumentRoot "/westos/html"
121 <Directory "/westos/html/linux">
122 DirectoryIndex index.html
123 </Directory>
124 <Directory "/westos">
125 require all granted
126 DirectoryIndex test.html
127 </Directory>
[root@localhost linux]# systemctl restart httpd
3、基于ip的身份认证
[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ##恢复原配置,即删除120——127行或者注释掉，这里是删除了
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd
[root@localhost html]# pwd
/westos/html
[root@localhost html]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@localhost html]# ls
index.html tutu.html
[root@localhost html]# mkdir westos
[root@localhost html]# ls
index.html tutu.html westos
[root@localhost html]# cd westos/
[root@localhost westos]# ls
[root@localhost westos]# vim index.html
[root@localhost westos]# cat index.html
<h1>/var/www/html/westos/index's page</h1>
[root@localhost westos]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
##添加第120——124行，相当于黑名单
##效果：除了ip为172.25.254.50的不能访问外，其他ip都可以访问
119 DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
120 <Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
121 Order Allow,Deny ##先读Allow，再读Deny
122 Allow from All ##允许所有ip访问
123 Deny from 172.25.254.50 ##禁止172.25.254.50访问
124 </Directory>
[root@localhost westos]# systemctl restart httpd
ip为172.25.254.127的主机进行访问
ip为172.25.254.50的主机进行访问
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
##修改第120——125行，相当于白名单
##效果：除了ip为172.25.254.50的不能访问外，其他ip都可以访问
119 DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
120 #DocumentRoot "/westos/html"
121 <Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
122 Order Deny,Allow ##先读Deny，再读Allow
123 Allow from 172.25.254.27 ##允许172.25.254.50访问
124 Deny from All ##禁止所有ip访问
125 </Directory>
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart httpdip为172.25.254.127的主机进行访问
ip为172.25.254.50的主机进行访问
4、基于用户的身份认证
[root@localhost westos]# cd /etc/httpd/
[root@localhost httpd]# ls
conf conf.d conf.modules.d logs modules run
[root@localhost httpd]# htpasswd -cm apacheuser admin
##htpasswd [-cimBdpsDv] [-C cost] passwordfile username
##-c Create a new file.
##-m Force MD5 encryption of the password (default).
##添加第二个用户时，不要加上“-c”
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user admin
[root@localhost httpd]# cat apacheuser
admin:$apr1$.g7wvziV$0TpPETAiCBx5Gzfh5n50G/
[root@localhost httpd]# htpasswd -cm apacheuser tom
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user tom
[root@localhost httpd]# cat apacheuser
tom:$apr1$2faTciFK$iHsm6EAb1.SHdkHFL5ur6.
[root@localhost httpd]# htpasswd -m apacheuser admin
New password:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user admin
[root@localhost httpd]# cat apacheuser
tom:$apr1$2faTciFK$iHsm6EAb1.SHdkHFL5ur6.
admin:$apr1$AbU8gYqU$KluSOrkvCLjvSj3QwfRIq/[root@localhost httpd]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
##效果：允许/etc/httpd/apacheuser中的用户admin输入密码访问，不允许/etc/httpd/apacheuser中的其他用户访问
119 DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
120 <Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
121 AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/apacheuser
122 AuthName "Please input user and password !!"
123 AuthType basic
124 Require user admin
125 </Directory>
[root@localhost httpd]# systemctl restart httpd
- 登陆成功后
- 因为只允许用户admin登陆，所以用户tom登陆时，不能成功，会再次回到登陆页面
[root@localhost httpd]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
##效果：允许/etc/httpd/apacheuser中的所有用户输入密码访问（此处就不再进行浏览器访问测试了，这就留给你吧，^_^）
119 DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
120 <Directory "/var/www/html/westos">
121 AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/apacheuser
122 AuthName "Please input user and password !!"
123 AuthType basic
124 # Require user admin ##注释掉
125 Require valid-user
126 </Directory>
[root@localhost httpd]# systemctl restart httpd三、关于节点设置以及HTTPS加密的设置
1、Apache——一台主机设置多个节点
测试主机设置（使用浏览器进行访问的主机）
[root@foundation50 Desktop]# vim /etc/hosts
172.25.254.127 www.westos.com news.westos.com music.westos.com login.westos.com
[root@foundation50 Desktop]#Apache主机设置
[root@localhost httpd]# pwd
/etc/httpd
[root@localhost httpd]# ls
apacheuser conf conf.d conf.modules.d logs modules run
[root@localhost httpd]# cd conf.d/
[root@localhost conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf README userdir.conf welcome.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim default.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat default.conf
<VirtualHost _default_:80>DocumentRoot /var/www/htmlCustomLog "logs/default.log" combined
</VirtualHost>
[root@localhost conf.d]# mkdir /var/www/virtual/westos.com/news -p
[root@localhost conf.d]# mkdir /var/www/virtual/westos.com/music -p
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim /var/www/virtual/westos.com/news/index.html
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat /var/www/virtual/westos.com/news/index.html
<h1>/var/www/virtual/westos.com/news/index's page<h1>
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim /var/www/virtual/westos.com/music/index.html
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat /var/www/virtual/westos.com/music/index.html
<h1>/var/www/virtual/westos.com/music/index's page<h1>
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim news.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat news.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>ServerName news.westos.comDocumentRoot "/var/www/virtual/westos.com/news/"CustomLog "logs/default.log" combined
</VirtualHost>
<Directory "/var/www/virtual/westos.com/news/">Require all granted
</Directory>
[root@localhost conf.d]# cp news.conf music.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim music.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat music.conf
<VirtualHost *:80>ServerName music.westos.comDocumentRoot "/var/www/virtual/westos.com/music/"CustomLog "logs/default.log" combined
</VirtualHost>
<Directory "/var/www/virtual/westos.com/music/">Require all granted
</Directory>
[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd访问——www.westos.com
访问——news.westos.com
访问——music.westos.com
2、HTTPS配置
[root@localhost ～]# yum install mod_ssl -y
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
[root@localhost conf.d]# ls /etc/httpd/conf.d/
autoindex.conf music.conf README userdir.conf
default.conf news.conf ssl.conf welcome.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
##访问https://www.westos.com，下载证书，但是证书不是自己的信息，如下图
[root@localhost conf.d]# yum install crypto-utils -y
[root@localhost conf.d]# genkey www.westos.com
##操作见下图
output will be written to /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crt
output key written to /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key
##上面这张图加载时，需要在输入字符（随意输入），不然无法完成加载
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim ssl.conf
101 SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crt
108 SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key
[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
##访问https://www.westos.com，下载证书，现在证书才是自己的信息
##每次访问HTTPS时，都必须访问https://域名
3、输入域名跳转，自动成为HTTPS
[root@localhost conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf music.conf README tmprequest welcome.conf
default.conf news.conf ssl.conf userdir.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim login.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat login.conf
<VirtualHost *:443>ServerName login.westos.comDocumentRoot "/var/www/virtual/westos.com/login/"CustomLog "logs/login.log" combinedSSLEngine onSSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/www.westos.com.crtSSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/www.westos.com.key
</VirtualHost>
<Directory "/var/www/virtual/westos.com/login/">Require all granted
</Directory>
<VirtualHost *:80>ServerName login.westos.comRewriteEngine onRewriteRule ^(/.*)$ https://%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [redirect=301]
</VirtualHost>
[root@localhost conf.d]# mkdir -p /var/www/virtual/westos.com/login/
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim /var/www/virtual/westos.com/login/index.html
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat /var/www/virtual/westos.com/login/index.html
<h1>/var/www/virtual/westos.com/login/index's page<h1>
[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
##输入配置过的域名时，会自动跳转成为HTTPS，这里是配置的是www.westos.com，此处就不附测试的图了，第一次访问，需要下载证书
四、集成PHP 和 CGI
[root@localhost conf.d]# yum install httpd-manual -y ##安装此软件，可以访问ip/manual——php等的说明
[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
PHP
[root@localhost conf.d]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@localhost html]# ls
index.html tutu.html westos
[root@localhost html]# vim index.php
[root@localhost html]# cat index.php
<?phpphpinfo();
?>
[root@localhost html]# yum install php -y
[root@localhost html]# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
169 <IfModule dir_module>
170 DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
171 </IfModule>
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd
##浏览器访问172.25.254.127
CGI
[root@localhost html]# pwd
/var/www/html
[root@localhost html]# mkdir cgi
[root@localhost html]# ls
cgi index.html index.php tutu.html westos
[root@localhost html]# vim cgi/index.cgi
[root@localhost html]# cat cgi/index.cgi
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print `date`;
[root@localhost html]# chmod +x cgi/index.cgi
[root@localhost html]# ./cgi/index.cgi
Content-type: text/htmlWed May 30 08:14:48 EDT 2018
[root@localhost html]# ./cgi/index.cgi
Content-type: text/htmlWed May 30 08:14:57 EDT 2018
##浏览器访问效果，看见/var/www/html/cgi/index.cgi中的文本内容如下：
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print `date`;
[root@localhost html]# ls
cgi index.html index.php tutu.html westos
[root@localhost html]# cd /etc/httpd/conf.d/
[root@localhost conf.d]# ls
autoindex.conf login.conf music.conf php.conf ssl.conf userdir.conf
default.conf manual.conf news.conf README tmprequest welcome.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# vim default.conf
[root@localhost conf.d]# cat default.conf | tail -n 5
<Directory "/var/www/html/cgi">Options +ExecCGIAddHandler cgi-script .cgiDirectoryIndex index.cgi
</Directory>
[root@localhost conf.d]# systemctl restart httpd
##浏览器访问效果，效果如下：
Wed May 30 08:19:21 EDT 2018
五、论坛的搭建
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@localhost ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@localhost html]# ls
cgi Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip index.html index.php tutu.html westos
##Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip——从网上下载，或者从其他处获取
[root@localhost html]# unzip Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip
[root@localhost html]# ls
cgi index.html readme upload westos
Discuz_X3.2_SC_UTF8.zip index.php tutu.html utility
[root@localhost html]# chmod 777 /var/www/html/upload/ -R
[root@localhost html]# php -m
##参数： -m Show compiled in modules
【root@localhost html]# yum install php-mysql.x86_64 -y
[root@localhost html]# systemctl restart httpd
六、代理上网（翻墙）
可以上网的主机设置
[root@localhost ~]# yum install squid -y
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf
56 http_access allow all
62 cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start squid不能上网的主机设置代理
七、squid+apache实现缓存加速
IP为172.25.254.50的设置——Apache（距离较远）
[root@shenzhen squid]# yum install squid -y
[root@shenzhen squid]# systemctl start squid
[root@shenzhen squid]# cd /usr/share/doc/squid-3.3.8/
[root@shenzhen squid-3.3.8]# ls
ChangeLog COPYRIGHT README rredir.pl url-normalizer.pl
COPYING QUICKSTART rredir.c squid.conf.documented user-agents.pl
[root@shenzhen squid]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@shenzhen squid]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@shenzhen html]# vim index.html
[root@shenzhen html]# cat index.html
<h1>172.25.254.50<h1>
[root@shenzhen squid-3.3.8]# systemctl start httpd
IP为172.25.254.227的设置——Squid（距离较近）
[root@xian ~]# yum install squid -y
[root@xian ~]# vim /etc/squid/squid.conf56 http_access allow all59 http_port 80 vhost vport60 cache_peer 172.25.254.50 parent 80 0 proxy-only62 cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256
[root@xian ~]# systemctl start squid
[root@xian ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
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