【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【B】From Bacteria to Plants 目录及术语表
本文是英语学习笔记,所有版权归原教材作者所有。
Glencoe Science模块系列教材,模块B - From Bacteria to Plants,2005版,215页。全书分为5大章(Chapter),每章由若干小节(Section)构成,各章后附有Study Guide,Review与Standardized Test Practice。
Cover Description: Lichens and club fungi are growing on the bark of this tree. In some cases, the two organisms that make up a lichen can live separately, but look very different than the lichen. Club fungi are saprobe (sapro- "putrid, rotten" + be), which play a vital role in the decomposition of litter, wood, and dung.
简要目录(Simple Contents)
Chapter 1: Bacteria
Chapter 2: Protists and Fungi
Chapter 3: Plants
Chapter 4: Plant Reproduction
Chpater 5: Plant Processes
详细目录(Detailed Contents)
Chapter 1: Bacteria
Section 1: What are bacteria?
Section 2: Bacteria in Your Life
Chapter 2: Protists and Fungi
Section 1: Protists
Section 2: Fungi
Chapter 3: Plants
Section 1: An Overview of Plant
Section 2: Seedless Plants
Section 3: Seed Plants
Chapter 4: Plant Reproduction
Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Section 2: Seedless Reproduction
Section 3: Seed Reproduction
Chpater 5: Plant Processes
Section 1: Photosynthesis and Respiration
Section 2: Plant Responses
术语表(Glossary in Alphabetic Order)
- 10: aerobe: any organism that uses oxygen for respiration.
- 33: algae: chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis.
- 10: anaerobe: any organism that is able to live without oxygen.
- 79: angiosperms: flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots.
- 15: antibiotics: chemicals produced by some bateria that are used to limit the growth of other bateria.
- 46: ascus: (from Greek askos ‘bag’) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi.
- 136: auxin: plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms.
- 46: basidium: (from Greek basidion, diminutive of basis 'stepping') club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores.
- 45: budding: from of asexual reproduction in which a new, genetically-identical organsim forms on the side of its parent.
- 77: cambium: (from medieval Latin, ‘change, exchange’) vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows.
- 64: cellulose: (from cellule ‘small cell’ + -ose 'sugar') chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support.
- 126: chlorophyll: green, light-trapping pigments in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis.
- 37: cilia: in protists, short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane of a ciliate and enable the organism to move quickly.
- 64: cuticle: waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss.
- 138: day-neutral plant: plant that doesn't require a specific photoperiod and can begin flowering process over a range of night lengths.
- 80: dicot: angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiple of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings. (cotyledon - from Greek kotulēdōn ‘cup-shaped cavity’, from kotulē ‘cup’)
- 19: endospore: thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bateria when conditions are unfavorable for survival.
- 16: fission: simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with genetic material identical to each other and identical to the previous cell.
- 15,34: flagellum: long, thin whiplike structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings.
- 100: frond: (from Latin frons, frond- ‘leaf’) leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome. (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’)
- 97: gametophyte: (from gameto- 'marriage, wife, husband' + phyte 'plant') plant life cycle stage that begins when cells in reproductive organs undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells (spores).
- 112: germination: series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed.
- 75: guard cells: pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
- 78: gymnosperms: vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
- 44: hyphae: (from Greek huphē ‘web’) mass of many-celled, threadlike tubes forming the body of a fungus.
- 48: lichen: (from Latin līchēn “ringworm”) organism made up of a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium.
- 138: long-day plant: plant that generally requires short nights --- less than ten to 12 hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.
- 80: monocot: angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem.
- 48: mycorrhizae: (from myco- ‘of fungi’ + Greek rhiza ‘root’) network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil.
- 16: nitrogen-fixing bacteria: bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals.
- 67: nonvascular plant: plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures.
- 107: ovary: swollen base of an angiosperm's pistil, where egg-producing ovules are found.
- 105: ovule: in seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces eggs.
- 19: pathogen: disease-producing organisms.
- 77: phloem: vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant.
- 138: photoperiodism: a plant's response to the lengths of daylight and darkness each day.
- 127: photosynthesis: process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen.
- 69: pioneer species: first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow.
- 107: pistil: female reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky stigma, where pollen grains land, and an ovary.
- 103: pollen grain: small structure produced by the male reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, can develop from a spore, and contains gametophyte parts that will produce sperm.
- 103: pollination: transfer of pollen grains to the female part of a seed plant by agents such as gravity, water, wind, and animals.
- 100: prothallus: (from pro- ‘before, earlier’ + Greek thallos ‘green shoot’) small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
- 32: protist: one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike.
- 37: protozoan: one-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms.
- 38: pseudopods: temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about and trap food.
- 129: respiration: series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules.
- 68: rhizoids: threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground.
- 100: rhizome: (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’) underground stem.
- 16: saprophyte: organisms that uses dead organisms as a food source and helps recycle nutrients so they are available for use by other organisms. (also see p44)
- 138: short-day plant: plant that generally requires long nights --- 12 or more hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process.
- 100: sorus/sori: (from Greek sōros ‘heap’) fern structures in which spores are produced.
- 47: sporangium: round spore case of a zygote fungus.
- 45: spore(s): waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus that can grow into a new organism; in plants, haploid cells produced in the gametophyte stage that can divide by mitosis to form plant structures or an entire new plant or can develop into sex cells. (also see p97)
- 97: sporophyte: plant life cycle stage that begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm.
- 107: stamen: male reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, where pollen grains form, and a filament.
- 75: stomata: tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit.
- 19: toxin: poisonous substance produced by some pathgens.
- 134: tropism: positive or negative response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, and gravity.
- 21: vaccine: preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.
- 67: vascular plant: plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant.
- 78: xylem: vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant.
术语表(Glossary in Page Order)
Index | Page | Terminology | Description |
1 | 10 | aerobe | any organism that uses oxygen for respiration. |
3 | 10 | anaerobe | any organism that is able to live without oxygen. |
5 | 15 | antibiotics | chemicals produced by some bateria that are used to limit the growth of other bateria. |
19 | 15 | flagellum | long, thin whiplike structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings. (also see p34) |
18 | 16 | fission | simplest form of asexual reproduction in which two new cells are produced with genetic material identical to each other and identical to the previous cell. |
30 | 16 | nitrogen-fixing bacteria | bacteria that convert nitrogen in the air into forms that can be used by plants and animals. |
49 | 16 | saprophyte | organisms that uses dead organisms as a food source and helps recycle nutrients so they are available for use by other organisms. (also see p44) |
17 | 19 | endospore | thick-walled, protective structure produced by some bateria when conditions are unfavorable for survival. |
34 | 19 | pathogen | disease-producing organisms. |
57 | 19 | toxin | poisonous substance produced by some pathgens. |
59 | 21 | vaccine | preparation made from killed bacteria or damaged particles from bacterial cell walls or viruses that can prevent some bacterial and viral diseases. |
43 | 32 | protist | one- or many-celled eukaryotic organism that can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike. |
2 | 33 | algae | chlorophyll-containing, plantlike protists that produce oxygen as a result of photosynthesis. |
13 | 37 | cilia | in protists, short, threadlike structures that extend from the cell membrane of a ciliate and enable the organism to move quickly. |
44 | 37 | protozoan | one-celled, animal-like protist that can live in water, soil, and living and dead organisms. |
45 | 38 | pseudopods | temporary cytoplasmic extensions used by some protists to move about and trap food. |
25 | 44 | hyphae | (from Greek huphē ‘web’) mass of many-celled, threadlike tubes forming the body of a fungus. |
9 | 45 | budding | from of asexual reproduction in which a new, genetically-identical organsim forms on the side of its parent. |
53 | 45 | spore(s) | waterproof reproductive cell of a fungus that can grow into a new organism; in plants, haploid cells produced in the gametophyte stage that can divide by mitosis to form plant structures or an entire new plant or can develop into sex cells. (also see p97) |
6 | 46 | ascus | (from Greek askos ‘bag’) saclike, spore-producing structure of sac fungi. |
8 | 46 | basidium | (from Greek basidion, diminutive of basis 'stepping') club-shaped, reproductive structure in which club fungi produce spores. |
52 | 47 | sporangium | round spore case of a zygote fungus. |
26 | 48 | lichen | (from Latin līchēn “ringworm”) organism made up of a fungus and a green alga or a cyanobacterium. |
29 | 48 | mycorrhizae | (from myco- ‘of fungi’ + Greek rhiza ‘root’) network of hyphae and plant roots that helps plants absorb water and minerals from soil. |
11 | 64 | cellulose | (from cellule ‘small cell’ + -ose 'sugar') chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support. |
14 | 64 | cuticle | waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water loss. |
31 | 67 | nonvascular plant | plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures. |
60 | 67 | vascular plant | plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant. |
47 | 68 | rhizoids | threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground. |
38 | 69 | pioneer species | first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow. |
23 | 75 | guard cells | pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing. |
56 | 75 | stomata | tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit. |
10 | 77 | cambium | (from medieval Latin, ‘change, exchange’) vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows. |
35 | 77 | phloem | vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant. |
24 | 78 | gymnosperms | vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit; conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. |
61 | 78 | xylem | vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout a plant. |
4 | 79 | angiosperms | flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots. |
16 | 80 | dicot | angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiple of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings. (cotyledon - from Greek kotulēdōn ‘cup-shaped cavity’, from kotulē ‘cup’) |
28 | 80 | monocot | angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem. |
21 | 97 | gametophyte | (from gameto- 'marriage, wife, husband' + phyte 'plant') plant life cycle stage that begins when cells in reproductive organs undergo meiosis and produce haploid cells (spores). |
54 | 97 | sporophyte | plant life cycle stage that begins when an egg is fertilized by a sperm. |
20 | 100 | frond | (from Latin frons, frond- ‘leaf’) leaf of a fern that grows from the rhizome. (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’) |
42 | 100 | prothallus | (from pro- ‘before, earlier’ + Greek thallos ‘green shoot’) small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant form of a fern that can make its own food and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. |
48 | 100 | rhizome | (from rhizousthai ‘take root’, based on rhiza ‘root’) underground stem. |
51 | 100 | sorus/sori | (from Greek sōros ‘heap’) fern structures in which spores are produced. |
40 | 103 | pollen grain | small structure produced by the male reproductive organs of a seed plant; has a water-resistant coat, can develop from a spore, and contains gametophyte parts that will produce sperm. |
41 | 103 | pollination | transfer of pollen grains to the female part of a seed plant by agents such as gravity, water, wind, and animals. |
33 | 105 | ovule | in seed plants, the female reproductive part that produces eggs. |
32 | 107 | ovary | swollen base of an angiosperm's pistil, where egg-producing ovules are found. |
39 | 107 | pistil | female reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of a sticky stigma, where pollen grains land, and an ovary. |
55 | 107 | stamen | male reproductive organ inside the flower of an angiosperm; consists of an anther, where pollen grains form, and a filament. |
22 | 112 | germination | series of events that results in the growth of a plant from a seed. |
12 | 126 | chlorophyll | green, light-trapping pigments in plant chloroplasts that is important in photosynthesis. |
37 | 127 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen. |
46 | 129 | respiration | series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules. |
58 | 134 | tropism | positive or negative response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, and gravity. |
7 | 136 | auxin | plant hormone that causes plant leaves and stems to exhibit positive phototropisms. |
15 | 138 | day-neutral plant | plant that doesn't require a specific photoperiod and can begin flowering process over a range of night lengths. |
27 | 138 | long-day plant | plant that generally requires short nights --- less than ten to 12 hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process. |
36 | 138 | photoperiodism | a plant's response to the lengths of daylight and darkness each day. |
50 | 138 | short-day plant | plant that generally requires long nights --- 12 or more hours of darkness --- to begin the flowering process. |
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