Dr. Lance Eliot, AI Insider

AI Insider博士Lance Eliot博士

[Ed. Note: For reader’s interested in Dr. Eliot’s ongoing business analyses about the advent of self-driving cars, see his online Forbes column: https://forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/]

[编辑 注意：如果读者对Eliot博士正在进行的有关自动驾驶汽车问世的业务分析感兴趣，请参阅他的在线《福布斯》专栏： https ： //forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/ ]

An exasperating situation exists about the nature and scope of self-driving driverless autonomous cars.

关于自动驾驶无人驾驶自动驾驶汽车的性质和范围，情况令人担忧。

The existing published standard that depicts the automation levels has become a well-worn and oft-cited cornerstone to discussing and understanding the aspects of self-driving cars.

描绘自动化水平的现有发布标准已成为讨论和理解自动驾驶汽车各个方面的陈旧且经常被引用的基石。

In a sense, that is quite handy, and we can be thankful that a standard exists, albeit the mutterings and outright complaints by some insiders regarding the weaknesses and warts of the standard (more on this in a moment).

从某种意义上讲，这很方便，并且我们很庆幸存在一个标准，尽管一些内部人士对标准的弱点和弊端轻声抱怨和彻头彻尾地抱怨(稍后会详细讨论)。

Unfortunately, despite the good facets of having such a standard, the levels are often mistakenly portrayed in the news and other media outlets.

不幸的是，尽管拥有这样一个标准有很多方面，但在新闻和其他媒体上却经常错误地描述了这些标准。

This creates confusion.

这会造成混乱。

Lots of it.

很多。

In addition, this then confounds efforts to compare the various experimental tryouts underway on our public roadways, and pretty much messes with the minds of the regulators and the public-at-large about what a self-driving car does or ought to do.

此外，这也混淆了在公共道路上进行各种实验性试验的努力，并且使监管机构和广大公众对自动驾驶汽车的功能或应该做什么的想法大为混乱。

I’d like to take a moment herein and provide some clarification about the standard and especially the role of Level 4 and Level 5.

我想在这里花点时间，对标准进行澄清，尤其是4级和5级的作用。

The shorthand notation used to refer to the standard is to say that it is the SAE J3016.

用来指代该标准的简写表示是SAE J3016。

Let’s unpack that notation.

让我们解压缩该符号。

This standards document is one of many promulgated by the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers). To easily refer to the numerous standards associated with automobiles and other types of vehicles, they are each assigned a numbered reference. The one that focuses on the automation levels for self-driving cars has the designation of J3016.

该标准文件是SAE(汽车工程师协会)颁布的众多文件之一。 为了轻松参考与汽车和其他类型的车辆相关的众多标准，每个标准都分配了一个编号参考。 专注于自动驾驶汽车自动化水平的产品的名称为J3016。

Thus, the quickest way to refer to the standard is by simply referring to SAE J3016.

因此，引用该标准的最快方法是简单地引用SAE J3016。

Overview Of The Levels

级别概述

The SAE J3016 has a somewhat lofty and technical title of “Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles” and fits within the rubric of the Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice aspects.

SAE J3016具有较高的技术标题“道路车辆的驾驶自动化系统相关的分类法和术语定义”，并且符合“地面车辆推荐实践”方面的标题。

I’m not going to cover the levels that require the presence of a human driver, which are Level 0, Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

我将不涉及要求存在驾驶员的级别，即0级，1级，2级和3级。

By-and-large, those lower levels of automation are rather self-apparent and involve having automation that augments a human driver.

总的来说，这些较低级别的自动化是显而易见的，并且涉及具有增强人类驾驶员能力的自动化。

Cars that require a human driver will often co-share the driving task, meaning that human drivers and automation of the car are supposed to work hand-in-hand while driving the car. These types of cars are properly described as being semi-autonomous vehicles rather than autonomous vehicles (AVs), and typically contain a variety of automated add-ons that are known as ADAS (Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems).

需要人工驾驶的汽车通常会共同分担驾驶任务，这意味着人工驾驶和汽车自动化应该在驾驶汽车时携手并进。 这些类型的汽车被恰当地描述为半自动驾驶汽车，而不是自动驾驶汽车(AVs)，通常包含各种称为ADAS(高级驾驶员辅助系统)的自动附加组件。

Since semi-autonomous cars require a human driver, the adoption of those types of cars won’t be markedly different than driving conventional vehicles, so I’m not going to include Level 0 to Level 3 in this discussion.

由于半自动驾驶汽车需要人工驾驶，因此采用这些类型的汽车与驾驶传统汽车并无明显不同，因此在此讨论中，我不会将0级到3级包括在内。

For semi-autonomous cars, it is equally important that I mention a disturbing aspect that’s been arising, namely that in spite of those human drivers that keep posting videos of themselves falling asleep at the wheel of a Level 2 or Level 3 car, we all need to avoid being misled into believing that the driver can take away their attention from the driving task while driving a semi-autonomous car.

对于半自动车，同样重要的是，我要提到一个令人烦恼的方面，即尽管有一些人类驾驶员不断张贴自己在2级或3级汽车的方向盘上睡着的视频，但我们所有人需要避免被误导以为驾驶员在驾驶半自动驾驶汽车时可以将注意力从驾驶任务上移开。

You are the responsible party for the driving actions of the vehicle, regardless of how much automation might be tossed into a Level 2 or Level 3.

您是车辆驾驶行为的负责方，无论可能将多少自动化投入2级或3级。

You might be wondering which vehicles today are at which level of automation.

您可能想知道当今哪种车辆处于哪种自动化水平。

As an example, existing Tesla’s are considered at a Level 2 and are gradually via the expansion of AutoPilot becoming closer to Level 3.

例如，现有的特斯拉汽车被认为处于2级，并通过AutoPilot的扩展逐渐接近3级。

Meanwhile, Waymo and many others are aiming at Level 4 and Level 5 (I mention just Waymo because they are generally accepted as the furthest along on such efforts and are also widely known among the public, but there are plenty of other Level 4 and Level 5 efforts underway).

同时，Waymo和许多其他目标都针对4级和5级(我只提到Waymo，因为它们被普遍认为是此类努力中最遥远的，并且在公众中也广为人知，但是还有许多其他4级和Level级5个工作正在进行中。

When referring to Level 4 and Level 5, I’ve found it handy to refer to those topmost levels as being true self-driving cars.

当提到4级和5级时，我发现将这些最高级别称为真正的无人驾驶汽车非常方便。

True self-driving cars are ones that Artificial Intelligence (AI) drives the car entirely on its own and there isn’t any human assistance required during the driving task.

真正的自动驾驶汽车是指人工智能(AI)完全自行驾驶汽车，并且在驾驶过程中不需要任何人工协助。

There is not yet a true self-driving car at Level 5, which we don’t yet even know if this will be possible to achieve, and nor how long it will take to get there.

5级还没有真正的无人驾驶汽车，我们甚至都不知道是否有可能实现这一目标，以及达到目标需要多长时间。

Meanwhile, the Level 4 efforts are gradually trying to get some traction by undergoing very narrow and selective public roadway trials, though there is controversy over whether this testing should be allowed per se (we are all life-or-death guinea pigs in an experiment taking place on our highways and byways, some point out).

同时，尽管是否应允许进行这种测试本身存在争议(我们在实验中都是生死攸关的豚鼠)，但4级研究人员正在通过非常狭窄和选择性的公共道路试验逐渐尝试吸引一些关注指出在我们的高速公路和小路上发生)。

I’m guessing you are likely curious to know more about how Level 4 and Level 5 are the same and how they differ, so let’s jump further into the details.

我想您可能想知道更多有关Level 4和Level 5的相同之处以及它们之间的区别的信息，所以让我们进一步深入了解一下。

Co-Sharing The Driving Task Versus Solo Automation

与单项自动化共同共享驾驶任务

For Level 4 and Level 5 true self-driving vehicles, there won’t necessarily be a human driver involved in the driving task.

对于4级和5级真正的无人驾驶汽车，不一定要有驾驶员参与驾驶任务。

This is what makes them so special and catches our attention and interest.

这就是为什么它们如此特别并引起我们的关注和兴趣。

We’ve all seen science fiction movies that have cars that drive via AI only (no human driver), and it’s quite a promising technical achievement, along with freeing humans from having to know how to drive or arrange for a human driver when wanting to use a car.

我们都看过科幻电影，这些电影的汽车只能通过AI驾驶(没有人类驾驶员)，这是一项非常有希望的技术成就，并且使人类不必知道如何驾驶或安排人类驾驶员。开车

Many hope that human driverless cars, which I’m referring to as true self-driving cars, will bring forth mobility-for-all, enabling those that are mobility disadvantaged or mobility marginally to finally have ready access to riding in cars.

许多人希望人类无人驾驶汽车(我指的是真正的无人驾驶汽车)能够带来全民机动性，从而使那些行动不便或行动不便的人最终能够方便地乘坐汽车。

This discussion about human drivers brings up one source of confusion about Level 4 and Level 5.

有关人类驾驶员的讨论引起了对4级和5级混淆的一个根源。

The formal definition says that there is no requirement that a human driver must be available for a Level 4 and nor for a Level 5 self-driving car.

正式定义说，不要求必须为4级和5级自动驾驶汽车配备驾驶员。

Take a moment to reflect upon that use of the word “must” and you’ll realize that just because you might say that something doesn’t have to happen, it does not preclude allowing it to happen.

花一点时间来思考一下“必须”一词的用法，您将意识到，仅因为您可能说某事不一定发生，它并不排除允许它发生的可能性。

In other words, automakers and self-driving tech firms are able to decide to allow for human drivers to function inside a Level 4 or Level 5 self-driving car, if wishing to do so.

换句话说，汽车制造商和自动驾驶技术公司可以决定允许人类驾驶员在4级或5级自动驾驶汽车内工作。

Perhaps a particular self-driving car might have driving controls included for humans that might want to drive the self-driving car, choosing to do so whenever they might please. Likewise, if the self-driving car does have human accessible driving controls, the AI might decide to hand over the driving to the human driver, assuming that a human driver happens to be present in the car at the time of seeking to do the hand off (another provision would be to allow for remote drivers).

也许特定的无人驾驶汽车可能包含了针对可能想要驾驶无人驾驶汽车的人的驾驶控制，因此他们会在需要时选择这样做。 同样，如果自动驾驶汽车确实具有人类可接近的驾驶控制，则AI可能会决定将驾驶移交给人类驾驶员，前提是假设在试图进行人工操作时汽车中恰好有人类驾驶员关闭(另一项规定是允许使用远程驱动程序)。

There is a rub to this.

这有一个摩擦。

If you believe that the AI will be a safer driver than human drivers, presumably due to the aspect that the AI won’t drive drunk and otherwise drive in human faltering ways, you would aim to intentionally prevent human drivers from being able to drive.

如果您认为AI会比人类驾驶员更安全，大概是由于AI不会酒后驾车或以其他方式使人步履蹒跚，那么您将有意阻止人类驾驶员驾驶。

By opening the door to the notion of allowing humans to drive a Level 4 or Level 5, a true self-driving car is said to potentially open a Pandora’s box.

通过打开允许人们驾驶4级或5级概念的门，据说真正的自动驾驶汽车有可能打开Pandora的盒子。

As such, many are intending to remove driver controls from within true self-driving cars.

因此，许多人打算从真正的自动驾驶汽车中删除驾驶员控制。

This would not only inhibit a human driver from trying to take over the driving from the AI, it also frees up the interior of the car to be redesigned. For example, future designs of such cars showcase that without the need for a steering wheel and pedals, you can reconfigure the interior, perhaps having swivel seats or reclining seats to allow passengers to take a nap while riding in a self-driving car.

这不仅会阻止人类驾驶员尝试从AI接管驾驶，还释放了要重新设计的汽车内饰。 例如，此类汽车的未来设计表明，不需要方向盘和踏板，您就可以重新配置内部结构，也许有可旋转的座椅或倾斜的座椅，以使乘客乘坐自动驾驶汽车时可以小睡一下。

There are valid reasons to consider allowing for human driving at Level 4 and Level 5.

有充分的理由考虑允许在4级和5级驾驶。

Suppose the on-board AI system becomes messed-up or frozen, perhaps due to a car accident that involves getting rear-ended and harms the computer processors, and there’s no means to now drive the car.

假设车载AI系统混乱或死机，可能是由于交通事故引起的，该事故涉及追尾事故并损害计算机处理器，并且现在没有办法驾驶汽车。

How will someone get the self-driving car off the roadway and out of traffic when it has become a multi-ton dead weight without any driving capacity?

当无人驾驶汽车的载重汽车重达数吨时，有人将如何使其离开道路并使其无路通呢？

The human driving controls aspect is a tradeoff that is still being debated.

人为驾驶控制方面的权衡仍在争论中。

In short, true self-driving cars at Level 4 or Level 5:

简而言之，真正的无人驾驶汽车处于4级或5级：

• Are not required to allow for human driving不需要允许人类驾驶
• Are not required to disallow human driving不需要禁止人类驾驶
• May allow human driving to occur if the automaker wishes to include it如果汽车制造商希望将其包括在内，则可能允许进行人工驾驶
• Some worry that allowing for human driving is a bad idea有些人担心允许人类驾驶是个坏主意
• Removal of driving controls also offers to free up space inside the car取消驾驶控制还可以释放车内空间
• Automakers and self-driving tech makers are allowed flexibility in this regard汽车制造商和自动驾驶技术制造商在这方面具有灵活性

Level 4 Versus Level 5: Key Differences

4级与5级：主要差异

Okay, so both Level 4 and Level 5 are about being driverless, though this is not a hard-and-fast rule since the maker of such self-driving cars can opt to allow for human driving.

好的，所以第4级和第5级都将成为无人驾驶，尽管这不是一个硬性规定，因为这种自动驾驶汽车的制造商可以选择允许人类驾驶。

Next, let’s consider what is decidedly the biggest and most important difference between Level 4 and Level 5.

接下来，让我们考虑一下第4级和第5级之间最大和最重要的区别是什么。

It has to do with the scope of where and when a true self-driving car is going to drive.

它与真正的自动驾驶汽车将在何时何地行驶的范围有关。

Let’s ponder scope aspects.

让我们考虑一下范围方面。

Suppose you are trying to invent a new kind of screwdriver.

假设您正在尝试发明一种新型的螺丝刀。

You work on it and are able to make it work on screws that have a flat or slotted top. That’s great, but it won’t yet work on screws that have a crosshead, known as Phillips.

您可以对其进行操作，并使其能够在具有平顶或开槽顶部的螺钉上工作。 很好，但是在带有十字头(被称为菲利普斯)的螺钉上仍无法使用。

Is the screwdriver useful even though it can’t yet handle crosshead screws?

即使还不能操作十字头螺丝刀，它仍然有用吗？

Sure, the screwdriver is still handy, though its scope is narrow, and you’d like to somehow have the screwdriver be functional for crosshead screws too.

当然，螺丝刀仍然很方便，尽管它的范围很窄，并且您想以某种方式使螺丝刀也能用作十字头螺钉。

Maybe devising a screwdriver that can handle both types of screws is hard to figure out.

也许很难弄清楚能同时处理两种类型螺丝的螺丝起子。

Indeed, perhaps you come up with a second screwdriver that is devoted to crosshead screws, and thus now have two screwdrivers.

确实，也许您想出了第二个专用于十字头螺丝刀的螺丝刀，因此现在有了两个螺丝刀。

Notice that both types of screwdrivers have the same overarching purpose, yet for now, they are each of their own types.

请注意，这两种类型的螺丝刀具有相同的总体用途，但到目前为止，它们是各自的类型。

Your hope is to someday produce one screwdriver that can handle all types of screws, including flat top, Phillips, and even others like hex key, etc.

您的希望是，有一天可以生产一种能够处理所有类型的螺钉的螺丝刀，包括平顶螺钉，菲利普斯螺钉，甚至其他螺钉，例如六角扳手等。

What does this have to do with Level 4 and Level 5 self-driving cars?

这与4级和5级自动驾驶汽车有什么关系？

Level 5 is easy to understand, it is essentially a true self-driving car that can go anywhere and at any time, assuming that a human driver could do the same.

5级很容易理解，它本质上是一部真正的自动驾驶汽车，假设人类驾驶员可以做到，因此它可以随时随地行驶。

I mention the caveat that the Level 5 goes wherever and whenever a human driver could do the same since we aren’t going to require the Level 5 to go beyond what humans could do in terms of reasonably driving a car.

我要提请注意的一点是，第5层级可以在任何地方，任何时候只要驾驶员能够做到，因为我们不会要求第5层级在合理驾驶汽车方面超越了人类的能力。

For example, if a human driver can’t drive a car across an unnavigable rushing stream, it’s not fair to assume that the AI could do so since as a driving task the driving effort has to do with being able to drive the car in reasonable ways. Adding AI to a car doesn’t mean it can magically fly or leap across an otherwise unnavigable rushing stream.

例如，如果人类驾驶员无法在无法通行的急流中驾驶汽车，则不认为AI可以这样做是不公平的，因为作为一项驾驶任务，驾驶努力必须与能够合理驾驶汽车有关。方法。 在汽车上添加AI并不意味着它可以神奇地在原本无法通行的急流中飞行或跳跃。

Level 5 is what most people have in their minds when you tell them that true self-driving cars are going to one day be on our roadways.

当您告诉他们真正的自动驾驶汽车即将驶入我们的道路时，大多数人的想法就是5级。

How does Level 4 differ?

4级有何不同？

Level 4 is like the screwdrivers that I mentioned, namely that for Level 4 true self-driving cars there is a scope that an automaker or self-driving tech firm can impose upon the drivability of the AI.

Level 4就像我提到的螺丝起子一样，也就是说，对于Level 4真正的无人驾驶汽车，汽车制造商或自动驾驶技术公司可以在一定程度上提高AI的可驾驶性。

One automaker might make a Level 4 self-driving car that works within downtown San Francisco and only functions in sunny weather. That’s the scope, similar to saying that you have a screwdriver that works on flat head screws, but not on other types of screws.

一家汽车制造商可能会制造一款4级自动驾驶汽车，该汽车可以在旧金山市区内使用，并且只能在晴朗的天气下运行。 这就是范围，类似于说您有一个螺丝刀可以在平头螺钉上工作，而不能在其他类型的螺钉上工作。

Thus, this particular Level 4 self-driving car won’t work when you decide to take it to say Los Angeles (which is outside the scope of San Francisco).

因此，当您决定说洛杉矶(不在旧金山范围内)时，这种特殊的4级自动驾驶汽车将无法工作。

Or, it won’t work in San Francisco if it is a rainy day (since this is outside the scope of sunny weather).

或者，如果下雨天，则在旧金山将无法正常工作(因为这不在晴天范围内)。

It is “easier” to make a Level 4 than a Level 5, for the same reason that it is easier to make a series of differing screwdrivers for different situations than it is to have a universal one.

制造Level 4而不是Level 5更为“容易”，原因是与在通用情况下相比，在各种情况下制造一系列不同的螺丝起子要容易得多。

Nearly everyone in the Level 4 and Level 5 game is starting with developing Level 4, and then hoping to gradually expand and extend the Level 4 into becoming a Level 5.

等级4和等级5游戏中的几乎每个人都从开发等级4开始，然后希望逐渐将等级4扩展和扩展为等级5。

Level 5 though is a tall order.

5级虽然是一个很高的要求。

Humans are actually quite capable drivers overall, being able to drive a car in sunny weather, in rainy weather, in snow, and in cities, and in suburbs, and in many other circumstances.

实际上，人类实际上是非常有能力的驾驶员，能够在晴天，阴雨天，大雪，城市，郊区以及许多其他情况下驾驶汽车。

The path to Level 5 seems to be a divide-and-conquer approach, let’s do narrowly scoped uses, and eventually turn this into the all-encompassing multi-use tool.

达到第5级的途径似乎是一种分而治之的方法，让我们进行范围狭窄的使用，最终将其转变为无所不包的多用途工具。

These scopes that I’m alluding to are formally called ODD (Operational Design Domain).

我暗示的这些范围正式称为ODD(运营设计域)。

Here’s a quote from the standard that helps indicate the Level 4 versus Level 5 capabilities of the Automated Driving System (ADS):

以下是该标准的引文，有助于指出自动驾驶系统(ADS)的4级和5级功能：

• Level 4: “Permits engagement only within its ODD”第4级：“仅允许在其ODD内参与”
• Level 5: “Permits engagement of the ADS under all driver-manageable on-road conditions”第5级：“允许ADS在所有驾驶员可控制的道路条件下行驶”

Here’s the formal definition of ODD:

这是ODD的正式定义：

• “Operating conditions under which a given driving automation system or feature thereof is specifically designed to function, including, but not limited to, environmental, geographical, and time-of-day restrictions, and/or the requisite presence or absence of certain traffic or roadway characteristics.”“专门设计给定驾驶自动化系统或其功能的运行条件，包括但不限于环境，地理和时段限制，和/或必不可少的某些交通流量或巷道特征。”

These ODD’s can be whatever an automaker or self-driving tech firm decides it should be, such as saying that their self-driving car won’t work at nighttime and only during the day. Meanwhile, some other automaker offers a self-driving car that will work during nighttime and daytime, but maybe it won’t work in the rain.

这些ODD可以是汽车制​​造商或自动驾驶技术公司决定的任何形式，例如说他们的自动驾驶汽车在夜间和白天不工作。 同时，其他一些汽车制造商提供了一种自动驾驶汽车，该汽车将在夜间和白天运行，但也许不会在雨中运行。

It is confusing to the public and the media that these ODD’s aren’t defined in a standardized way.

公众和媒体感到困惑的是，这些ODD的定义不是标准化的。

In other words, an automaker or self-driving tech firm can decide to divine their own proprietary ODD’s.

换句话说，汽车制造商或自动驾驶技术公司可以决定占卜自己专有的ODD。

This means that if you see a self-driving car driving past you, there’s no immediate way to know what its scope consists of.

这意味着，如果您看到自动驾驶汽车驶过您，则无法立即知道其范围。

Maybe it has been devised to go only in a 10-block radius of where you happen to see it, or maybe it can go across your state to other cities. Perhaps it can work in the rain, but not in snow. And so on.

也许它被设计成只能在您碰巧看到它的地方延伸10个街区，或者它可以跨您的州到达其他城市。 也许它可以在雨中工作，但不能在雪中工作。 等等。

For self-driving cars that are going to be used for ridesharing, you’ll have no direct means of knowing what the scope of that self-driving car might be.

对于将用于共享乘车的自动驾驶汽车，您将无法直接知道该自动驾驶汽车的范围。

Presumably, hopefully, at least whoever owns the self-driving car will make available the scope limitations, perhaps stating as such when you request a ridesharing pick-up involving a self-driving car.

据推测，希望至少有谁拥有自动驾驶汽车可以提供范围限制，也许在您要求涉及自动驾驶汽车的乘车接送时就这样说明。

In recap:

回顾：

• Level 4 is a self-driving car that has some kind of bounded scope of where and when it will drive4级是无人驾驶汽车，它具有在何时何地驾驶的有限范围
• The bounded scope is formally called its ODD (Operational Design Domain)有界范围正式称为其ODD(运营设计域)
• There is no standardized set of ODD’s and thus they can vary by automaker or tech maker没有标准化的ODD集，因此它们可能因汽车制造商或技术制造商而异
• Level 5 has no bounded scope per se and thus essentially encompasses all feasible ODD’s级别5本身没有限制范围，因此基本上涵盖了所有可行的ODD
• Both Level 4 and Level 5 are allowed to be limited to what is humanly drivable允许将第4级和第5级限制为人类可驾驶的范围
• All the levels of the standard, including Level 4 and Level 5, apply only to on-road driving and thus off-road driving is not a requirement by the standard该标准的所有级别，包括第4级和第5级，仅适用于公路驾驶，因此越野驾驶不是该标准的要求

Conclusion

结论

For those readers that know the SAE J3016 by heart, you’ll notice that I’ve tried to simplify the language used to describe the levels of automation, and as a result, the herein description is not quite as precise as the actual standard, though nonetheless provides a fair, readable, and accurate depiction.

对于那些完全了解SAE J3016的读者，您会注意到我已经尝试简化用于描述自动化级别的语言，因此，此处的描述并不完全符合实际标准，尽管提供了公平，可读和准确的描述。

Those of you that were paying close attention, you might have noticed that there is an important and somewhat hidden and unheralded phrase that came up in the levels of automation, namely the indication of off-road versus on-road.

你们中那些一直在密切关注的人，您可能已经注意到，自动化水平上出现了一个重要的，有点隐蔽和未公开的词组，即越野还是公路的指示。

Many don’t realize that the SAE J3016 considers the standard to apply to on-road driving and does not necessarily apply to off-road driving.

许多人没有意识到SAE J3016认为该标准适用于公路驾驶，并不一定适用于越野驾驶。

Here’s the definition of on-road:

这是路上的定义：

• “On-road refers to publicly accessible roadways (including parking areas and private campuses that permit public access) that collectively serve users of vehicles of all classes and driving automation levels (including no driving automation), as well as motorcyclists, pedal cyclists, and pedestrians.”“道路是指可公开访问的道路(包括允许公共访问的停车区和私立校园)，这些道路共同为所有级别和驾驶自动化水平(包括无驾驶自动化)的车辆，摩托车手，踏板车手和行人。”

Ponder this important nuance.

思考这个重要的细微差别。

As mentioned, Level 4 and Level 5 involve driving acts that are human drivers feasible, but there is a caveat to that aspect.

如前所述，级别4和级别5涉及人类驾驶员可行的驾驶行为，但对此有一个警告。

The definition caveat is that it includes only on-road driving and excludes, therefore, off-road driving (though, presumably off-road driving is another one of those optional additions).

定义警告是，它仅包括公路驾驶，因此不包括越野驾驶(尽管，越野驾驶是这些可选附加功能中的另一种)。

Human drivers can drive off-road, there’s no doubt about that.

驾驶员可以越野行驶，这是毫无疑问的。

The definition for Level 4 and Level 5 is only with respect to humans being able to drive on-road.

第4级和第5级的定义仅针对能够在公路上行驶的人。

Few realize that this limitation or constraint exists in the standard.

很少有人意识到标准中存在这种限制或约束。

If you have the time to do so, you ought to consider reading the entire SAE J3016 document, especially for those interested in self-driving cars. There are lots of twists and turns included, and I assure you it is as engaging as reading a mystery story or drama novella.

如果您有时间这样做，则应该考虑阅读整个SAE J3016文档，尤其是对自动驾驶汽车感兴趣的人。 其中包括许多曲折，我向您保证，它就像读一个神秘故事或中篇小说一样引人入胜。

Self-driving cars are going to undeniably impact our society.

无人驾驶汽车将对我们的社会产生不可否认的影响。

It is therefore crucial that we all be sufficiently informed, and make sure that when you refer to a rose, it is a rose, and not something else since our words do matter and what we mean by them is vital to discussion and understanding.

因此，至关重要的是，我们必须充分了解情况，并确保当您提到玫瑰时，它是玫瑰，而不是其他，因为我们的话语很重要，我们的意思对讨论和理解至关重要。

For free podcast of this story, visit: http://ai-selfdriving-cars.libsyn.com/website

有关此故事的免费播客，请访问： http : //ai-selfdriving-cars.libsyn.com/website

The podcasts are also available on Spotify, iTunes, iHeartRadio, etc.

播客还可以在Spotify，iTunes，iHeartRadio等上获得。

More info about AI self-driving cars, see: www.ai-selfdriving-cars.guru

有关AI自动驾驶汽车的更多信息，请参见： www.ai-selfdriving-cars.guru

To follow Lance Eliot on Twitter: https://twitter.com/@LanceEliot

要在Twitter上关注Lance Eliot： https ： //twitter.com/@LanceEliot

For his Forbes.com blog, see: https://forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/

有关他的Forbes.com博客，请访问： https ： //forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/

For his AI Trends blog, see: www.aitrends.com/ai-insider/

有关他的AI趋势博客，请访问： www.aitrends.com/ai-insider/

For his Medium blog, see: https://medium.com/@lance.eliot

有关其Medium博客，请访问： https : //medium.com/@lance.eliot

For Dr. Eliot’s books, see: https://www.amazon.com/author/lanceeliot

有关艾略特博士的书，请参见： https : //www.amazon.com/author/lanceeliot

Copyright © 2020 Dr. Lance B. Eliot

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