第七讲：flask框架

python之flask框架：

flask图标

简介

Flask是一个轻量级的基于Python的web框架。
Flask是一个轻量级的可定制框架，使用Python语言编写，较其他同类型框架更为灵活、轻便、安全且容易上手。它可以很好地结合MVC模式进行开发，开发人员分工合作，小型团队在短时间内就可以完成功能丰富的中小型网站或Web服务的实现。另外，Flask还有很强的定制性，用户可以根据自己的需求来添加相应的功能，在保持核心功能简单的同时实现功能的丰富与扩展，其强大的插件库可以让用户实现个性化的网站定制，开发出功能强大的网站。

优势

一、后续的基于机器学习的车辆检测与属性识别算法研究，主要开发语言也是应用Python，整个系统统一开发语言，便于开发和后期维护。
二、Flask因为灵活、轻便且高效的特点被业界认可，同时拥有基于Werkzeug、Jinja2等一些开源库，拥有内置服务器和单元测试，适配RESTful，支持安全的cookies，而且官方文档完整，便于学习掌握。
三、Flask中拥有灵活的Jinja2模板引擎，提高了前端代码的复用率。这样可以提高开发效率和有利于后期开发与维护。在现有标准中，Flask算是微小型框架。Flask有两个主要依赖：路由、调试和Web服务器网关接口（WebServerGatewayInterface，WSGI）子系统由Werkzeug提供；模板系统由Jinja2提供。Werkzeug和Jinja2都是由Flask的核心开发者开发而成。对于数据库访问、验证Web表单和用户身份认证等一系列功能，Flask框架是不支持的。这些功能都是以扩展组件的方式进行实现，然后再与Flask框架集成。开发者可以根据项目的需求进行相应的扩展，或者自行开发。这与大型框架恰恰相反，大型框架本身做出了大部分决定，难以灵活改变方案。

其他框架

Django的主要目的是简便、快速的开发数据库驱动的网站。它强调代码复用，多个组件可以很方便的以“插件”形式服务于整个框架，Django有许多功能强大的第三方插件，你甚至可以很方便的开发出自己的工具包。这使得Django具有很强的可扩展性。它还强调快速开发和DRY(Do Not Repeat Yourself)原则。

框架目录结构
默认配置

static和templates目录是默认配置，其中static用来存放静态资源，例如图片、js、css文件等。templates存放模板文件。
我们的网站逻辑基本在server.py文件中，当然，也可以给这个文件起其他的名字。

flask的目录包括以上这种框架，所谓static里就是放数据和渲染的文件，比如.csv，.txt，.css，.js，数据以及图片和视频。

templates，模板，就是HTML模板，放置HTML的地方。

app.py:flask运行的主程序

其他.py 蓝图，就是具备app.py的后端程序功能，但不是主程序，叫做蓝图

----app.py----


from flask import Flask, render_template
import news as news, products as products # 导入相应模块app = Flask(__name__)  # 创建 Flask()对象： app@app.route('/')  # 使用了蓝图，app.route() 这种模式就仍可以使用，注意路由重复的问题def hello_world():  # 定义函数return render_template('index.html')app.register_blueprint(news.new_list)  # 将news模块里的蓝图对象new_list注册到appapp.register_blueprint(products.product_list)  # 将products模块里的蓝图对象product_list注册到appif __name__ == '__main__':app.run(host='127.0.0.1',port=8082, debug=True)  # 调试模式开 启动服务器 运行在默认的5000端口

-----蓝图------

news(新闻界面蓝图)

from flask import Blueprint  # 导入Blueprint模块
from flask import Flask, render_template, request  # 导入相应模块
new_list = Blueprint('news', __name__)  # 创建一个blueprint对象。第一个参数可看做该blueprint对象的姓名# 在一个app里，姓名不能与其余的Blueprint对象姓名重复# 第二个参数__name__用作初始化@new_list.route("/login", methods=['GET', 'POST'])  # 将蓝图对象当做‘app’那样使用# def new():  # 定义函数news()
#def login():  # 定义视图函数k = int(request.form.get('name'))b = int(request.form.get('password'))from pyecharts.charts import Lineimport pyecharts.options as optsimport numpy as npx = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)y = k*x + b(Line(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(width="700px", height="300px")).add_xaxis(xaxis_data=x).add_yaxis(series_name="绘制线图", y_axis=y, label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(is_show=False)).set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="我是标题", subtitle="我是副标题", title_link="https://www.baidu.com/"),tooltip_opts=opts.TooltipOpts(axis_pointer_type="cross"))).render('templates/news.html')return render_template('news.html',**locals())

-----蓝图------
2. products(产品蓝图)

from flask import Blueprint  # 导入Blueprint模块
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,url_for
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename
import os
product_list = Blueprint('products', __name__)  # 创建一个blueprint对象。第一个参数可看做该blueprint对象的名字# 在一个app里，对象名不能与其余的Blueprint对象名重复# 第二个参数__name__用作初始化@product_list.route("/products", methods=['POST', 'GET'])  # 将蓝图对象当做‘app’那样使用def product():if request.method == 'POST':f = request.files['file']basepath = os.path.dirname(__file__)  # 当前文件所在路径upload_path = os.path.join(basepath, 'static/dataes',secure_filename(f.filename))  #注意：没有的文件夹一定要先创建，不然会提示没有该路径f.save(upload_path)import pandas as pdimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport seaborn as snsplt.switch_backend('agg')sns.set(style='whitegrid', context='notebook')  # style控制默认样式,context控制着默认的画幅大小plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei']df = pd.read_csv('static/dataes/kaggle.csv')  # 指你要用哪些列的数据df_corr=df.corr()sns.heatmap(df.corr(), annot=True, vmax=1, square=True, cmap="Blues")plt.savefig('static/images/heatmap.png')return render_template('products.html',**locals())

—templates(模板)—

index.html

 <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><!--指定网页编码--><title>Title</title><!--指定网页标题--><style type="text/css">.div1 {height:180px;width:380px;border:1px solid #8A8989;margin:0 auto;}.input{display: block;width: 350px;height: 40px;margin: 10px auto;}.button{background: #2066C5;color: white;font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;height: 50px;border-radius: 4px;}</style></head><!--head区域完毕--><body><!--body区域开始--><h3 style="text-align:center">输入y=kx+b形式函数</h3><div class="div1"><form action="login" method = "post"><!--定义表单开始--><input type="number" class="input" name="name" placeholder="请输入回归系数"><!--输入文本框--><input type="number" class="input" name="password" placeholder="请输入回归截距"><!--输入文本框--><input type="submit" value="输出"  class="input button" ><!--定义登陆用button--></form></div> <!--form表单结束--></body><!--body区域完毕--></html>

news.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Awesome-pyecharts</title><script type="text/javascript" src="https://assets.pyecharts.org/assets/echarts.min.js"></script></head>
<body><div id="843fff3599974719a844a2289e4b73ff" class="chart-container" style="width:700px; height:300px;"></div><script>var chart_843fff3599974719a844a2289e4b73ff = echarts.init(document.getElementById('843fff3599974719a844a2289e4b73ff'), 'white', {renderer: 'canvas'});var option_843fff3599974719a844a2289e4b73ff = {"animation": true,"animationThreshold": 2000,"animationDuration": 1000,"animationEasing": "cubicOut","animationDelay": 0,"animationDurationUpdate": 300,"animationEasingUpdate": "cubicOut","animationDelayUpdate": 0,"color": ["#c23531","#2f4554","#61a0a8","#d48265","#749f83","#ca8622","#bda29a","#6e7074","#546570","#c4ccd3","#f05b72","#ef5b9c","#f47920","#905a3d","#fab27b","#2a5caa","#444693","#726930","#b2d235","#6d8346","#ac6767","#1d953f","#6950a1","#918597"],"series": [{"type": "line","name": "\u7ed8\u5236\u7ebf\u56fe","connectNulls": false,"symbolSize": 4,"showSymbol": true,"smooth": false,"clip": true,"step": false,"data": 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true,"label": {"show": false,"position": "top","margin": 8},"lineStyle": {"show": true,"width": 1,"opacity": 1,"curveness": 0,"type": "solid"},"areaStyle": {"opacity": 0},"zlevel": 0,"z": 0}],"legend": [{"data": ["\u7ed8\u5236\u7ebf\u56fe"],"selected": {"\u7ed8\u5236\u7ebf\u56fe": true},"show": true,"padding": 5,"itemGap": 10,"itemWidth": 25,"itemHeight": 14}],"tooltip": {"show": true,"trigger": "item","triggerOn": "mousemove|click","axisPointer": {"type": "cross"},"showContent": true,"alwaysShowContent": false,"showDelay": 0,"hideDelay": 100,"textStyle": {"fontSize": 14},"borderWidth": 0,"padding": 5},"xAxis": [{"show": true,"scale": false,"nameLocation": "end","nameGap": 15,"gridIndex": 0,"inverse": false,"offset": 0,"splitNumber": 5,"minInterval": 0,"splitLine": {"show": false,"lineStyle": {"show": true,"width": 1,"opacity": 1,"curveness": 0,"type": "solid"}},"data": null}],"yAxis": [{"show": true,"scale": false,"nameLocation": "end","nameGap": 15,"gridIndex": 0,"inverse": false,"offset": 0,"splitNumber": 5,"minInterval": 0,"splitLine": {"show": false,"lineStyle": {"show": true,"width": 1,"opacity": 1,"curveness": 0,"type": "solid"}}}],"title": [{"text": "\u6211\u662f\u6807\u9898","link": "https://www.baidu.com/","subtext": "\u6211\u662f\u526f\u6807\u9898","padding": 5,"itemGap": 10}]
};chart_843fff3599974719a844a2289e4b73ff.setOption(option_843fff3599974719a844a2289e4b73ff);</script>
</body>
</html>

products.html

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Title</title></head><body><h1>heatmap热力图显示以及计算</h1><form action="" enctype='multipart/form-data' method='POST'><input type="file" name="file"><input type="submit" value="上传"></form><img src="static/images/heatmap.png"><br>{% for k,v in df_corr.items() %}
{{ v}}<br>
{% endfor %}
</body></html>

效果展示

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第七讲：flask框架

python之flask框架：

—templates(模板)—

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