文本分类实战—— Bi-LSTM模型

1 大纲概述

　　文本分类这个系列将会有十篇左右，包括基于word2vec预训练的文本分类，与及基于最新的预训练模型（ELMo，BERT等）的文本分类。总共有以下系列：

　　word2vec预训练词向量

　　textCNN 模型

　　charCNN 模型

　　Bi-LSTM 模型

　　Bi-LSTM + Attention 模型

　　RCNN 模型

　　Adversarial LSTM 模型

　　Transformer 模型

　　ELMo 预训练模型

　　BERT 预训练模型

　　jupyter notebook代码均在textClassifier仓库中，python代码在NLP-Project中的text_classfier中。

2 数据集

　　数据集为IMDB 电影影评，总共有三个数据文件，在/data/rawData目录下，包括unlabeledTrainData.tsv，labeledTrainData.tsv，testData.tsv。在进行文本分类时需要有标签的数据（labeledTrainData），数据预处理如文本分类实战（一）—— word2vec预训练词向量中一样，预处理后的文件为/data/preprocess/labeledTrain.csv。

3 Bi-LSTM模型结构

　　Bi-LSTM即双向LSTM，较单向的LSTM，Bi-LSTM能更好地捕获句子中上下文的信息。LSTM的介绍见这篇。在本次实战中采用双层的Bi-LSTM结构来进行文本分类。

4 配置参数

import os
import csv
import time
import datetime
import random
import jsonimport warnings
from collections import Counter
from math import sqrtimport gensim
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score, accuracy_score, precision_score, recall_score
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")

# 配置参数class TrainingConfig(object):epoches = 10evaluateEvery = 100checkpointEvery = 100learningRate = 0.001class ModelConfig(object):embeddingSize = 200hiddenSizes = [256, 256]  # 单层LSTM结构的神经元个数dropoutKeepProb = 0.5l2RegLambda = 0.0class Config(object):sequenceLength = 200  # 取了所有序列长度的均值batchSize = 128dataSource = "../data/preProcess/labeledTrain.csv"stopWordSource = "../data/english"numClasses = 1  # 二分类设置为1，多分类设置为类别的数目rate = 0.8  # 训练集的比例training = TrainingConfig()model = ModelConfig()# 实例化配置参数对象
config = Config()

5 生成训练数据

　　1）将数据加载进来，将句子分割成词表示，并去除低频词和停用词。

　　2）将词映射成索引表示，构建词汇-索引映射表，并保存成json的数据格式，之后做inference时可以用到。（注意，有的词可能不在word2vec的预训练词向量中，这种词直接用UNK表示）

　　3）从预训练的词向量模型中读取出词向量，作为初始化值输入到模型中。

　　4）将数据集分割成训练集和测试集

# 数据预处理的类，生成训练集和测试集class Dataset(object):def __init__(self, config):self.config = configself._dataSource = config.dataSourceself._stopWordSource = config.stopWordSource  self._sequenceLength = config.sequenceLength  # 每条输入的序列处理为定长self._embeddingSize = config.model.embeddingSizeself._batchSize = config.batchSizeself._rate = config.rateself._stopWordDict = {}self.trainReviews = []self.trainLabels = []self.evalReviews = []self.evalLabels = []self.wordEmbedding =Noneself.labelList = []def _readData(self, filePath):"""从csv文件中读取数据集"""df = pd.read_csv(filePath)if self.config.numClasses == 1:labels = df["sentiment"].tolist()elif self.config.numClasses > 1:labels = df["rate"].tolist()review = df["review"].tolist()reviews = [line.strip().split() for line in review]return reviews, labelsdef _labelToIndex(self, labels, label2idx):"""将标签转换成索引表示"""labelIds = [label2idx[label] for label in labels]return labelIdsdef _wordToIndex(self, reviews, word2idx):"""将词转换成索引"""reviewIds = [[word2idx.get(item, word2idx["UNK"]) for item in review] for review in reviews]return reviewIdsdef _genTrainEvalData(self, x, y, word2idx, rate):"""生成训练集和验证集"""reviews = []for review in x:if len(review) >= self._sequenceLength:reviews.append(review[:self._sequenceLength])else:reviews.append(review + [word2idx["PAD"]] * (self._sequenceLength - len(review)))trainIndex = int(len(x) * rate)trainReviews = np.asarray(reviews[:trainIndex], dtype="int64")trainLabels = np.array(y[:trainIndex], dtype="float32")evalReviews = np.asarray(reviews[trainIndex:], dtype="int64")evalLabels = np.array(y[trainIndex:], dtype="float32")return trainReviews, trainLabels, evalReviews, evalLabelsdef _genVocabulary(self, reviews, labels):"""生成词向量和词汇-索引映射字典，可以用全数据集"""allWords = [word for review in reviews for word in review]# 去掉停用词subWords = [word for word in allWords if word not in self.stopWordDict]wordCount = Counter(subWords)  # 统计词频sortWordCount = sorted(wordCount.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)# 去除低频词words = [item[0] for item in sortWordCount if item[1] >= 5]vocab, wordEmbedding = self._getWordEmbedding(words)self.wordEmbedding = wordEmbeddingword2idx = dict(zip(vocab, list(range(len(vocab)))))uniqueLabel = list(set(labels))label2idx = dict(zip(uniqueLabel, list(range(len(uniqueLabel)))))self.labelList = list(range(len(uniqueLabel)))# 将词汇-索引映射表保存为json数据，之后做inference时直接加载来处理数据with open("../data/wordJson/word2idx.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:json.dump(word2idx, f)with open("../data/wordJson/label2idx.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:json.dump(label2idx, f)return word2idx, label2idxdef _getWordEmbedding(self, words):"""按照我们的数据集中的单词取出预训练好的word2vec中的词向量"""wordVec = gensim.models.KeyedVectors.load_word2vec_format("../word2vec/word2Vec.bin", binary=True)vocab = []wordEmbedding = []# 添加 "pad" 和 "UNK", vocab.append("PAD")vocab.append("UNK")wordEmbedding.append(np.zeros(self._embeddingSize))wordEmbedding.append(np.random.randn(self._embeddingSize))for word in words:try:vector = wordVec.wv[word]vocab.append(word)wordEmbedding.append(vector)except:print(word + "不存在于词向量中")return vocab, np.array(wordEmbedding)def _readStopWord(self, stopWordPath):"""读取停用词"""with open(stopWordPath, "r") as f:stopWords = f.read()stopWordList = stopWords.splitlines()# 将停用词用列表的形式生成，之后查找停用词时会比较快self.stopWordDict = dict(zip(stopWordList, list(range(len(stopWordList)))))def dataGen(self):"""初始化训练集和验证集"""# 初始化停用词self._readStopWord(self._stopWordSource)# 初始化数据集reviews, labels = self._readData(self._dataSource)# 初始化词汇-索引映射表和词向量矩阵word2idx, label2idx = self._genVocabulary(reviews, labels)# 将标签和句子数值化labelIds = self._labelToIndex(labels, label2idx)reviewIds = self._wordToIndex(reviews, word2idx)# 初始化训练集和测试集trainReviews, trainLabels, evalReviews, evalLabels = self._genTrainEvalData(reviewIds, labelIds, word2idx, self._rate)self.trainReviews = trainReviewsself.trainLabels = trainLabelsself.evalReviews = evalReviewsself.evalLabels = evalLabelsdata = Dataset(config)
data.dataGen()

6 生成batch数据集

　　采用生成器的形式向模型输入batch数据集，（生成器可以避免将所有的数据加入到内存中）

# 输出batch数据集def nextBatch(x, y, batchSize):"""生成batch数据集，用生成器的方式输出"""perm = np.arange(len(x))np.random.shuffle(perm)x = x[perm]y = y[perm]numBatches = len(x) // batchSizefor i in range(numBatches):start = i * batchSizeend = start + batchSizebatchX = np.array(x[start: end], dtype="int64")batchY = np.array(y[start: end], dtype="float32")yield batchX, batchY

7 Bi-LSTM模型

# 构建模型
class BiLSTM(object):"""Bi-LSTM 用于文本分类"""def __init__(self, config, wordEmbedding):# 定义模型的输入self.inputX = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, config.sequenceLength], name="inputX")self.inputY = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None], name="inputY")self.dropoutKeepProb = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, name="dropoutKeepProb")# 定义l2损失l2Loss = tf.constant(0.0)# 词嵌入层with tf.name_scope("embedding"):# 利用预训练的词向量初始化词嵌入矩阵self.W = tf.Variable(tf.cast(wordEmbedding, dtype=tf.float32, name="word2vec") ,name="W")# 利用词嵌入矩阵将输入的数据中的词转换成词向量，维度[batch_size, sequence_length, embedding_size]self.embeddedWords = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.W, self.inputX)# 定义两层双向LSTM的模型结构with tf.name_scope("Bi-LSTM"):for idx, hiddenSize in enumerate(config.model.hiddenSizes):with tf.name_scope("Bi-LSTM" + str(idx)):# 定义前向LSTM结构lstmFwCell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.DropoutWrapper(tf.nn.rnn_cell.LSTMCell(num_units=hiddenSize, state_is_tuple=True),output_keep_prob=self.dropoutKeepProb)# 定义反向LSTM结构lstmBwCell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.DropoutWrapper(tf.nn.rnn_cell.LSTMCell(num_units=hiddenSize, state_is_tuple=True),output_keep_prob=self.dropoutKeepProb)# 采用动态rnn，可以动态的输入序列的长度，若没有输入，则取序列的全长# outputs是一个元祖(output_fw, output_bw)，其中两个元素的维度都是[batch_size, max_time, hidden_size],fw和bw的hidden_size一样# self.current_state 是最终的状态，二元组(state_fw, state_bw)，state_fw=[batch_size, s]，s是一个元祖(h, c)outputs, self.current_state = tf.nn.bidirectional_dynamic_rnn(lstmFwCell, lstmBwCell, self.embeddedWords, dtype=tf.float32,scope="bi-lstm" + str(idx))# 对outputs中的fw和bw的结果拼接 [batch_size, time_step, hidden_size * 2]self.embeddedWords = tf.concat(outputs, 2)# 去除最后时间步的输出作为全连接的输入finalOutput = self.embeddedWords[:, 0, :]outputSize = config.model.hiddenSizes[-1] * 2  # 因为是双向LSTM，最终的输出值是fw和bw的拼接，因此要乘以2output = tf.reshape(finalOutput, [-1, outputSize])  # reshape成全连接层的输入维度# 全连接层的输出with tf.name_scope("output"):outputW = tf.get_variable("outputW",shape=[outputSize, config.numClasses],initializer=tf.contrib.layers.xavier_initializer())outputB= tf.Variable(tf.constant(0.1, shape=[config.numClasses]), name="outputB")l2Loss += tf.nn.l2_loss(outputW)l2Loss += tf.nn.l2_loss(outputB)self.logits = tf.nn.xw_plus_b(output, outputW, outputB, name="logits")if config.numClasses == 1:self.predictions = tf.cast(tf.greater_equal(self.logits, 0.0), tf.float32, name="predictions")elif config.numClasses > 1:self.predictions = tf.argmax(self.logits, axis=-1, name="predictions")# 计算二元交叉熵损失with tf.name_scope("loss"):if config.numClasses == 1:losses = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=self.logits, labels=tf.cast(tf.reshape(self.inputY, [-1, 1]), dtype=tf.float32))elif config.numClasses > 1:losses = tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=self.logits, labels=self.inputY)self.loss = tf.reduce_mean(losses) + config.model.l2RegLambda * l2Loss

8 定义计算metrics的函数

"""
定义各类性能指标
"""def mean(item: list) -> float:"""计算列表中元素的平均值:param item: 列表对象:return:"""res = sum(item) / len(item) if len(item) > 0 else 0return resdef accuracy(pred_y, true_y):"""计算二类和多类的准确率:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:return:"""if isinstance(pred_y[0], list):pred_y = [item[0] for item in pred_y]corr = 0for i in range(len(pred_y)):if pred_y[i] == true_y[i]:corr += 1acc = corr / len(pred_y) if len(pred_y) > 0 else 0return accdef binary_precision(pred_y, true_y, positive=1):"""二类的精确率计算:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:param positive: 正例的索引表示:return:"""corr = 0pred_corr = 0for i in range(len(pred_y)):if pred_y[i] == positive:pred_corr += 1if pred_y[i] == true_y[i]:corr += 1prec = corr / pred_corr if pred_corr > 0 else 0return precdef binary_recall(pred_y, true_y, positive=1):"""二类的召回率:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:param positive: 正例的索引表示:return:"""corr = 0true_corr = 0for i in range(len(pred_y)):if true_y[i] == positive:true_corr += 1if pred_y[i] == true_y[i]:corr += 1rec = corr / true_corr if true_corr > 0 else 0return recdef binary_f_beta(pred_y, true_y, beta=1.0, positive=1):"""二类的f beta值:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:param beta: beta值:param positive: 正例的索引表示:return:"""precision = binary_precision(pred_y, true_y, positive)recall = binary_recall(pred_y, true_y, positive)try:f_b = (1 + beta * beta) * precision * recall / (beta * beta * precision + recall)except:f_b = 0return f_bdef multi_precision(pred_y, true_y, labels):"""多类的精确率:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:param labels: 标签列表:return:"""if isinstance(pred_y[0], list):pred_y = [item[0] for item in pred_y]precisions = [binary_precision(pred_y, true_y, label) for label in labels]prec = mean(precisions)return precdef multi_recall(pred_y, true_y, labels):"""多类的召回率:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:param labels: 标签列表:return:"""if isinstance(pred_y[0], list):pred_y = [item[0] for item in pred_y]recalls = [binary_recall(pred_y, true_y, label) for label in labels]rec = mean(recalls)return recdef multi_f_beta(pred_y, true_y, labels, beta=1.0):"""多类的f beta值:param pred_y: 预测结果:param true_y: 真实结果:param labels: 标签列表:param beta: beta值:return:"""if isinstance(pred_y[0], list):pred_y = [item[0] for item in pred_y]f_betas = [binary_f_beta(pred_y, true_y, beta, label) for label in labels]f_beta = mean(f_betas)return f_betadef get_binary_metrics(pred_y, true_y, f_beta=1.0):"""得到二分类的性能指标:param pred_y::param true_y::param f_beta::return:"""acc = accuracy(pred_y, true_y)recall = binary_recall(pred_y, true_y)precision = binary_precision(pred_y, true_y)f_beta = binary_f_beta(pred_y, true_y, f_beta)return acc, recall, precision, f_betadef get_multi_metrics(pred_y, true_y, labels, f_beta=1.0):"""得到多分类的性能指标:param pred_y::param true_y::param labels::param f_beta::return:"""acc = accuracy(pred_y, true_y)recall = multi_recall(pred_y, true_y, labels)precision = multi_precision(pred_y, true_y, labels)f_beta = multi_f_beta(pred_y, true_y, labels, f_beta)return acc, recall, precision, f_beta

9 训练模型

　　在训练时，我们定义了tensorBoard的输出，并定义了两种模型保存的方法。

# 训练模型# 生成训练集和验证集
trainReviews = data.trainReviews
trainLabels = data.trainLabels
evalReviews = data.evalReviews
evalLabels = data.evalLabelswordEmbedding = data.wordEmbedding
labelList = data.labelList# 定义计算图
with tf.Graph().as_default():session_conf = tf.ConfigProto(allow_soft_placement=True, log_device_placement=False)session_conf.gpu_options.allow_growth=Truesession_conf.gpu_options.per_process_gpu_memory_fraction = 0.9  # 配置gpu占用率  sess = tf.Session(config=session_conf)# 定义会话with sess.as_default():lstm = BiLSTM(config, wordEmbedding)globalStep = tf.Variable(0, name="globalStep", trainable=False)# 定义优化函数，传入学习速率参数optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(config.training.learningRate)# 计算梯度,得到梯度和变量gradsAndVars = optimizer.compute_gradients(lstm.loss)# 将梯度应用到变量下，生成训练器trainOp = optimizer.apply_gradients(gradsAndVars, global_step=globalStep)# 用summary绘制tensorBoardgradSummaries = []for g, v in gradsAndVars:if g is not None:tf.summary.histogram("{}/grad/hist".format(v.name), g)tf.summary.scalar("{}/grad/sparsity".format(v.name), tf.nn.zero_fraction(g))outDir = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.curdir, "summarys"))print("Writing to {}\n".format(outDir))lossSummary = tf.summary.scalar("loss", lstm.loss)summaryOp = tf.summary.merge_all()trainSummaryDir = os.path.join(outDir, "train")trainSummaryWriter = tf.summary.FileWriter(trainSummaryDir, sess.graph)evalSummaryDir = os.path.join(outDir, "eval")evalSummaryWriter = tf.summary.FileWriter(evalSummaryDir, sess.graph)# 初始化所有变量saver = tf.train.Saver(tf.global_variables(), max_to_keep=5)# 保存模型的一种方式，保存为pb文件savedModelPath = "../model/Bi-LSTM/savedModel"if os.path.exists(savedModelPath):os.rmdir(savedModelPath)builder = tf.saved_model.builder.SavedModelBuilder(savedModelPath)sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())def trainStep(batchX, batchY):"""训练函数"""   feed_dict = {lstm.inputX: batchX,lstm.inputY: batchY,lstm.dropoutKeepProb: config.model.dropoutKeepProb}_, summary, step, loss, predictions = sess.run([trainOp, summaryOp, globalStep, lstm.loss, lstm.predictions],feed_dict)timeStr = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()if config.numClasses == 1:acc, recall, prec, f_beta = get_binary_metrics(pred_y=predictions, true_y=batchY)elif config.numClasses > 1:acc, recall, prec, f_beta = get_multi_metrics(pred_y=predictions, true_y=batchY,labels=labelList)trainSummaryWriter.add_summary(summary, step)return loss, acc, prec, recall, f_betadef devStep(batchX, batchY):"""验证函数"""feed_dict = {lstm.inputX: batchX,lstm.inputY: batchY,lstm.dropoutKeepProb: 1.0}summary, step, loss, predictions = sess.run([summaryOp, globalStep, lstm.loss, lstm.predictions],feed_dict)if config.numClasses == 1:acc, precision, recall, f_beta = get_binary_metrics(pred_y=predictions, true_y=batchY)elif config.numClasses > 1:acc, precision, recall, f_beta = get_multi_metrics(pred_y=predictions, true_y=batchY, labels=labelList)evalSummaryWriter.add_summary(summary, step)return loss, acc, precision, recall, f_betafor i in range(config.training.epoches):# 训练模型print("start training model")for batchTrain in nextBatch(trainReviews, trainLabels, config.batchSize):loss, acc, prec, recall, f_beta = trainStep(batchTrain[0], batchTrain[1])currentStep = tf.train.global_step(sess, globalStep) print("train: step: {}, loss: {}, acc: {}, recall: {}, precision: {}, f_beta: {}".format(currentStep, loss, acc, recall, prec, f_beta))if currentStep % config.training.evaluateEvery == 0:print("\nEvaluation:")losses = []accs = []f_betas = []precisions = []recalls = []for batchEval in nextBatch(evalReviews, evalLabels, config.batchSize):loss, acc, precision, recall, f_beta = devStep(batchEval[0], batchEval[1])losses.append(loss)accs.append(acc)f_betas.append(f_beta)precisions.append(precision)recalls.append(recall)time_str = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()print("{}, step: {}, loss: {}, acc: {},precision: {}, recall: {}, f_beta: {}".format(time_str, currentStep, mean(losses), mean(accs), mean(precisions),mean(recalls), mean(f_betas)))if currentStep % config.training.checkpointEvery == 0:# 保存模型的另一种方法，保存checkpoint文件path = saver.save(sess, "../model/Bi-LSTM/model/my-model", global_step=currentStep)print("Saved model checkpoint to {}\n".format(path))inputs = {"inputX": tf.saved_model.utils.build_tensor_info(lstm.inputX),"keepProb": tf.saved_model.utils.build_tensor_info(lstm.dropoutKeepProb)}outputs = {"predictions": tf.saved_model.utils.build_tensor_info(lstm.binaryPreds)}prediction_signature = tf.saved_model.signature_def_utils.build_signature_def(inputs=inputs, outputs=outputs,method_name=tf.saved_model.signature_constants.PREDICT_METHOD_NAME)legacy_init_op = tf.group(tf.tables_initializer(), name="legacy_init_op")builder.add_meta_graph_and_variables(sess, [tf.saved_model.tag_constants.SERVING],signature_def_map={"predict": prediction_signature}, legacy_init_op=legacy_init_op)builder.save()

10 预测代码

x = "this movie is full of references like mad max ii the wild one and many others the ladybug´s face it´s a clear reference or tribute to peter lorre this movie is a masterpiece we´ll talk much more about in the future"# 注：下面两个词典要保证和当前加载的模型对应的词典是一致的
with open("../data/wordJson/word2idx.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:word2idx = json.load(f)with open("../data/wordJson/label2idx.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:label2idx = json.load(f)
idx2label = {value: key for key, value in label2idx.items()}xIds = [word2idx.get(item, word2idx["UNK"]) for item in x.split(" ")]
if len(xIds) >= config.sequenceLength:xIds = xIds[:config.sequenceLength]
else:xIds = xIds + [word2idx["PAD"]] * (config.sequenceLength - len(xIds))graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.as_default():gpu_options = tf.GPUOptions(per_process_gpu_memory_fraction=0.333)session_conf = tf.ConfigProto(allow_soft_placement=True, log_device_placement=False, gpu_options=gpu_options)sess = tf.Session(config=session_conf)with sess.as_default():checkpoint_file = tf.train.latest_checkpoint("../model/Bi-LSTM/model/")saver = tf.train.import_meta_graph("{}.meta".format(checkpoint_file))saver.restore(sess, checkpoint_file)# 获得需要喂给模型的参数，输出的结果依赖的输入值inputX = graph.get_operation_by_name("inputX").outputs[0]dropoutKeepProb = graph.get_operation_by_name("dropoutKeepProb").outputs[0]# 获得输出的结果predictions = graph.get_tensor_by_name("output/predictions:0")pred = sess.run(predictions, feed_dict={inputX: [xIds], dropoutKeepProb: 1.0})[0]pred = [idx2label[item] for item in pred]
print(pred)

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