introdution:

开源软件
unreal engine 4
用户通过Python API 调用, server --client 的形式- REF: https://carla.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python_api/

let's start:

The API has been significantly changed in the latest versions starting at 0.9.0. We commonly refer to the new API as 0.9.X API as opposed to the previous 0.8.X API

Section 1 API 学习

官网下载软件包，解压， shit+右键，解压路径下打开shell窗口 .\CarlaUE4.exe 运行

通过鼠标+ AWSD 控制运行，

打开路径：D:\study\codes\CARLA_0.9.5\PythonAPI\examples

打开另一个shell, 运行官网

创建（spawn) 场景元素,demo命令

python spawn_npc.py -n 80

With this script we are adding 80 vehicles to the world driving in "autopilot" mode. Back to the simulator window we should see these vehicles driving around the city. They will keep driving randomly until we stop the script. Let's leave them there for now

这个命令实现了添加80个车辆，随机的自主运动。 CTR+C 结束演示。 脚本有难度，Lesson2 后，查看API

修改天气
天气自动变化
```
python dynamic_weather.py
```
手动控制车辆
```
python manual_control.py
```

运行窗口如下：第三视角

第一课时结束。下课！:)

Lesson2 :

几个概念：

创建Client 对象：

client = carla.Client('localhost', 2000)

client.set_timeout(10.0) # seconds

模拟世界：

world = client.get_world()

actor (模拟器中的演员对象-比如汽车）

blueprints--actor对应的属性（比如颜色，车型 etc），在构造蓝图blueprints中设置。--所有的属性都包含在一个库中。

blueprint_library = world.get_blueprint_library()

The library allows us to find specific blueprints by ID, filter them with wildcards, or just choosing one at random

# Find specific blueprint.
collision_sensor_bp = blueprint_library.find('sensor.other.collision')
# Chose a vehicle blueprint at random.
vehicle_bp = random.choice(blueprint_library.filter('vehicle.bmw.*'))

Some of the attributes of the blueprints can be modified while some other are just read-only. For instance, we cannot modify the number of wheels of a vehicle but we can change its color

vehicles = blueprint_library.filter('vehicle.*')
bikes = [x for x in vehicles if int(x.get_attribute('number_of_wheels')) == 2]
for bike in bikes:bike.set_attribute('color', '255,0,0')

Modifiable attributes also come with a list of recommended values

for attr in blueprint:if attr.is_modifiable:blueprint.set_attribute(attr.id, random.choice(attr.recommended_values))

了解了属性设置后，开始创建actor,

Once we have the blueprint set up, spawning an actor is pretty straightforward

transform = Transform(Location(x=230, y=195, z=40), Rotation(yaw=180))# 生成点坐标创建
actor = world.spawn_actor(blueprint, transform) #这个时候会检查生成点坐标是否会发生碰撞。如果有碰撞，会报错

shen

The spawn actor function comes in two flavours, spawn_actor and try_spawn_actor. The former will raise an exception if the actor could not be spawned, the later will return None instead. The most typical cause of failure is collision at spawn point, meaning the actor does not fit at the spot we chose; probably another vehicle is in that spot or we tried to spawn into a static object.

To ease the task of finding a spawn location, each map provides a list of recommended transforms

讲了有点多，开始动手练习。直接在 calar解压路径下，创建练习code.(其他地方需要添加环境变量。要不然下面会报缺少相关文件。

import carla

首先打开模拟器（server), 否则会报错

创建一个client. 创建actor, blueprints. 调用生成函数，在世界中生成。

代码在spyder中编译会报错。报“calra 没有 client这个属性！”---TB fix

偶尔发现可以正常运行。

暂时通过shell 命令行来执行。运行OK

参考官方example: spawn_npc.py ,尝试练习

import glob
import os
import sys
#import future
#import pygame
#添加系统变量
try:sys.path.append(glob.glob('../carla/dist/carla-*%d.%d-%s.egg' % (sys.version_info.major,sys.version_info.minor,'win-amd64' if os.name == 'nt' else 'linux-x86_64'))[0])
except IndexError:passimport carla
import argparse
import logging
import randomclient=carla.Client('127.0.0.1',2000)
print ('create client')
client.set_timeout(2.0)
world=client.get_world()
print ('crated VR world')

都放到一起！如下code

#!/usr/bin/env python# Copyright (c) 2019 Computer Vision Center (CVC) at the Universitat Autonoma de
# Barcelona (UAB).
#
# This work is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.
# For a copy, see <https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>."""Spawn NPCs into the simulation"""import glob
import os
import sys
#import future
#import pygame
#添加系统变量
'''
try
finally 函数体格式def 函数名（）：
定义函数
'''
try:sys.path.append(glob.glob('../carla/dist/carla-*%d.%d-%s.egg' % (sys.version_info.major,sys.version_info.minor,'win-amd64' if os.name == 'nt' else 'linux-x86_64'))[0])
except IndexError:passimport carla
import argparse
import logging
import randomdef main():try:client=carla.Client('127.0.0.1',2000) #默认地址print ('create client')client.set_timeout(2.0)world=client.get_world()print ('crated VR world')bp_library = world.get_blueprint_library()'''#获得blueprints 库-API 如下#carla.BlueprintLibrary#find(id)#filter(wildcard_pattern)#__getitem__(pos)#__len__()#__iter__()'''bps=bp_library.filter('vehicle.*')'''#获得了所有车的属性集合--matrix#进一步筛选'''bps = [x for x in bps if int(x.get_attribute('number_of_wheels')) == 4]'''获得所有的2轮车'''bps = [x for x in bps if not x.id.endswith('isetta')]bps = [x for x in bps if not x.id.endswith('carlacola')]'''获得可用生成点'''spoints=world.get_map().get_spawn_points()number_of_spawn_points = len(spoints)print (number_of_spawn_points)batch=[]actor_list=[]i=0while i <10 :spoint=random.choice(spoints)bp=random.choice(bps)  actorlist=world.spawn_actor(bp,spoint).set_autopilot(enabled=True)batch.append(actorlist)# set_autopilot-- 设置这些车辆自动行驶i =i +1'''记录生成的actor 对象，提供摧毁他们的途径,下面的代码有问题，报错。TypeError: No registered converter was able to produce a C++ r'''
####       for response in client.apply_batch_sync(batch):if response.error:logging.error(response.error)else:        actor_list.append(response.actor_id)    print('spawned %d vehicles, press Ctrl+C to exit.' % len(actor_list))
#        while True:world.wait_for_tick()
#    finally:
#    print('\ndestroying %d actors' % len(batch))client.apply_batch([carla.command.DestroyActor(x) for x in actor_list])####     if __name__ == '__main__':try:main()except KeyboardInterrupt:passfinally:print('\ndone.')

OK, 第一次尝试，成功创建了汽车对象，并设置他们自动有序形式。构成了一个虚拟的交通流。

总结一下API 调用过程：

Lession 3:

操作actor.--代码运行OK, 但是无法验证，在模拟器里面观察。 1.是坐标，不知道如何定义原点。2. 通过中断方式destory目标。

车辆目标

#显示位置，速度，加速度信息
location = actor.get_location()
location.z += 10.0
actor.set_location(location)
print(actor.get_acceleration())
print(actor.get_velocity())

#销毁目标--主页代码有问题carla.command.DestroyActor(actor)

#操控车辆
vehicle.apply_control(carla.VehicleControl(throttle=1.0, steer=-1.0))#全部的属性API：
carla.VehicleControl(throttle = 0.0steer = 0.0brake = 0.0hand_brake = Falsereverse = Falsemanual_gear_shift = Falsegear = 0)

# 车辆的动力性特性--调整质量，力矩图，最大RPM
vehicle.apply_physics_control(carla.VehiclePhysicsControl(max_rpm = 5000.0,center_of_mass = carla.Vector3D(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), torque_curve=[[0,400],[5000,400]]))

#API 结构体定义
carla.VehiclePhysicsControl(torque_curve,max_rpm,moi,damping_rate_full_throttle,damping_rate_zero_throttle_clutch_engaged,damping_rate_zero_throttle_clutch_disengaged,use_gear_autobox,gear_switch_time,clutch_strength,mass,drag_coefficient,center_of_mass,steering_curve, # 转向maximum steering for a specific forward speedwheels)

#轮胎的特性API 定义carla.WheelPhysicsControl(tire_friction,damping_rate,steer_angle,disable_steering)

#actor 自动驾驶
vehicle.set_autopilot(True)

#获得车辆的bounding box
box = vehicle.bounding_box
print(box.location)         # Location relative to the vehicle.
print(box.extent)           # XYZ half-box extents in meters.

传感器对象

camera_bp = blueprint_library.find('sensor.camera.rgb')
#relative_transform 如何定义--应该是个R|t matrix.
camera = world.spawn_actor(camera_bp, relative_transform, attach_to=my_vehicle)#把传感器的数据存到本地
camera.listen(lambda image: image.save_to_disk('output/%06d.png' % image.frame_number))

TBC待专题里面展开！！！？？？？

其他对象-道路标志，交通灯，车道线，etc

Apart from vehicles and sensors, there are a few other actors in the world. The full list can be requested to the world with

actor_list = world.get_actors()

The actor list object returned has functions for finding, filtering, and iterating actors

# Find an actor by id.
actor = actor_list.find(id)
# Print the location of all the speed limit signs in the world.
for speed_sign in actor_list.filter('traffic.speed_limit.*'):print(speed_sign.get_location())

Among the actors you can find in this list are --哪里可以找到详细的API 定义，所有属性etc.？？？

Traffic lights with a state property to check the light's current state.
Speed limit signs with the speed codified in their type_id.
The Spectator actor that can be used to move the view of the simulator window.

修改天气：

carla.WeatherParameters
cloudyness
precipitation
precipitation_deposits
wind_intensity
sun_azimuth_angle
sun_altitude_angle
__eq__(other)
__ne__(other)

get_weather() 获取

set_weather(weather_parameters) 设置

Static presets 定义好的天气。

carla.WeatherParameters.ClearNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.CloudyNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.WetNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.WetCloudyNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.MidRainyNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.HardRainNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.SoftRainNoon

carla.WeatherParameters.ClearSunset

carla.WeatherParameters.CloudySunset

carla.WeatherParameters.WetSunset

carla.WeatherParameters.WetCloudySunset

carla.WeatherParameters.MidRainSunset

carla.WeatherParameters.HardRainSunset

carla.WeatherParameters.SoftRainSunset

地图对象

获得生成点
获得路标！-to be test!

import carla
#import random
client=carla.Client('127.0.0.1',2000) #默认地址
print ('create client')
client.set_timeout(2.0)
world=client.get_world()
print ('crated VR world')map=world.get_map()
print ('map name--',map.name)
sps=map.get_spawn_points()
print (' map first avaliable spawn points--',sps[0])

获得路标！

real power of this map API comes apparent when we introduce waypoints. We can tell the map to give us a waypoint on the road closest to our vehicle

waypoint = map.get_waypoint(vehicle.get_location())

This waypoint's transform is located on a drivable lane, and it's oriented according to the road direction at that point.

Waypoints also have function to query the "next" waypoints; this method returns a list of waypoints at a certain distance that can be accessed from this waypoint following the traffic rules. In other words, if a vehicle is placed in this waypoint, give me the list of posible locations that this vehicle can drive to--让车辆跟随路标前进！TBT. Let's see a practical example

# Retrieve the closest waypoint.
waypoint = map.get_waypoint(vehicle.get_location())# Disable physics, in this example we're just teleporting the vehicle.
vehicle.set_simulate_physics(False)while True:# Find next waypoint 2 meters ahead.waypoint = random.choice(waypoint.next(2.0))# Teleport the vehicle.vehicle.set_transform(waypoint.transform)

The map object also provides methods for generating in bulk waypoints all over the map at an approximated distance between them

waypoint_list = map.generate_waypoints(2.0)

For routing purposes, it is also possible to retrieve a topology graph of the roads

waypoint_tuple_list = map.get_topology()

this method returns a list of pairs (tuples) of waypoints, for each pair, the first element connects with the second one. Only the minimal set of waypoints to define the topology are generated by this method, only a waypoint for each lane for each road segment in the map.

Finally, to allow access to the whole road information, the map object can be converted to OpenDrive format, and saved to disk as such.

记录和回放--传感器数据

1.actor 生成销毁的事件。 actor的多维度状态

2.world里面actor 的属性，比如交通灯。etc

数据记录地点：根目录下 CarlaUE4/Saved. --数据空间占用：a simulation with about 150 actors (50 traffic lights, 100 vehicles) for 1h of recording takes around 200 Mb in size

client.start_recorder("recording01.log")#to stop- 其它的API ，参数定义，使用时再深入
client.stop_recorder()
client.replay_file("recording01.log")
client.replay_file("recording01.log", start, duration, camera)
client.set_replayer_time_factor(2.0) #快进，快退
client.show_recorder_file_info("recording01.log")

回放功能可以分析碰撞，等等

Sample PY scripts to use with the recording / replaying system
There are some scripts you could use:start_recording.py: this will start recording, and optionally you can spawn several actors and define how much time you want to record.
-f: filename of write
-n: vehicles to spawn (optional, 10 by default)
-t: duration of the recording (optional)
start_replaying.py: this will start a replay of a file. We can define the starting time, duration and also an actor to follow.
-f: filename of write
-s: starting time (optional, by default from start)
-d: duration (optional, by default all)
-c: actor to follow (id) (optional)
show_recorder_collisions.py: this will show all the collisions hapenned while recording (currently only involved by hero actors).
-f: filename of write
-t: two letters definning the types of the actors involved, for example: -t aa
h = Hero
v = Vehicle
w = Walker
t = Traffic light
o = Other
a = Any
show_recorder_actors_blocked.py: this will show all the actors that are blocked (stopped) in the recorder. We can define the time and distance to be considered as blocked.
-f: filename of write
-t: minimum seconds stopped to be considered as blocked (optional)
-d: minimum distance to be considered stopped (optional)

API 的基本学习暂告一段路。

Section 2--仿真配置

CARLA 支持固定fps和可变fps. 推荐使用固定，更快。 fps >=10fps!

$ ./CarlaUE4.sh -benchmark -fps=10window:
.\CarlaUE4.exe -benchmark -fps=10

更换地图：+其它参数 test OK

 Linux
./CarlaUE4.sh /Game/Carla/Maps/Town01

rem Windows
.\CarlaUE4.exe /Game/Carla/Maps/Town05

同步工作模式:

Always run the simulator at fixed time-step when using the synchronous mode.

# Example: Synchronizing a camera with synchronous mode.settings = world.get_settings()
settings.synchronous_mode = True
world.apply_settings(settings)camera = world.spawn_actor(blueprint, transform)
image_queue = queue.Queue()
camera.listen(image_queue.put)while True:world.tick()timestamp = world.wait_for_tick()image = image_queue.get()

Other command-line options

-carla-port=N Listen for client connections at port N, streaming port is set to N+1.
-quality-level={Low,Epic} Change graphics quality level, "Low" mode runs significantly faster.
-no-rendering Disable rendering.
Full list of UE4 command-line arguments.

camera & sensors

传感器有一个监听的回调函数，但捕捉到视频时，会调用。看下面的例子，TBT

# Find the blueprint of the sensor.
blueprint = world.get_blueprint_library().find('sensor.camera.rgb')
# Modify the attributes of the blueprint to set image resolution and field of view.
blueprint.set_attribute('image_size_x', '1920')
blueprint.set_attribute('image_size_y', '1080')
blueprint.set_attribute('fov', '110')
# Set the time in seconds between sensor captures
blueprint.set_attribute('sensor_tick', '1.0')
# Provide the position of the sensor relative to the vehicle.
transform = carla.Transform(carla.Location(x=0.8, z=1.7))
# Tell the world to spawn the sensor, don't forget to attach it to your vehicle actor.
sensor = world.spawn_actor(blueprint, transform, attach_to=my_vehicle)
# Subscribe to the sensor stream by providing a callback function, this function is
# called each time a new image is generated by the sensor.
sensor.listen(lambda data: do_something(data))

数据的基本属性：

Sensor data attribute	Type	Description
`frame_number`	int	Frame number when the measurement took place
`timestamp`	double	Timestamp of the measurement in simulation seconds since the beginning of the epispode
`transform`	carla.Transform	Transform in world coordinates of the sensor at the time of the measurement

传感器类型：

sensor.camera.rgb
sensor.camera.depth
sensor.camera.semantic_segmentation
sensor.lidar.ray_cast
sensor.other.collision
sensor.other.lane_invasion
sensor.other.obstacle

具体说明参考官网。

API:

`carla.Sensor(carla.Actor)`

is_listening
listen(callback_function)
stop()

`carla.SensorData`

frame_number
timestamp
transform

`carla.Image(carla.SensorData)`

width
height
fov
raw_data
convert(color_converter)
save_to_disk(path, color_converter=None)
__len__()
__iter__()
__getitem__(pos)
__setitem__(pos, color)

`carla.LidarMeasurement(carla.SensorData)`

horizontal_angle
channels
raw_data
get_point_count(channel)
save_to_disk(path)
__len__()
__iter__()
__getitem__(pos)
__setitem__(pos, location)

`carla.CollisionEvent(carla.SensorData)`

actor
other_actor
normal_impulse

`carla.LaneInvasionEvent(carla.SensorData)`

actor
crossed_lane_markings

`carla.GnssEvent(carla.SensorData)`

latitude
longitude
altitude

`carla.ObstacleDetectionSensorEvent(carla.SensorData)`

actor
other_actor
distance
carla.LaneType
NONE
Driving
Stop
Shoulder
Biking
Sidewalk
Border
Restricted
Parking
Bidirectional
Median
Special1
Special2
Special3
RoadWorks
Tram
Rail
Entry
Exit
OffRamp
OnRamp
Any
carla.LaneChange
NONE
Right
Left
Both
carla.LaneMarkingColor
Standard = White
Blue
Green
Red
White
Yellow
Other
carla.LaneMarkingType
NONE
Other
Broken
Solid
SolidSolid
SolidBroken
BrokenSolid
BrokenBroken
BottsDots
Grass
Curb
carla.LaneMarking
type -> carla.LaneMarking
color -> carla.RoadMarkColor
lane_change -> carla.LaneChange
width

QA

Is it possible to dump images from the CARLA simulator view?

Yes, this is an Unreal Engine feature. You can dump the images of the spectator camera (simulator view) by running CARLA with $ ./CarlaUE4.sh -benchmark -fps=30 -dumpmovie Images are saved to "CarlaUE4/Saved/Screenshots/LinuxNoEditor".

How to make a new map with RoadRunner? (特别繁琐。不方便！！）

Automatically generate a map from RoadRunner

--需要在code项目下面尝试，编译发行版本不行！

Importing and exporting maps for distribution builds

--linux环境下，

Where can I learn more about Unreal Engine? TBC!!

A basic introduction to C++ programming with UE4 can be found at Unreal's C++ Programming Tutorials. Then, if you want to dive into UE4 C++ development there are few paying options online. The Unreal C++ Course at Udemy it's pretty complete and there are usually offers that make it very affordable.

Are there any examples in CARLA to see how Unreal programming works?

You can find an example of how C++ classes work in UE4 in ASceneCaptureToDiskCamera (and its parent class ASceneCaptureCamera). This class creates an actor that can be dropped into the scene. In the editor, type "Scene Capture To Disk" in the Modes tab, and drag and drop the actor into the scene. Now searching for its detail tab you can find all the UPROPERTY members reflected. This shows the basic mechanism to use C++ classes in Unreal Editor.

For a more advanced example on how to extend C++ classes with blueprints, you can take a look at the "VehicleSpawner" blueprint. It derives from the C++ class AVehicleSpawnerBase. The C++ class decides where and when it spawns a vehicle, then calls the function SpawnVehicle(), which is implemented in the blueprint. The blueprint then decides model and color of the vehicle being spawned. Note that the blueprint can call back C++ functions, for instance for getting the random engine. This way there is a back-and-forth communication between C++ code and blueprints.

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自动驾驶仿真软件简介----CARLAGazeboLGSVLOthers
CARLA CARLA 是一个开源模拟器,它使自主驾驶研究领域平民化.模拟器是开源的,是基于虚幻引擎开发的.它是一个模块化和灵活的工具,配备了强大的API来支持ADAS系统的培训和验证.因此,CARL ...

Carla 开源自动驾驶仿真软件使用指南 [AD simulator]

introdution:

let's start:

Section 1 API 学习

创建（spawn) 场景元素,demo命令

修改天气

手动控制车辆

Lesson2 :

几个概念：

创建Client 对象：

模拟世界：

actor (模拟器中的演员对象-比如汽车）

blueprints--actor对应的属性（比如颜色，车型 etc），在构造蓝图blueprints中设置。--所有的属性都包含在 一个库中。

了解了属性设置后，开始创建actor,

讲了有点多，开始动手练习。直接在 calar解压路径下，创建练习code.(其他地方需要添加环境变量。要不然 下面会报缺少相关文件。

首先打开模拟器（server), 否则会报错

代码在spyder中编译会报错。报“calra 没有 client这个属性！”---TB fix

都放到一起！ 如下code

OK, 第一次尝试，成功创建了汽车对象，并设置他们自动有序形式。构成了一个虚拟的交通流。

Lession 3:

操作actor.--代码运行OK, 但是无法验证，在模拟器里面观察。 1.是坐标，不知道如何定义原点。2. 通过中断方式destory目标。

修改天气：

地图对象

记录和回放--传感器数据

Section 2--仿真配置

Other command-line options

camera & sensors

carla.Sensor(carla.Actor)

carla.SensorData

carla.Image(carla.SensorData)

carla.LidarMeasurement(carla.SensorData)

carla.CollisionEvent(carla.SensorData)

carla.LaneInvasionEvent(carla.SensorData)

carla.GnssEvent(carla.SensorData)

carla.ObstacleDetectionSensorEvent(carla.SensorData)

carla.LaneType

carla.LaneChange

carla.LaneMarkingColor

carla.LaneMarkingType

carla.LaneMarking

QA

Where can I learn more about Unreal Engine? TBC!!

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blueprints--actor对应的属性（比如颜色，车型 etc），在构造蓝图blueprints中设置。--所有的属性都包含在一个库中。

讲了有点多，开始动手练习。直接在 calar解压路径下，创建练习code.(其他地方需要添加环境变量。要不然下面会报缺少相关文件。

都放到一起！如下code

`carla.Sensor(carla.Actor)`

`carla.SensorData`

`carla.Image(carla.SensorData)`

`carla.LidarMeasurement(carla.SensorData)`

`carla.CollisionEvent(carla.SensorData)`

`carla.LaneInvasionEvent(carla.SensorData)`

`carla.GnssEvent(carla.SensorData)`

`carla.ObstacleDetectionSensorEvent(carla.SensorData)`

`carla.LaneType`

`carla.LaneChange`

`carla.LaneMarkingColor`

`carla.LaneMarkingType`

`carla.LaneMarking`