python requests请求方式_Python Requests库使用2：请求方法

GitHub API

HTTP verbs

Where possible, API v3 strives to use appropriate HTTP verbs for each action.

Verb

Description

HEAD

Can be issued against any resource to get just the HTTP header info. 仅获取HTTP响应头信息。

GET

Used for retrieving resources. 检索资源

POST

Used for creating resources

PATCH

Used for updating resources with partial JSON data. For instance, an Issue resource has title and body attributes. A PATCH request may accept one or more of the attributes to update the resource. PATCH is a relatively new and uncommon HTTP verb, so resource endpoints also accept POST requests. 用于使用部分JSON数据更新资源。

PUT

Used for replacing resources or collections. For PUT requests with no body attribute, be sure to set the Content-Length header to zero. 替换资源或集合。

DELETE

Used for deleting resources. 删除资源

另外：

OPTIONS: 查看可用请求方法

使用

requests.[method](url)

request method——GET

import json

import requests

URL = 'https://api.github.com'

def build_uri(endpoint):

return '/'.join([URL, endpoint])

def better_print(json_str):

return json.dumps(json.loads(json_str), indent=4)

def request_method():

response = requests.get(build_uri('users/onefine'))

print(better_print(response.text))

if __name__ == '__main__':

request_method()

输出：

{

"login": "onefine",

"id": 15047276,

"node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjE1MDQ3Mjc2",

"avatar_url": "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/15047276?v=4",

"gravatar_id": "",

"url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine",

"html_url": "https://github.com/onefine",

"followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/followers",

"following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/following{/other_user}",

"gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/gists{/gist_id}",

"starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/starred{/owner}{/repo}",

"subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/subscriptions",

"organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/orgs",

"repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/repos",

"events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/events{/privacy}",

"received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/received_events",

"type": "User",

"site_admin": false,

"name": "onefine",

"company": null,

"blog": "",

"location": null,

"email": null,

"hireable": null,

"bio": null,

"public_repos": 5,

"public_gists": 0,

"followers": 0,

"following": 1,

"created_at": "2015-10-09T09:10:16Z",

"updated_at": "2019-02-17T07:31:36Z"

}

更改：

def request_method():

response = requests.get(build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('onefine', '******'))

print(better_print(response.text))

结果：

[

{

"email": "188302531@qq.com",

"primary": true,

"verified": true,

"visibility": "public"

}

]

带参数的请求：

1. URL Parameters: URL参数

https://list.tmall.com/search_product.html?cat=50514037&...

params: requests.get(url, params={'key1', 'value1'})

2. 表单参数提交

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

内容： key1=value1&key2=value2

requests.post(url, data={'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'})

3. json参数提交

Content-Type: application/json

内容：’{“key1”: “value1”, “key2”: “value2”}’

requests.post(url, json={'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'})

Get all users

Lists all users, in the order that they signed up on GitHub. This list includes personal user accounts and organization accounts.

Note: Pagination is powered exclusively by the since parameter. Use the Link header to get the URL for the next page of users.

GET /users

Parameters

Name

Type

Description

since

string

The integer ID of the last User that you’ve seen.

示例：

def params_request():

response = requests.get(build_uri('users'), params={'since': 11})

print(better_print(response.text))

print(response.request.headers)

print(response.url)

if __name__ == '__main__':

params_request()

输出：

[

{

"login": "vanpelt",

"id": 17,

"node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjE3",

"avatar_url": "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/17?v=4",

"gravatar_id": "",

"url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt",

"html_url": "https://github.com/vanpelt",

"followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/followers",

"following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/following{/other_user}",

"gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/gists{/gist_id}",

"starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/starred{/owner}{/repo}",

"subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/subscriptions",

"organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/orgs",

"repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/repos",

"events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/events{/privacy}",

"received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/vanpelt/received_events",

"type": "User",

"site_admin": false

#　...省略

{

"login": "knzconnor",

"id": 53,

"node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjUz",

"avatar_url": "https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/53?v=4",

"gravatar_id": "",

"url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor",

"html_url": "https://github.com/knzconnor",

"followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/followers",

"following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/following{/other_user}",

"gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/gists{/gist_id}",

"starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/starred{/owner}{/repo}",

"subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/subscriptions",

"organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/orgs",

"repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/repos",

"events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/events{/privacy}",

"received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/knzconnor/received_events",

"type": "User",

"site_admin": false

}

]

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.21.0', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}

https://api.github.com/users?since=11

Update the authenticated user

PATCH /user

Note: If your email is set to private and you send an email parameter as part of this request to update your profile, your privacy settings are still enforced: the email address will not be displayed on your public profile or via the API.

Parameters

Name

Type

Description

name

string

The new name of the user.

string

The publicly visible email address of the user.

blog

string

The new blog URL of the user.

company

string

The new company of the user.

location

string

The new location of the user.

hireable

boolean

The new hiring availability of the user.

bio

string

The new short biography of the user.

def json_request():

response = requests.patch(build_uri('user'), auth=('onefine', '******'),

json={'name': 'onefine',

# 'email': 'hello-world@onefine.com',

'blog': 'https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963',

})

print(better_print(response.text))

print(response.request.headers)

print(response.request.body)

print(response.status_code)

if __name__ == '__main__':

json_request()

输出：

{

"login": "onefine",

"id": 15047276,

"node_id": "MDQ6VXNlcjE1MDQ3Mjc2",

"avatar_url": "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/15047276?v=4",

"gravatar_id": "",

"url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine",

"html_url": "https://github.com/onefine",

"followers_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/followers",

"following_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/following{/other_user}",

"gists_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/gists{/gist_id}",

"starred_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/starred{/owner}{/repo}",

"subscriptions_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/subscriptions",

"organizations_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/orgs",

"repos_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/repos",

"events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/events{/privacy}",

"received_events_url": "https://api.github.com/users/onefine/received_events",

"type": "User",

"site_admin": false,

"name": "onefine",

"company": null,

"blog": "https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963",

"location": null,

"email": "188302531@qq.com",

"hireable": null,

"bio": null,

"public_repos": 5,

"public_gists": 0,

"followers": 0,

"following": 1,

"created_at": "2015-10-09T09:10:16Z",

"updated_at": "2019-02-23T06:44:38Z",

"private_gists": 0,

"total_private_repos": 0,

"owned_private_repos": 0,

"disk_usage": 0,

"collaborators": 0,

"two_factor_authentication": false,

"plan": {

"name": "free",

"space": 976562499,

"collaborators": 0,

"private_repos": 10000

}

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.21.0', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '65', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic b25lZmluZTpTaWxlbnQ5NjMxMjM='}

b'{"name": "onefine", "blog": "https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963"}'

200

添加email：

def json_request():

response = requests.post(build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('onefine', '******'),

json=['hello-world@onefine.com'])

print(better_print(response.text))

print(response.request.headers)

print(response.request.body)

print(response.status_code)

if __name__ == '__main__':

json_request()

输出：

[

{

"email": "188302531@qq.com",

"primary": true,

"verified": true,

"visibility": "public"

{

"email": "hello-world@onefine.com",

"primary": false,

"verified": false,

"visibility": null

}

]

{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.21.0', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '27', 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'Authorization': 'Basic b25lZmluZTpTaWxlbnQ5NjMxMjM='}

b'["hello-world@onefine.com"]'

201

Requests库-请求异常处理

from requests import exceptions

exceptions.BaseHTTPError

exceptions.ChunkedEncodingError

exceptions.ConnectTimeout

exceptions.ConnectionError

exceptions.ContentDecodingError

exceptions.HTTPError

exceptions.InvalidHeader

exceptions.InvalidURL

exceptions.MissingSchema

exceptions.ProxyError

exceptions.ReadTimeout

exceptions.RequestException

exceptions.RetryError

exceptions.SSLError

exceptions.StreamConsumedError

exceptions.Timeout

exceptions.TooManyRedirects

exceptions.URLRequired

超时为例：

requests.get(url, timeout=(3, 7))

requests.get(url, timeout=10)

from requests import exceptions

def timeout_request():

try:

response = requests.get(build_uri('user/emails'), timeout=0.1)

except exceptions.Timeout as e:

print("连接超时：", e)

else:

print(response.text)

if __name__ == '__main__':

timeout_request()

输出：

连接超时： HTTPSConnectionPool(host='api.github.com', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=0.1)

修改为正常时间：

from requests import exceptions

def timeout_request():

try:

response = requests.get(build_uri('user/emails'), timeout=10)

except exceptions.Timeout as e:

print("连接超时：", e)

else:

print(response.text)

print(response.status_code)

if __name__ == '__main__':

timeout_request()

输出：

{"message":"Requires authentication","documentation_url":"https://developer.github.com/v3/users/emails/#list-email-addresses-for-a-user"}

401

处理异常：

from requests import exceptions

def timeout_request():

try:

response = requests.get(build_uri('user/emails'), timeout=10)

# 显式抛出异常：

response.raise_for_status()

except exceptions.Timeout as e:

print("连接超时：", e)

except exceptions.HTTPError as e:

print("HTTPError: ", e)

else:

print(response.text)

print(response.status_code)

if __name__ == '__main__':

timeout_request()

输出：

HTTPError: 401 Client Error: Unauthorized for url: https://api.github.com/user/emails

庖丁解牛——自定义Request

读源码，认清复杂事务背后简单的原理。

def hard_requests():

from requests import Request, Session

s = Session()

headers = {'User-agent': 'fake1.3.4'}

req = Request('GET', build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('onefine', 'Silent963123'), headers=headers)

prepped = req.prepare()

print(prepped.body)

print(prepped.headers)

if __name__ == '__main__':

hard_requests()

输出：

None

{'User-agent': 'fake1.3.4', 'Authorization': 'Basic b25lZmluZTpTaWxlbnQ5NjMxMjM='}

接着：

def hard_requests():

from requests import Request, Session

s = Session()

headers = {'User-agent': 'fake1.3.4'}

req = Request('GET', build_uri('user/emails'), auth=('onefine', 'Silent963123'), headers=headers)

prepped = req.prepare()

print(prepped.body)

print(prepped.headers)

resp = s.send(prepped, timeout=5)

print(resp.status_code)

print(resp.request.headers)

print(resp.text)

if __name__ == '__main__':

hard_requests()

输出：

None

{'User-agent': 'fake1.3.4', 'Authorization': 'Basic b25lZmluZTpTaWxlbnQ5NjMxMjM='}

200

{'User-agent': 'fake1.3.4', 'Authorization': 'Basic b25lZmluZTpTaWxlbnQ5NjMxMjM='}

[{"email":"188302531@qq.com","primary":true,"verified":true,"visibility":"public"},{"email":"hello-world@onefine.com","primary":false,"verified":false,"visibility":null}]

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