面向对象编程

对象（object）：表示客观世界问题空间中的某个具体事物，又表示软件系统解空间的中的基本元素
面向对象程序设计（Object-oriented programing, OP）：是一种程序设计范型，也是一种程序开发的方法。

1、类

类（clas）是一种面向对象计算机编程语言的构造，是创建对象的蓝图，描述了所创建的对象共同的属性和方法

1.理解创建类的基本方法

2.初步理解对象和面向对象

class SuperMan:'''A class of superman'''def __init__(self,name):self.name = nameself.gender = 1self.single = Falseself.illness = Falsedef nine_negative_kungfu(self):return "Ya!You have to die."guojing = SuperMan('guojing')
print(guojing.name)
print(guojing.gender)
kongfu = guojing.nine_negative_kungfu()
print(kongfu)

'''
编写一个程序，用于判断学生是否已经完成作业。如果完成，教
师会给出表扬，否则要进行批评。
'''class Student:def __init__(self, name, grade, subject):self.name = nameself.grade = gradeself.subject = subjectdef do_work(self, time):if self.grade > 3 and time > 2:return Trueelif self.grade < 3 and time > 0.5:return Trueelse:return Falseclass Teacher:def __init__(self, name, subject):self.name = nameself.subject = subjectdef evaluate(self, result=True):if result:return "You are great."else:return "You should work hard"stu_zhang = Student('zhang', 5, 'math')
tea_wang = Teacher('wang', 'math')
teacher_said = tea_wang.evaluate(stu_zhang.do_work(1))
print("Teacher {0} said: {1}, {2}".format(tea_wang.name, stu_zhang.name, teacher_said))stu_newton = Student('Newton', 6, 'physics')
teacher_newton = tea_wang.evaluate(stu_newton.do_work(4))
print("Teacher {0} said: {1}, {2}".format(tea_wang.name, stu_newton.name, teacher_newton))

1.1、属性

属性：描述对象是什么

• 类属性

又称静态属性

只有通过类才能修改

实例也拥有类属性，但不能修改类属性

>>> class Foo:lang = 'python'>>> dir(Foo)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'lang']
>>> Foo.lang
'python'
>>> f = Foo()
>>> type(f)
<class '__main__.Foo'>
>>> dir(f)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'lang']
>>> f.lang
'python'
>>> Foo.group = 'winner classroom'
>>> dir(Foo)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'group', 'lang']
>>> dir(f)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'group', 'lang']
>>> f.name = 'winner'
>>> dir(f)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'group', 'lang', 'name']
>>> dir(Foo)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'group', 'lang']

• 实例属性

实例属性，又称动态属性

通过实例创建

不同实例的实例属性不同

实例的__dict__显示当前实例的所有属性

>>> class Bar:def __init__(self,name):self.name = name>>> b = Bar('winner')
>>> c = Bar('xiaochun')
>>> b.name
'winner'
>>> c.name
'xiaochun'python
>>> b.__dict__
{'name': 'winner'}

>>> class Foo:lang = 'python'def __init__(self,name):self.name = name>>> f = Foo('winner')
>>> dir(f)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'lang', 'name']
>>> f.__dict__
{'name': 'winner'}
>>> f.lang  #lang是类属性，而不是实例属性，不能在__dict__中列出，但是它可以被实例访问
'python'

• self的作用

类中的方法，如无特别规定，都是以self作为第一参数

self引用当前实例

>>> class Bar:def __init__(self):print(self)>>> b = Bar()
<__main__.Bar object at 0x00000181FD3E1580>
>>> b
<__main__.Bar object at 0x00000181FD3E1580>
>>>

'''
创建类，能够计算任意两个日期之间的天数、周数。
'''
import datetime
from dateutil import rruleclass BetDate:def __init__(self, start_date, stop_date):self.start = datetime.datetime.strptime(start_date, "%Y, %m, %d")    self.stop = datetime.datetime.strptime(stop_date, "%Y, %m, %d")def days(self):d = self.stop - self.startreturn d.days if d.days > 0 else False def weeks(self):weeks = rrule.rrule(rrule.WEEKLY, dtstart=self.start, until=self.stop)return weeks.count()    fir_twe = BetDate("2019, 5, 1", "2019, 11, 25")
d = fir_twe.days()
w = fir_twe.weeks()
print("Between 2019-5-1, 2019-11-25:")
print("Days is:", d)
print("Weeks is:", w)

1.2、方法

方法：描述对象能做什么

• 比较方法和函数

名称的命名、代码块的编写方式都一样

（实例）方法不能单独调用，只能通过实例/类调用，而函数可以单独使用

方法的第一个参数必须是self

>>> class Foo:def method(self,x):return x * 2>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.method(2)
4
>>> Foo.method(2)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#320>", line 1, in <module>Foo.method(2)
TypeError: method() missing 1 required positional argument: 'x'
>>> Foo.method(f,2)
4
>>> f.method  #类是对象，方法也是对象
<bound method Foo.method of <__main__.Foo object at 0x00000181FD3E1820>>

• 类方法

使用装饰器：@classmethod装饰符

类方法的第一个参数：cls，表示类本身，和写成什么没关系，习惯于使用cls

>>> class Bar:@classmethoddef method(cls,x):print(cls)>>> b = Bar()
>>> b.method(2)
<class '__main__.Bar'>
>>> Bar
<class '__main__.Bar'>

• 静态方法

使用装饰器：@staticmethod装饰符

静态方法不与实例绑定

>>> class Bar2:@staticmethoddef add():return 'add'>>> b2 = Bar2()
>>> b2.add()
'add'
>>> Bar2.add()
'add'
>>> add()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#343>", line 1, in <module>add()
TypeError: add() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'x' and 'y'

练习

'''
创建类，能够通过“年-月-日”字符串创建实例，并检验年、月、日是否合法
'''class Date(object):def __init__(self,year=0,month=0,day=0):self.year = yearself.month = monthself.day = day@classmethoddef from_string(cls,date_as_string):year,month,day = map(int,date_as_string.split('-'))datel = cls(year,month,day)return datel@staticmethoddef is_date_valid(date_as_string):year, month, day = map(int, date_as_string.split('-'))return day <= 31 and month<=12 and year <= 2038d = Date.from_string('2019-11-11')
is_date = Date.is_date_valid('2019-11-11')
print(is_date)

2、继承

继承是对象的特性之一

继承是面向对象编程的一个重要概念

• 父类和子类

对父类方法的重写：如果在子类中写了一个与父类同名的方法，会覆盖父类中的方法

>>> class P:def __init__(self,name):self.name = namedef eat(self):return "fish">>> class C(P):pass>>> c = C()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#356>", line 1, in <module>c = C()
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'name'
>>> c = C('google')
>>> dir(c)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'eat', 'name']
>>> class D(P):pass>>> dir(D)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'eat']
>>> class E(P):def __init__(self,age):self.age = age>>> e = E('winner',18)
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#367>", line 1, in <module>e = E('winner',18)
TypeError: __init__() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given
>>> e = E('winner')
>>> dir(e)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'age', 'eat']
>>> e.age
'winner'
>>> e.name
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#371>", line 1, in <module>e.name
AttributeError: 'E' object has no attribute 'name'

在单继承中，如果遇到子类覆盖了父类中的同名方法，又想在子类中使用父类的方法，子类中调用父类中的方法

>>> class E(P):def __init__(self,name,age):self.age = ageP.__init__(self,name)
>>> e = E('winner',18)
>>> e.age
18
>>> e.name
'winner'>>> class E(P):def __init__(self,name,age):self.age = agesuper().__init__(name)>>> e = E('winner',18)
>>> e.age
18
>>> e.name
'winner'

• 单继承

class Person:def __init__(self,name,age):self.name = nameself.age = agedef get_name(self):return self.namedef get_age(self):return self.ageclass Student(Person):def __init__(self,school,name,age):self.school = schoolsuper().__init__(name,age)def grade(self,n):print("{0}'s grade is {1}".format(self.name,str(n)))stu1 = Student('Soochow','winner','18')
stu1.grade(99)
print(stu1.get_name())
print(stu1.get_age())

• 多继承

class K1:def foo(self):print("K1-foo")class K2:def foo(self):print("K2-foo")def bar(self):print("K2-bar")class J1(K1,K2):passclass J2(K1,K2):def bar(self):print("J2-bar")class C(J1,J2):passprint(C.__mro__)
m = C()
m.foo()
m.bar()运行结果
(<class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.J1'>, <class '__main__.J2'>, <class '__main__.K1'>, <class '__main__.K2'>, <class 'object'>)
K1-foo
J2-bar

'''
请编写“物理学家”的类，并将其作为“理论物理学家”
和“实验物理学家”两个类的父类
'''class Physicist:def __init__(self,name,iq=120,looks='handsom',subject='physics'):self.name = nameself.iq = iqself.looks = looksself.subject = subjectdef research(self,field):print("{0} research {1}".format(self.name,field))def speak(self):print("My name is",self.name)print("I am",self.looks)print("Intelligence is",self.iq)print("I like",self.subject)class ExperimentalPhysicist(Physicist):def __init__(self,main_study,name,iq=120,looks='handsom',subject='physics'):self.main_study = main_studysuper().__init__(name,iq,looks,subject)def experiment(self):print("{0} is in Physics Lab".format(self.name))class TheoreticalPhysicist(Physicist):def __init__(self,theory,name,iq=120,looks='handsom',subject='physics'):self.theory = theorysuper().__init__(name,iq,looks,subject)def research(self,field,base):super().research(field)print("My theory is {0}, it is based on {1}".format(self.theory,base))

3、多态

• 多态是对象的特性之一

• Python语言天然具有多态性

>>> def add(x,y):return x + y>>> add(3,4)
7
>>> add('winner','python')
'winnerpython'

4、封装

• 封装是对象的特性之一
• Python中通过私有化的方式实现封装，在对象前面加上两个下划线__

>>> class Foo:__name = 'winner'book = 'python'>>> Foo.book
'python'
>>> Foo.__name
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#407>", line 1, in <module>Foo.__name
AttributeError: type object 'Foo' has no attribute '__name'
>>> Foo.name
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#408>", line 1, in <module>Foo.name
AttributeError: type object 'Foo' has no attribute 'name'
>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.book
'python'
>>> f.name
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#411>", line 1, in <module>f.name
AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> f.__name
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#412>", line 1, in <module>f.__name
AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute '__name'

被封装的对象只能在该类中被调用

>>> class Foo:def __init__(self):self.name = 'winner'self.__group = 'winner classroom'def code(self):return self.__groupdef __author(self):return self.name>>> f = Foo()
>>> f.code()
'winner classroom'
>>> f.__group
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#426>", line 1, in <module>f.__group
AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute '__group'
>>> f.__author()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#427>", line 1, in <module>f.__author()
AttributeError: 'Foo' object has no attribute '__author'

5、定制类

1. 理解类和类型
2. 掌握自定义对象类型的方法

class RoundFloat:def __init__(self, val):self.value = round(val, 2)def __str__(self):    # str：用户友好；repr: 解释器友好return "{0:.2f}".format(self.value)__repr__ = __str__r = RoundFloat(3.1415926)
print(r)
print(type(r))

>>> class Foo:def __repr__(self):return "I am in repr"def __str__(self):return "I am in str">>> f = Foo()
>>> s
['one', 'two', 'three', 'four']
>>> f
I am in repr
>>> print(f)
I am in str
>>>

class Fraction:def __init__(self, number, denom=1):self.number = numberself.denom = denomdef __str__(self):return str(self.number) + "/" + str(self.denom)__repr__ = __str__f = Fraction(2, 3)
print(f)

>>> from fractions import Fraction  #分数
>>> m,n = Fraction(1,6),Fraction(3,6)
>>> m
Fraction(1, 6)
>>> n
Fraction(1, 2)
>>> m+n
Fraction(2, 3)

6、控制属性访问

6.1优化内存：slots

>>> a = Foo()
>>> a.__dict__
{}
>>> a.age = 25
>>> a.__dict__
{'age': 25}
>>> a.year = 28
>>> a.__dict__
{'age': 25, 'year': 28}

对类的属性进行控制，不允许随便增减，只允许指定属性，而且不允许修改（只读）

>>> class Bar:__slots__ = ('name','age')>>> Bar.name='winner'
>>> Bar.age=28
>>> b=Bar()
>>> b.name
'winner'
>>> b.age
28
>>> b.city = "soochow"
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#476>", line 1, in <module>b.city = "soochow"
AttributeError: 'Bar' object has no attribute 'city'
>>> b.age = 38
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#477>", line 1, in <module>b.age = 38
AttributeError: 'Bar' object attribute 'age' is read-only

6.2掌握与属性相关的特殊方法__getattr__和__setattr__

访问类中不存在的属性时

>>> class A:def __getattr__(self,name):print("you use getattr")def __setattr__(self,name,value):print("you use setattr")self.__dict__[name] = value>>> a = A()
>>> a.x
you use getattr
>>> a.x = "haha"
you use setattr
>>> a.x
'haha'

7、迭代器和生成器

判断一个对象是否时可迭代对象

>>> hasattr(list,"__iter__")
True

7.1、迭代器

列表时可迭代的（非迭代器对象），但__next__是迭代器对象特有的

>>> hasattr(iter_lst,"__next__")
True
>>> hasattr(list,"__next__")
False

将迭代器中的元素读到内存中

>>> lst = [1,2,3,4]
>>> iter_lst = iter(lst)
>>> iter_lst
<list_iterator object at 0x00000181FD3F7790>
>>> lst
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> hasattr(iter_list,"__iter__")
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#501>", line 1, in <module>hasattr(iter_list,"__iter__")
NameError: name 'iter_list' is not defined
>>> hasattr(iter_lst,"__iter__")
True
>>> hasattr(iter_lst,"__next__")
True>>> iter_lst.__next__()
1
>>> iter_lst.__next__()
2
>>> iter_lst.__next__()
3
>>> iter_lst.__next__()
4
>>> iter_lst.__next__()
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#509>", line 1, in <module>iter_lst.__next__()
StopIteration>>> for i in iter_lst:print(i)>>> iter_lst =iter(lst)
>>> for i in iter_lst:print(i)
1
2
3
4

class MyRange:def __init__(self, n):self.i = 1self.n = ndef __iter__(self):return selfdef __next__(self):if self.i <= self.n:i = self.iself.i += 1return ielse:raise StopIteration()print("range(7):", list(range(7)))
print("MyRange(7):", [i for i in MyRange(7)])

class Fibs:def __init__(self, max):self.max = maxself.a = 0self.b = 1def __iter__(self):return selfdef __next__(self):fib = self.aif fib > self.max:raise StopIterationself.a, self.b = self.b, self.a + self.breturn fibfibs = Fibs(1000000)
lst = [fibs.__next__() for i in range(10)]
print(lst)

>>> import itertools
>>> counter = itertools.count(start=7)
>>> next(counter)
7
>>> next(counter)
8
>>> next(counter)
9

7.2、生成器

>>> def g():yield 0yield 1yield 2>>> ge = g()
>>> ge
<generator object g at 0x00000181FD3EDCF0>
>>> type(ge)
<class 'generator'>
>>> dir(ge)
['__class__', '__del__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__name__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__next__', '__qualname__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'close', 'gi_code', 'gi_frame', 'gi_running', 'gi_yieldfrom', 'send', 'throw']
>>>

yield和return

执行到yield时，函数被挂起，等待下一次执行next

执行到return时，函数终止

>>> def r_return(n):print("start")while n > 0:print("before return")return nn -= 1print('after return')
>>> rre = r_return(3)
start
before return
>>> print(rre)
3>>> def y_yield(n):print("start")while n > 0:print("before yield")yield nn -= 1print('after yield')
>>> yy = y_yield(3)
>>> yy.__next__()
start
before yield
3
>>> yy.__next__()
after yield
before yield
2
>>> yy.__next__()
after yield
before yield
1
>>> yy.__next__()
after yield
Traceback (most recent call last):File "<pyshell#561>", line 1, in <module>yy.__next__()
StopIteration

def fibs():prev, curr = 0, 1while True:yield prevprev, curr = curr, prev + currimport itertools
print(list(itertools.islice(fibs(), 10)))

生成器解析

>>> [x**2 for x in range(10)]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
>>> gt = (x**2 for x in range(10))
>>> gt
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x00000181FD3EDE40>
>>> gt.__next__()
0
>>> gt.__next__()
1
>>> gt.__next__()
4
>>> gt.__next__()
9

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