Tkinter

Tkinter是Python的一款功能强大且全面、操作简易的GUI编程模块。今天，我们将使用tkinter制作一款简易画图软件。加油吧！

最终效果如下：

下载模块

我们将使用Python 3.10为编译器，使用 pip 下载所需模块：

pip install tkinter
pip install PIL

导入模块

这里，我们将导入所有所需的模块。

import time
import tkinter
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.filedialog
from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageGrab

设置主窗口

设置所有接下来所需的元素，并初始化。

def center_window(w, h):app.winfo_screenwidth()app.winfo_screenheight()app.geometry('%dx%d' % (w, h))app = tkinter.Tk()
app.title('轩氏画图')
x = 1200
y = 800
center_window(x, y)yesno = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
what = tkinter.IntVar(value=1)
X = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
Y = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)foreColor = '#000000'
backColor = '#FFFFFF'image = tkinter.PhotoImage()
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(app, bg='white', width=x, height=y)
canvas.create_image(x, y, image=image)lastDraw = 0
end = [0]
size = "20"

基本画图运算逻辑

重点来了！我们使用鼠标左键按下等动作探测，绘制曲线：


def getter(widget):time.sleep(0.5)x = app.winfo_x() + widget.winfo_x()y = app.winfo_y() + widget.winfo_y()if app.winfo_x() < 0:x = 0if app.winfo_y() < 0:y = 0x1 = x + widget.winfo_width() + 200y1 = y + widget.winfo_height() + 200filename = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(filetypes=[('.jpg', 'JPG')],initialdir='C:\\Users\\lin042\\Desktop\\')ImageGrab.grab().crop((x, y, x1, y1)).save(filename)def onLeftButtonDown(event):yesno.set(1)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)if what.get() == 4:canvas.create_text(event.x, event.y, font=("等线", int(size)), text=text, fill=foreColor)what.set(1)def onLeftButtonMove(event):global lastDrawif yesno.get() == 0:returnif what.get() == 1:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)elif what.get() == 2:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 5:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(event.x - 10, event.y - 10, event.x + 10, event.y + 10,outline=backColor)elif what.get() == 6:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=backColor, outline=foreColor)def onLeftButtonUp(event):global lastDrawif what.get() == 2:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 6:lastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)yesno.set(0)end.append(lastDraw)def onRightButtonUp(event):menu.post(event.x_root, event.y_root)

最后通过bind来移动画笔：

canvas.bind('<Button-1>', onLeftButtonDown)
canvas.bind('<B1-Motion>', onLeftButtonMove)
canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', onLeftButtonUp)
canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-3>', onRightButtonUp)
canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)

顶部主菜单

设置主菜单功能及运算函数。目前包括以下五个选项：导入、保存、撤销、清屏和工具栏。

'''主菜单及其关联的函数'''
menu = tkinter.Menu(app, bg="red")
app.config(menu=menu)def Open():filename = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='导入图片',filetypes=[('image', '*.jpg *.png *.gif')])if filename:global imageimage = Image.open(filename)image = image.resize((800, 600), Image.ANTIALIAS)image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)canvas.create_image(400, 300, image=image)menu.add_command(label='导入', command=Open)def Save():getter(canvas)menu.add_command(label='保存', command=Save)def Clear():global lastDraw, endfor item in canvas.find_all():canvas.delete(item)end = [0]lastDraw = 0menu.add_command(label='清屏', command=Clear)def Back():global endtry:for i in range(end[-2], end[-1] + 1):canvas.delete(i)end.pop()except:end = [0]menu.add_command(label='撤销', command=Back)menu.add_separator()

工具栏子菜单

设置“工具栏”下子菜单函数和内容，运算逻辑前面已经定义过了，这里我们只需要调用并绑定按钮即可。

'''子菜单及其关联的函数'''
menuType = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)def drawCurve():what.set(1)menuType.add_command(label='铅笔', command=drawCurve)def drawLine():what.set(2)menuType.add_command(label='直线', command=drawLine)def drawRectangle():what.set(3)menuType.add_command(label='矩形', command=drawRectangle)def drawCircle():what.set(6)menuType.add_command(label='圆形', command=drawCircle)def drawText():global text, sizetext = tkinter.simpledialog.askstring(title='输入文本', prompt='')if text is not None:size = tkinter.simpledialog.askinteger('输入字号', prompt='', initialvalue=20)if size is None:size = "20"what.set(4)menuType.add_command(label='文本', command=drawText)def onErase():what.set(5)menuType.add_command(label='橡皮擦', command=onErase)
menuType.add_separator()def chooseForeColor():global foreColorforeColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择前景色', command=chooseForeColor)def chooseBackColor():global backColorbackColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择背景色', command=chooseBackColor)menu.add_cascade(label='工具栏', menu=menuType)

进入窗口循环

最后，使用mainloop进入窗口循环。

app.mainloop()

效果展示

最终效果展示：

完整代码

完整代码如下：

import time
import tkinter
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.filedialog
from PIL import Image, ImageTk, ImageGrabdef center_window(w, h):app.winfo_screenwidth()app.winfo_screenheight()app.geometry('%dx%d' % (w, h))app = tkinter.Tk()
app.title('轩氏画图')
x = 1200
y = 800
center_window(x, y)yesno = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
what = tkinter.IntVar(value=1)
X = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
Y = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)foreColor = '#000000'
backColor = '#FFFFFF'image = tkinter.PhotoImage()
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(app, bg='white', width=x, height=y)
canvas.create_image(x, y, image=image)lastDraw = 0
end = [0]
size = "20"def getter(widget):time.sleep(0.5)x = app.winfo_x() + widget.winfo_x()y = app.winfo_y() + widget.winfo_y()if app.winfo_x() < 0:x = 0if app.winfo_y() < 0:y = 0x1 = x + widget.winfo_width() + 200y1 = y + widget.winfo_height() + 200filename = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(filetypes=[('.jpg', 'JPG')],initialdir='C:\\Users\\lin042\\Desktop\\')ImageGrab.grab().crop((x, y, x1, y1)).save(filename)def onLeftButtonDown(event):yesno.set(1)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)if what.get() == 4:canvas.create_text(event.x, event.y, font=("等线", int(size)), text=text, fill=foreColor)what.set(1)def onLeftButtonMove(event):global lastDrawif yesno.get() == 0:returnif what.get() == 1:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)X.set(event.x)Y.set(event.y)elif what.get() == 2:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 5:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(event.x - 10, event.y - 10, event.x + 10, event.y + 10,outline=backColor)elif what.get() == 6:try:canvas.delete(lastDraw)except Exception:passlastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y,fill=backColor, outline=foreColor)def onLeftButtonUp(event):global lastDrawif what.get() == 2:lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, fill=foreColor)elif what.get() == 3:lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)elif what.get() == 6:lastDraw = canvas.create_oval(X.get(), Y.get(), event.x, event.y, outline=foreColor)yesno.set(0)end.append(lastDraw)def onRightButtonUp(event):menu.post(event.x_root, event.y_root)canvas.bind('<Button-1>', onLeftButtonDown)
canvas.bind('<B1-Motion>', onLeftButtonMove)
canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', onLeftButtonUp)
canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-3>', onRightButtonUp)
canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)'''主菜单及其关联的函数'''
menu = tkinter.Menu(app, bg="red")
app.config(menu=menu)def Open():filename = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='导入图片',filetypes=[('image', '*.jpg *.png *.gif')])if filename:global imageimage = Image.open(filename)image = image.resize((800, 600), Image.ANTIALIAS)image = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image)canvas.create_image(400, 300, image=image)menu.add_command(label='导入', command=Open)def Save():getter(canvas)menu.add_command(label='保存', command=Save)def Clear():global lastDraw, endfor item in canvas.find_all():canvas.delete(item)end = [0]lastDraw = 0menu.add_command(label='清屏', command=Clear)def Back():global endtry:for i in range(end[-2], end[-1] + 1):canvas.delete(i)end.pop()except:end = [0]menu.add_command(label='撤销', command=Back)menu.add_separator()'''子菜单及其关联的函数'''
menuType = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)def drawCurve():what.set(1)menuType.add_command(label='铅笔', command=drawCurve)def drawLine():what.set(2)menuType.add_command(label='直线', command=drawLine)def drawRectangle():what.set(3)menuType.add_command(label='矩形', command=drawRectangle)def drawCircle():what.set(6)menuType.add_command(label='圆形', command=drawCircle)def drawText():global text, sizetext = tkinter.simpledialog.askstring(title='输入文本', prompt='')if text is not None:size = tkinter.simpledialog.askinteger('输入字号', prompt='', initialvalue=20)if size is None:size = "20"what.set(4)menuType.add_command(label='文本', command=drawText)def onErase():what.set(5)menuType.add_command(label='橡皮擦', command=onErase)
menuType.add_separator()def chooseForeColor():global foreColorforeColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择前景色', command=chooseForeColor)def chooseBackColor():global backColorbackColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]menuType.add_command(label='选择背景色', command=chooseBackColor)menu.add_cascade(label='工具栏', menu=menuType)app.mainloop()

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