python manage.py app [options]

if __name__ == "__main__":os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "myproject.settings")from django.core.management import execute_from_command_lineexecute_from_command_line(sys.argv)

def execute_from_command_line(argv=None):"""A simple method that runs a ManagementUtility."""utility = ManagementUtility(argv)utility.execute()

def execute(self):try:subcommand = self.argv[1]except IndexError:subcommand = 'help'  # Display help if no arguments were given.
parser = CommandParser(None, usage="%(prog)s subcommand [options] [args]", add_help=False)parser.add_argument('--settings')parser.add_argument('--pythonpath')parser.add_argument('args', nargs='*')  # catch-alltry:options, args = parser.parse_known_args(self.argv[2:])handle_default_options(options)except CommandError:pass  # Ignore any option errors at this point.
no_settings_commands = ['help', 'version', '--help', '--version', '-h','compilemessages', 'makemessages','startapp', 'startproject',]try:settings.INSTALLED_APPSexcept ImproperlyConfigured as exc:self.settings_exception = excif subcommand in no_settings_commands:settings.configure()if settings.configured:if subcommand == 'runserver' and '--noreload' not in self.argv:try:autoreload.check_errors(django.setup)()except Exception:passelse:django.setup()self.autocomplete()if subcommand == 'help':if '--commands' in args:sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text(commands_only=True) + '\n')elif len(options.args) < 1:sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')else:self.fetch_command(options.args[0]).print_help(self.prog_name, options.args[0])elif subcommand == 'version' or self.argv[1:] == ['--version']:sys.stdout.write(django.get_version() + '\n')elif self.argv[1:] in (['--help'], ['-h']):sys.stdout.write(self.main_help_text() + '\n')else:self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)

settings = LazySettings()# django.conf.__init__.py
class LazySettings(LazyObject):# other functions ...def _setup(self, name=None):settings_module = os.environ.get(ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE)if not settings_module:desc = ("setting %s" % name) if name else "settings"raise ImproperlyConfigured("Requested %s, but settings are not configured. You must either define the environment variable %s or call settings.configure() before accessing settings."% (desc, ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE))self._wrapped = Settings(settings_module)def __getattr__(self, name):if self._wrapped is empty:self._setup(name)return getattr(self._wrapped, name)# other functions ...

os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "my_project.settings")

# django.conf.__init__.py

class Settings(BaseSettings):def __init__(self, settings_module):# update this dict from global settings (but only for ALL_CAPS settings)for setting in dir(global_settings):if setting.isupper():setattr(self, setting, getattr(global_settings, setting))# store the settings module in case someone later caresself.SETTINGS_MODULE = settings_modulemod = importlib.import_module(self.SETTINGS_MODULE)tuple_settings = ("ALLOWED_INCLUDE_ROOTS","INSTALLED_APPS","TEMPLATE_DIRS","LOCALE_PATHS",)self._explicit_settings = set()for setting in dir(mod):if setting.isupper():setting_value = getattr(mod, setting)if (setting in tuple_settings andisinstance(setting_value, six.string_types)):raise ImproperlyConfigured("The %s setting must be a tuple. Please fix your settings." % setting)setattr(self, setting, setting_value)self._explicit_settings.add(setting)if not self.SECRET_KEY:raise ImproperlyConfigured("The SECRET_KEY setting must not be empty.")if ('django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware' in self.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES and'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware' not in self.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES):warnings.warn("Session verification will become mandatory in Django 1.10. Please add 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware' ""to your MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES setting when you are ready to opt-in after reading the upgrade considerations in the 1.8 release notes.",RemovedInDjango110Warning)if hasattr(time, 'tzset') and self.TIME_ZONE:zoneinfo_root = '/usr/share/zoneinfo'if (os.path.exists(zoneinfo_root) and notos.path.exists(os.path.join(zoneinfo_root, *(self.TIME_ZONE.split('/'))))):raise ValueError("Incorrect timezone setting: %s" % self.TIME_ZONE)os.environ['TZ'] = self.TIME_ZONEtime.tzset()# other functions ...

# django.__init__.py

def setup():from django.apps import appsfrom django.conf import settingsfrom django.utils.log import configure_loggingconfigure_logging(settings.LOGGING_CONFIG, settings.LOGGING)apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)

class Apps(object):# other functions ...def populate(self, installed_apps=None):if self.ready:returnwith self._lock:if self.ready:returnif self.app_configs:raise RuntimeError("populate() isn't reentrant")for entry in installed_apps:if isinstance(entry, AppConfig):app_config = entryelse:app_config = AppConfig.create(entry)if app_config.label in self.app_configs:raise ImproperlyConfigured("Application labels aren't unique, ""duplicates: %s" % app_config.label)self.app_configs[app_config.label] = app_configcounts = Counter(app_config.name for app_config in self.app_configs.values())duplicates = [name for name, count in counts.most_common() if count > 1]if duplicates:raise ImproperlyConfigured("Application names aren't unique, duplicates: %s" % ", ".join(duplicates))self.apps_ready = Truefor app_config in self.app_configs.values():all_models = self.all_models[app_config.label]app_config.import_models(all_models)self.clear_cache()self.models_ready = Truefor app_config in self.get_app_configs():app_config.ready()self.ready = True# other functions ...

for app_config in self.app_configs.values():all_models = self.all_models[app_config.label]app_config.import_models(all_models)MODELS_MODULE_NAME = 'models'def import_models(self, all_models):self.models = all_modelsif module_has_submodule(self.module, MODELS_MODULE_NAME):models_module_name = '%s.%s' % (self.name, MODELS_MODULE_NAME)self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name)

self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)

# django.core.management.__init__.py

@lru_cache.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def get_commands():commands = {name: 'django.core' for name in find_commands(upath(__path__[0]))}if not settings.configured:return commandsfor app_config in reversed(list(apps.get_app_configs())):path = os.path.join(app_config.path, 'management')commands.update({name: app_config.name for name in find_commands(path)})return commandsclass ManagementUtility(object):# other functions ...def fetch_command(self, subcommand):commands = get_commands()try:app_name = commands[subcommand]except KeyError:# This might trigger ImproperlyConfigured (masked in get_commands)
            settings.INSTALLED_APPSsys.stderr.write("Unknown command: %r\nType '%s help' for usage.\n" %(subcommand, self.prog_name))sys.exit(1)if isinstance(app_name, BaseCommand):# If the command is already loaded, use it directly.klass = app_nameelse:klass = load_command_class(app_name, subcommand)return klass# other functions ...

def run_from_argv(self, argv):self._called_from_command_line = Trueparser = self.create_parser(argv[0], argv[1])if self.use_argparse:options = parser.parse_args(argv[2:])cmd_options = vars(options)# Move positional args out of options to mimic legacy optparseargs = cmd_options.pop('args', ())else:options, args = parser.parse_args(argv[2:])cmd_options = vars(options)handle_default_options(options)try:self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)except Exception as e:if options.traceback or not isinstance(e, CommandError):raiseif isinstance(e, SystemCheckError):self.stderr.write(str(e), lambda x: x)else:self.stderr.write('%s: %s' % (e.__class__.__name__, e))sys.exit(1)finally:connections.close_all()