linux 硬盘、RAID相关命令详解
2024-03-22 03:49:11
本文主要介绍linux下查看各种硬盘信息的命令如何使用，如何快速的查到自己想要的硬盘相关信息，各种命令做一个汇总。
Nvme-cli
Q1：如何查看nvme写缓存打开否：
[root@node83 product]# nvme id-ctrl /dev/nvme0n1 -H |grep -i cache[0:0] : 0 Volatile Write Cache Not Present
[root@node83 product]# nvme get-feature -f 6 /dev/nvme0n1
NVMe Status:INVALID_FIELD: A reserved coded value or an unsupported value in a defined field(4002)
Q2：如何查看linux下的nvme盘序列号、型号、盘符、容量、format大小：
[root@node83 product]# nvme list
Node SN Model Namespace Usage Format FW Rev
---------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- -------------------------- ---------------- --------
/dev/nvme0n1 PHLJ911104JB1P0FGN INTEL SSDPE2KX010T8 1 1.00 TB / 1.00 TB 512 B + 0 B VDV10131
/dev/nvme1n1 PHLJ911001A01P0FGN INTEL SSDPE2KX010T8 1 1.00 TB / 1.00 TB 512 B + 0 B VDV10131
/dev/nvme2n1 PHLJ911109NM1P0FGN INTEL SSDPE2KX010T8 1 1.00 TB / 1.00 TB 512 B + 0 B VDV10131
/dev/nvme3n1 PHLJ911000SZ1P0FGN INTEL SSDPE2KX010T8 1 1.00 TB / 1.00 TB 512 B + 0 B VDV10131
Command Description
nvme connect 连接nvmeof subsystem
nvme connect-all 连接所有nvmeof
nvme disconnect 断开nvmeof
nvme disconnect-all 断开所有nvmeof
nvme get-feature 获取nvme特性
nvme list 查看所有连接到当前系统的nvme设备：名称，序列号，大小，LBA 和 serial
nvme id-ctrl 展示nvme 控制器和它所支持的一些特性
nvme id-ns 展示nvme 的命名空间，优化特性和支持特性
nvme format 安全擦除SSD上的数据，格式化LBA大小或保护信息以实现端到端数据保护
nvme sanitize 安全得擦除SSD上的所有数据
nvme smart-log 查看NVME的smart log信息：page的健康状态，温度，稳定性情况等
nvme fw-log 查看NVME的固件日志，会打印每个entry的健康情况
nvme error-log NVME的异常日志
nvme reset 重置NVME的控制器
nvme help 查看帮助信息
nvme delete-ns 指定设备删除一个命名空间
nvme create-ns 指定设备创建命名空间。比如可以为一个设备创建一个较小大小的命名空间，从而提升SSD的稳定性，性能和延时？（具体原理还不太清楚）
nvme fw-download 为一个设备下载一个新的固件系统
nvme fw-commit 让固件立即运行
lsblk
Q1：如何查看硬盘是SDD还是HDD？
[root@node83 product]# lsblk -o name,rota
NAME ROTA
sdf 1
nvme0n1 0
├─nvme0n1p5 0
├─nvme0n1p3 0
├─nvme0n1p1 0
├─nvme0n1p6 0
├─nvme0n1p4 0
└─nvme0n1p2 0
sdo 1
sdd 1Q2：查看硬盘名称、旋转、类型、序列号、最优IO大小、最小IO大小、挂载点、容量？
[root@node83 product]# lsblk -o name,rota,type,serial,OPT-IO,MIN-IO,MOUNTPOINT,SIZE
NAME ROTA TYPE SERIAL OPT-IO MIN-IO MOUNTPOINT SIZE
sdf 1 disk 50000399c84b3f0d 0 4096 1.7T
nvme0n1 0 disk PHLJ911104JB1P0FGN 0 512 931.5G
├─nvme0n1p5 0 part 0 512 /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-4 100M
├─nvme0n1p3 0 part 0 512 /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-3 100M
├─nvme0n1p1 0 part 0 512 /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-0 100M
├─nvme0n1p6 0 part 0 512 64G
├─nvme0n1p4 0 part 0 512 64G
└─nvme0n1p2 0 part 0 512 803G
sdo 1 disk 50000399c84b6531 0 4096 1.7T
sdd 1 disk 50000399c84b3ba5 0 4096 1.7TQ3：显示scsi设备？
[root@node83 product]# lsblk -S
NAME HCTL TYPE VENDOR MODEL REV TRAN
sdf 0:2:9:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdo 0:2:18:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdd 0:2:7:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdm 0:2:16:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdb 0:2:5:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdk 0:2:14:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdi 0:2:12:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdg 0:2:10:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sde 0:2:8:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdn 0:2:17:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdc 0:2:6:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdl 0:2:15:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sda 0:2:4:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdj 0:2:13:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdh 0:2:11:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403
sdp 0:2:19:0 disk TOSHIBA AL15SEB18EQ 1403Q4：显示硬盘属于的组合读写权限？
[root@node83 product]# lsblk -m
NAME SIZE OWNER GROUP MODE
sdf 1.7T root disk brw-rw----
nvme0n1 931.5G root disk brw-rw----
├─nvme0n1p5 100M root disk brw-rw----
├─nvme0n1p3 100M root disk brw-rw----
├─nvme0n1p1 100M ceph ceph brw-rw----
├─nvme0n1p6 64G ceph ceph brw-rw----
├─nvme0n1p4 64G ceph ceph brw-rw----
└─nvme0n1p2 803G ceph ceph brw-rw----
sdo 1.7T root disk brw-rw----
sdd 1.7T root disk brw-rw----
lsblk -o 可以跟许多参数具体可以通过lsblk -h查看，选择性打印想要的参数
smartctl
Q1：查看硬盘信息
smartctl -i /dev/sda # 查看是否支持smartctl
smartctl -H /dev/sda # 查看硬盘健康状况
smartctl -a /dev/sda # 查看硬盘全部信息
Q2：硬盘设置
smartctl -x /dev/sda # 查看硬盘信息,查看Write cache状态
smartctl -s wcache,on /dev/sda # 打开写缓存
smartctl --smart=on --offlineauto=on --saveauto=on # 开启smart
Q3：查看硬盘写入单元数和读单元数？
[root@node77 SDS_Admin]# smartctl --all /dev/nvme0n1 | grep Written
Data Units Written: 1,132,776,316 [579 TB]
[root@node77 SDS_Admin]# smartctl --all /dev/nvme0n1 | grep Read
Data Units Read: 817,942,826 [418 TB]
“data units write”这个选项，代表host 写到SSD 里面的数据量。1个单位代表1000个LBA单位（1个LBA 通常是512byte）”
Q4：如何计算硬盘WA（写放大）？
[root@node77 product]# nvme intel smart-log-add /dev/nvme1n1
Additional Smart Log for NVME device:nvme1n1 namespace-id:ffffffff
key normalized raw
program_fail_count : 100% 1
erase_fail_count : 100% 0
wear_leveling : 71% min: 1461, max: 1481, avg: 1461
end_to_end_error_detection_count: 100% 0
crc_error_count : 100% 0
timed_workload_media_wear : 100% 63.999%
timed_workload_host_reads : 100% 65535%
timed_workload_timer : 100% 65535 min
thermal_throttle_status : 100% 0%, cnt: 0
retry_buffer_overflow_count : 100% 0
pll_lock_loss_count : 100% 0
nand_bytes_written : 100% sectors: 58794603
host_bytes_written : 100% sectors: 36254579
WA=nand_bytes_written / host_bytes_written
df
df -h # human read
df -T # 显示文件系统类型
df -l # 只显示本地文件系统
df -t ext3 # 只显示ext3类型文件系统
df -a # 显示所有文件系统
fdisk
fdisk主要是操作硬盘的分区
[root@node86 ssh]# fdisk /dev/sda # 进入分区操作界面
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): m
Command actiond delete a partitiong create a new empty GPT partition tableG create an IRIX (SGI) partition tablel list known partition typesm print this menun add a new partitiono create a new empty DOS partition tablep print the partition tableq quit without saving changess create a new empty Sun disklabelt change a partition's system idv verify the partition tablew write table to disk and exitx extra functionality (experts only)Command (m for help):
其中：l列出分区类型，p打印分区表，d删除分区，n增加新分区，w写入分区，q退出。
lsscsi
[root@node86 ssh]# lsscsi
[0:0:45:0] enclosu MSCC SXP 48x12G RevB -
[0:2:0:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sda
[0:2:2:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdb
[0:2:4:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdc
其中：[host:channel:id:lun] 设备类型 厂商信息 型号信息 版本信息 硬盘标识[root@node86 ssh]# lsscsi -v # 显示详细信息
[0:0:45:0] enclosu MSCC SXP 48x12G RevB -dir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:0:45:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:17/0000:17:00.0/0000:18:00.0/host0/target0:0:45/0:0:45:0]
[0:2:0:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdadir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:2:0:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:17/0000:17:00.0/0000:18:00.0/host0/target0:2:0/0:2:0:0]
[0:2:2:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdbdir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:2:2:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:17/0000:17:00.0/0000:18:00.0/host0/target0:2:2/0:2:2:0]
[0:2:4:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdcdir: /sys/bus/scsi/devices/0:2:4:0 [/sys/devices/pci0000:17/0000:17:00.0/0000:18:00.0/host0/target0:2:4/0:2:4:0][root@node86 ssh]# lsscsi -c # 等同cat /proc/scsi/scsi
Attached devices:
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Target: 45 Lun: 00Vendor: MSCC Model: SXP 48x12G Rev: RevBType: Enclosure ANSI SCSI revision: 06
Host: scsi0 Channel: 02 Target: 00 Lun: 00Vendor: AVAGO Model: MR9361-8i Rev: 4.68Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05
Host: scsi0 Channel: 02 Target: 02 Lun: 00Vendor: AVAGO Model: MR9361-8i Rev: 4.68Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05
Host: scsi0 Channel: 02 Target: 04 Lun: 00Vendor: AVAGO Model: MR9361-8i Rev: 4.68Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05[root@node86 ssh]# lsscsi -s # 显示容量
[0:0:45:0] enclosu MSCC SXP 48x12G RevB - -
[0:2:0:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sda 1.79TB
[0:2:2:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdb 1.79TB
[0:2:4:0] disk AVAGO MR9361-8i 4.68 /dev/sdc 1.79TBblkid
显示块设备信息
[root@node86 ssh]# blkid
/dev/sda1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="489E-4A6D" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="50d21d19-c660-458e-90cb-d84be07eb8e1"
/dev/sda2: UUID="32fb3f32-9f57-4789-84c0-ec7f74ce9e53" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="a9f5c392-d660-4932-befd-94eca1385594"
/dev/sda3: UUID="adbdcdd5-0aa5-41c6-8d7e-03b2852e9f67" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="c53ddafd-475a-49da-8221-20d399d3bff7"
/dev/sda5: UUID="4c43166f-3456-45bf-a279-bd07632164ea" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="77e82a83-63fe-4858-98ad-ff09ab99c843"
/dev/sda6: UUID="9199e993-7661-497a-bc60-5c3dd6d7afbb" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="a5993e4e-d096-491b-8af6-feff191c610f"
/dev/sdb1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="8FC4-55B3" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="EFI System Partition" PARTUUID="7203c214-c04f-4caf-af47-730a961119d0"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="b8abda60-5823-4dbf-a369-0ca078266019" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="4f1cb80d-3dd5-4798-a153-1c51951360e0"
/dev/nvme0n1: PTTYPE="gpt"
/dev/nvme3n1: PTTYPE="gpt"
/dev/nvme2n1: PTTYPE="gpt"
/dev/nvme1n1: PTTYPE="gpt"
/dev/sda4: PARTUUID="bebdddd3-c1d3-47b5-b823-f210af866d93"
/dev/sdc: PTTYPE="gpt"
# 显示所有已知的文件系统或RAID类型
blkid -k
# 过滤显示
blkid -u # 根据usage过滤
blkid -n # 根据类型过滤
lshw
获取计算机硬件信息
[root@node86 ssh]# lshw -class disk # 获取硬盘信息*-disk:0description: SCSI Diskproduct: MR9361-8ivendor: AVAGOphysical id: 2.0.0bus info: scsi@0:2.0.0logical name: /dev/sdaversion: 4.68serial: 00f03910f82c94fb29c092b604b26200size: 1676GiB (1799GB)capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gptconfiguration: ansiversion=5 guid=b487af19-3200-422f-9a46-6b22a472d656 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=4096*-disk:1description: SCSI Diskproduct: MR9361-8ivendor: AVAGOphysical id: 2.2.0bus info: scsi@0:2.2.0logical name: /dev/sdbversion: 4.68serial: 00cd08cc7885538128d059100fb00506size: 1676GiB (1799GB)capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gptconfiguration: ansiversion=5 guid=f90fd116-e809-4c06-b9b0-862ecbd3aa8b logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=4096*-disk:2description: SCSI Diskproduct: MR9361-8ivendor: AVAGOphysical id: 2.4.0bus info: scsi@0:2.4.0logical name: /dev/sdcversion: 4.68serial: 005e8c7b7990538128d059100fb00506size: 1676GiB (1799GB)capabilities: gpt-1.00 partitioned partitioned:gptconfiguration: ansiversion=5 guid=02c1a9e7-60c7-4dd9-9d8d-3655fed8ff97 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=4096
# 显示sata控制器 RAID控制器 直连的nvme 等信息
[root@node86 ssh]# lshw -class storage # 获取存储信息*-sata:0description: SATA controllerproduct: C620 Series Chipset Family SSATA Controller [AHCI mode]vendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 11.5bus info: pci@0000:00:11.5version: 09width: 32 bitsclock: 66MHzcapabilities: sata msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=ahci latency=0resources: irq:342 memory:9d206000-9d207fff memory:9d209000-9d2090ff ioport:3070(size=8) ioport:3060(size=4) ioport:3020(size=32) memory:9d180000-9d1fffff*-sata:1description: SATA controllerproduct: C620 Series Chipset Family SATA Controller [AHCI mode]vendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 17bus info: pci@0000:00:17.0version: 09width: 32 bitsclock: 66MHzcapabilities: sata msi pm ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=ahci latency=0resources: irq:695 memory:9d204000-9d205fff memory:9d208000-9d2080ff ioport:3050(size=8) ioport:3040(size=4) ioport:3000(size=32) memory:9d100000-9d17ffff*-raiddescription: RAID bus controllerproduct: MegaRAID SAS-3 3108 [Invader]vendor: Broadcom / LSIphysical id: 0bus info: pci@0000:18:00.0logical name: scsi0version: 02width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid pm pciexpress vpd msi msix bus_master cap_list romconfiguration: driver=megaraid_sas latency=0resources: irq:252 ioport:5000(size=256) memory:aa200000-aa20ffff memory:aa100000-aa1fffff memory:aa000000-aa0fffff*-raid:0description: RAID bus controllerproduct: Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controllervendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: bbus info: pci@0000:17:05.5version: 07width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid msix pm bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=vmd latency=0resources: iomemory:381f0-381ef iomemory:381f0-381ef irq:0 memory:381ff8000000-381ff9ffffff memory:a8000000-a9ffffff memory:381ffff00000-381fffffffff*-raid:1description: RAID bus controllerproduct: Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controllervendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 53bus info: pci@0000:3a:05.5version: 07width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid msix pm bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=vmd latency=0resources: iomemory:382f0-382ef iomemory:382f0-382ef irq:0 memory:382ffc000000-382ffdffffff memory:b6000000-b7ffffff memory:382ffff00000-382fffffffff*-raid:2description: RAID bus controllerproduct: Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controllervendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 79bus info: pci@0000:5d:05.5version: 07width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid msix pm bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=vmd latency=0resources: iomemory:383f0-383ef iomemory:383f0-383ef irq:0 memory:383ffc000000-383ffdffffff memory:c0000000-c1ffffff memory:383ffff00000-383fffffffff*-raid:3description: RAID bus controllerproduct: Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controllervendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 96bus info: pci@0000:85:05.5version: 07width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid msix pm bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=vmd latency=0resources: iomemory:385f0-385ef iomemory:385f0-385ef irq:0 memory:385ffc000000-385ffdffffff memory:dc000000-ddffffff memory:385ffff00000-385fffffffff*-nvmedescription: Non-Volatile memory controllerproduct: NVMe Datacenter SSD [3DNAND, Beta Rock Controller]vendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 0bus info: pci@0000:af:00.0version: 00width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: nvme pm msix pciexpress msi nvm_express bus_master cap_list romconfiguration: driver=nvme latency=0resources: irq:334 memory:ee310000-ee313fff memory:ee300000-ee30ffff*-nvmedescription: Non-Volatile memory controllerproduct: NVMe Datacenter SSD [3DNAND, Beta Rock Controller]vendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 0bus info: pci@0000:b0:00.0version: 00width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: nvme pm msix pciexpress msi nvm_express bus_master cap_list romconfiguration: driver=nvme latency=0resources: irq:335 memory:ee210000-ee213fff memory:ee200000-ee20ffff*-nvmedescription: Non-Volatile memory controllerproduct: NVMe Datacenter SSD [3DNAND, Beta Rock Controller]vendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 0bus info: pci@0000:b1:00.0version: 00width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: nvme pm msix pciexpress msi nvm_express bus_master cap_list romconfiguration: driver=nvme latency=0resources: irq:338 memory:ee110000-ee113fff memory:ee100000-ee10ffff*-nvmedescription: Non-Volatile memory controllerproduct: NVMe Datacenter SSD [3DNAND, Beta Rock Controller]vendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: 0bus info: pci@0000:b2:00.0version: 00width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: nvme pm msix pciexpress msi nvm_express bus_master cap_list romconfiguration: driver=nvme latency=0resources: irq:340 memory:ee010000-ee013fff memory:ee000000-ee00ffff*-raid:4description: RAID bus controllerproduct: Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controllervendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: dbbus info: pci@0000:ae:05.5version: 07width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid msix pm bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=vmd latency=0resources: iomemory:386f0-386ef iomemory:386f0-386ef irq:0 memory:386ffc000000-386ffdffffff memory:ec000000-edffffff memory:386ffff00000-386fffffffff*-raid:5description: RAID bus controllerproduct: Volume Management Device NVMe RAID Controllervendor: Intel Corporationphysical id: f5bus info: pci@0000:d7:05.5version: 07width: 64 bitsclock: 33MHzcapabilities: raid msix pm bus_master cap_listconfiguration: driver=vmd latency=0resources: iomemory:387f0-387ef iomemory:387f0-387ef irq:0 memory:387ffc000000-387ffdffffff memory:f8000000-f9ffffff memory:387ffff00000-387fffffffff
[root@node86 ssh]#exportfs
exportfs是属于nfs-util里的命令，应用于nfs共享存储目录的挂载和卸载。
exportfs -v # 显示已经共享的目录
exportfs -arv # 不重启NFS服务的情况下重新加载NFS配置文件(常用)-a 全部挂载或者全部卸载
-r 重新挂载
-u 卸载某一个目录
-v 显示共享目录
mount
mount用来挂载文件系统，挂载的可以是硬盘、分区、内存虚拟的硬盘、大文件虚拟的硬盘。
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/nfs # 挂载硬盘到挂载点
mount vdisk.img /mnt # 将大文件虚拟硬盘挂载到挂载点
mount -t tmpfs -o size=512m tmpfs /mnt # 构建内存硬盘挂载到挂载点
mount -t nfs -o vers=3 197.16.102.234:/NAS/CAPFS/data/nfs /mnt/nfs # 挂载nfs文件系统
mount -t tmpfs # 显示tmpfs格式文件系统
mount -o ro /dev/sda1 /mnt # 只读挂载
mount /mnt -o rw,remount # 重新挂载为读写模式
mount -t proc none /mnt # 将proc类型挂载到/mnt，proc 是内核虚拟的一个文件系统，none可以是任意字符串storcli
storcli可以用来查看和设置RAID的一些功能。
# RAID控制器名称
/usr/local/DevManage/example/get_or_set/devshow_proc_demo -G -RAID_NAME
# RAID控制器信息（缓存、总线带宽、PCI地址，总线类型等）
/usr/local/DevManage/example/get_or_set/devshow_proc_demo -G -RAID_INFO RaidCtrl0
# RAID信息（RAID卡型号，虚拟、物理设备数等）
/opt/MegaRAID/storcli/storcli64 show
# RAID模式
/opt/MegaRAID/storcli/storcli64 /c0 show personality
# 查看RAID是否为jbod模式
storcli /c0 show jbod
# RAID卡相关的驱动、固件、BIOS等版本号
storcli /c0 show all|grep -i version
megacli
RAID下的硬盘信息查询
megacli -PDList -aALL # 显示RAID下硬盘序列号、插槽号等
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