The Elements of Style 4ed ---英文写作指南(二)

论文写作的基本规则

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7. 在独立分句之后用冒号来引导一系列具体的事物，一个同位语，一个进一步阐述的词语或者一条说明性的引语。
8. 破折号表示突然停顿或者中断，引导一个较长的同位语或简短的总结
9. 主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数
10. 代词的格要用的得当.
11. 位于句首的分词短语必须与句子的主语相关.

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red代表与小标题相关的关键信息。
blue代表与小标题无关的重要信息。
green代表自己归纳出的对自己很关键的信息。

7. 在独立分句之后用冒号来引导一系列具体的事物，一个同位语，一个进一步阐述的词语或者一条说明性的引语。

A. 冒号的作用—在一个独立分句之后引导一系列的事物
在独立分句之后用冒号来引导一系列具体的事物，一个同位语，一个进一步阐述的词语或者一条说明性的引语。其后面部分和前面的分句是密切相关的，冒号的作用比逗号强，比破折号正式，但其分割作用不如分号。冒号通常位于独立分句之后，但不应置于动词和其宾语或介词和其宾语之间。

Your dedicated whittler requires: a knife, apiece of wood, and a back porch. (错误表达)
Your dedicated whittler requires three props: a knife, apiece of wood, and a back porch.(动词和其宾语不能分开)

B. 冒号的作用—在一个独立分句之后对其进行解释的同位语或者分句
有2个独立分句，如果第二个分句是对第一个分句进行解释或者进一步阐述，则用冒号连接。

But even so, there was a directness and dispatch about animal burial: there was no stopover in the undertaker’s foul parlor, no wreath or spray.

C. 冒号的作用—在一个独立分句之后对其说明性的引语
冒号还可以用来引导依据佐证或说明前面一个分句的引语。

The squalor of the streets reminded him of a line from Qscar Wilde: “We are all in gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.”

C. 冒号的作用—表达某些特定的形式
超级正式函件称呼之后的冒号，表明时间的小时和分钟之间的冒号。书名和副标题之间的冒号，以及《圣经》各章节之间的冒号，在形式上都有分隔作用。

Dear Mr. Montague:
departs at 10:48 P.M. （开车）
Pratical Calligraphy: An Introduction to Italic Script
Nehemiah 11:7 (圣经第十一章第七节)

8. 破折号表示突然停顿或者中断，引导一个较长的同位语或简短的总结

破折号表示突然停顿或者中断，引导一个较长的同位语或简短的总结。破折号的分隔作用比逗号强，但不如分号正式，又不如圆括号严谨。只有当普通的标点符号似乎都不适用的时候，才使用破折号。

His first thought on getting out of bed — if he had any thought al all ---- was to get back in again.
Violence, the kind you see on the television, is not honestly violent. there lies it harm.
Violence----the kind you see on the television----is not honestly violent----there lies it harm.

9. 主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数

主语的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数，介于主语和谓语动词之间的词不影响谓语动词的单复数。

The bittersweet flavor of youth ---- its trials, its joys, its adventures, its challenges ---- is not soon forgotten.

A. 关系代词作主语----其谓语动词与代指的主体单复数一致
关系代词(who, which, that, as, but)作主语并由它引导的定语从句接在“one of ”等不定代词之后时，从句中的谓语动词很容易用单数（这是错误的），应该用用复数。这个与关系代词所指代的主语单复数一致。

One of those people who are never ready on time.
One of the ablest men who have attacked this problem. (能人)

B. 不定代词作主语----其谓语动词用单数
不定代词作主语时，其谓语动词用单数。不定代词包括：each，either，everyone，everybody，neither，nobody，someone(某人)。

Everybody thinks he has a sense of humor.
Although both clocks strike-cheerfully, neither keeps good time.

特例：
当none表示“没有一个人”时，谓语动词用单数，当none表示“一个以上的人或物”时，谓语动词用复数。

None of us is perfect.
None are so fallible as those who are sure they’re right.

C. 用and连接的复合主语作主语----其谓语动词用复数
由2个或者2个以上的名词用and连接起来组成的复合主语，谓语动词用复数。

The dog and the cat were walking close at hand.

特例：
某些约定俗称的复合主语，就像由each或者every修饰的复合主语，因搭配固定而被看作一个单位，谓语动词用单数。

The long and the short of it is …
Bread and butter was all she served.
Give and take is essential to a happy household.
Every window, picture, and mirror was smashed.

D. 用其他连词连接的复合主语作主语----其谓语动词与第一个主语单复数一致
一个单数主语，即使由其他的名词通过with，as well as，in addition to，except，together with，no less than(正好，就是)与之相连，谓语动词用单数。

His speech as well as his manner is objectionable.(令人讨厌的)
The trouble with truth is its many varieties.

E. 部分名词表面时复数形式,但语法上是单数

Politics is an art, not a science. (政治)
The Republican Headquarters is on this side of the tracks.
一本书的目录(contents)单数概念,一个坛子里面的东西(contents)可能单数可能复数,与坛子里面的内容有关.

核心区分点在于: 插入语,代词,复合主语,词汇形式

10. 代词的格要用的得当.

代词包括:人称代词(主格,宾格),物主代词(adj, n),不定代词,关系代词(who: 主格,宾格,所有格), 反身代词等.
人称代词和关系代词who,作主语和宾语时,需要用主格和宾格.

The culprit, it turned out, was he.(罪犯原来时他)
Who knocks?
Whom should I ask?

A. Who引导从句时,其格取决于其在从句中的语法功能(做主语,还是宾语,还是所有格)

Give this work to whoever looks idle.
Tom is the candidate who we think will win. (we think he will win)
Tom is the candidate whom we hope to elect.(we hope to elect him)

B. 代词和比较级连用的时候,人称代词使用主格和宾格,意思完全不同
代词和比较级连用的时候,人称代词使用主格和宾格,意思完全不同,不要省略代词后面的动词

I think Tom admires Jessica more than I. —> I think Tom admires Jessica more than I do.
I think Tom admires Jessica more than me. —> I think Tom admires Jessica more than he admires me.
同样一句话,不同格,意思完全不同,所以不要省略代词后面的动词

一个特殊的句子:
A group of us taxpayers protested. (我们一群纳税人提出了抗议)

us作为taxpayers的同位语,一起充当介词of的宾语. 这个句子语法上面没有问题,但是表达不恰当.
修改为: A group of us protested as taxpayers. (语言最大的特点是无歧义,而非技巧)

C. 反身代词不能用作句子的主语

D. 形容词性的物主代词 VS 名词性物主代词

your hat
a hat of yours
The dog has buried one of your gloves and one of mine in the flower bed.

E. 代词 + 现在分词 VS 动名词

Do you mind me asking a question? (现在分词做宾补) —> Do you mind me asking a question? (mind的核心在于me)
Do you mind my asking a question? (动名词做宾语) —> Do you mind my asking a question? (mind的核心在于question)

11. 位于句首的分词短语必须与句子的主语相关.

连词后的分词短语,介词后的动名词短语,作为同位语的名词短语,形容词短语位于句首时,其必须与句子的主语相关,主语是分句的主语.

Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children. (绿色部分其主语是he)
he saw a woman, accompanied by two children, Walking slowly down the road(绿色部分其主语是woman)

所以分词短语位于句尾的时候关联的不一定是句子的主语,但是位于句首时,关联的一定时句子的主语.否则句子会非常荒唐.

On arriving in Chicago, his friends met him at the station. (错误)
On arriving in Chicago, he was met at the station by his friends.

Young and inexperienced, the tack seemed easy to me. (错误)
Young and inexperienced, I thought the tack seemed easy.

Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.(错误)
Being in a dilapidated condition, the house was able to be buyed by me very cheap.

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