2018年编程语言排行榜

by Alexander Petkov

通过亚历山大·佩特科夫(Alexander Petkov)

这是2018年学习的最佳编程语言 (Here are the best programming languages to learn in 2018)

This is the definitive guide for anyone wanting to choose the right programming language career path in 2018.

对于那些希望在2018年选择正确的编程语言职业道路的人来说，这是权威指南。

And let me be clear about something:

并且让我清楚一些事情：

This is not a “top hottest languages” post throwing around a bunch of names and buzzwords.

这不是一个“一堆最热门的语言”的帖子，大堆的名字和流行语都是这样。

This is an objective and practical review of the current state, tendencies, and safe near-future predictions of the IT industry at the start of 2018.

这是对2018年初IT行业的现状，趋势和对安全的近期预测的客观客观的回顾。

It’s based on statistical data from various trusted sources and is the result of a two-week period of in-depth research.

它基于来自各种受信任来源的统计数据，是经过两周的深入研究的结果。

The goal of this post is to help you make an informed decision about which languages the IT market is looking for in 2018. It’ll help you decide which niche is worth the time and effort to master, and which will help you start (or continue) a successful and profitable career as a software developer.

这篇文章的目的是帮助您就IT市场在2018年寻找哪种语言做出明智的决定。它将帮助您确定值得掌握哪些时间和精力的利基市场，以及哪些会帮助您开始(或继续) 作为软件开发人员的成功且赚钱的职业 。

When trying to decide which programming language makes the best career path, developers typically look for these four traits:

当试图确定哪种编程语言是最好的职业道路时，开发人员通常会寻找以下四个特征：

High salary
高薪
Popularity — plenty of job openings, variety
受欢迎程度-大量的职位空缺，种类繁多
Tendency to become more in-demand in the future
将来变得更需求的趋势
Preferably easy to learn and pleasant to work with
最好易于学习并且愉快地工作

For each language outlined in the list, you’ll see:

对于列表中概述的每种语言，您将看到：

A brief intro to get you familiar with the language, what types of career options it can offer, and what’s cool about it
一个简短的介绍，以使您熟悉该语言，可以提供哪些类型的职业选择以及它的优点
Language popularity diagrams according to TIOBE and GitHub Octoverse

根据TIOBE和GitHub Octoverse的语言流行度图表
Salary comparison based on data from Indeed.com and StackOverflow’s 2017 survey

根据Indeed.com和StackOverflow的2017年调查数据进行薪资比较
The tendency in demand for the last five years according to Google Trends

根据Google趋势，最近五年的需求趋势
A short example code snippet to give you a visual idea of the language’s syntax
简短的示例代码片段可让您直观地了解该语言的语法

At the end, I’ve included four lesser-known languages which gained rapid popularity in the past few years and are expected to be in very high demand for 2018.

最后，我介绍了四种鲜为人知的语言，这些语言在过去几年中Swift普及，并且预计在2018年会有很高的需求。

Let’s dive right in with the number one pick.

让我们一起来看看第一顺位。

1. JavaScript (1. JavaScript)

JavaScript is the most popular language according to StackOverflow’s annual survey, with 62.5% of respondents claiming to use it.

根据StackOverflow的年度调查，JavaScript是最受欢迎的语言，有62.5％的受访者声称使用过JavaScript。

It’s undoubtedly the dominant language of the web and the growth of JavaScript over the past decade has been immense. Why? Just look around and count how many web-enabled devices you can see. Stack Overflow’s co-founder and popular programming figure Jeff Atwood famously said:

毫无疑问，它是网络的主导语言，并且在过去十年中，JavaScript的增长非常巨大。为什么？只需四处看看，计算一下您可以看到多少个启用Web的设备。 Stack Overflow的联合创始人兼流行编程人物Jeff Atwood曾说过：

Any application that can be written in JavaScript will eventually be written in JavaScript.

任何可以用JavaScript编写的应用程序最终都将用JavaScript编写。

Having that in mind, it’s safe to say there will be no shortage of JavaScript opportunities in 2018 and beyond.

牢记这一点，可以肯定地说，在2018年及以后，JavaScript机会将不短缺。

JavaScript knowledge feeds into plenty of front-end frameworks such as Angular, React, Ember, Backbone, and others, as well as the Node.js run-time environment, which allows you to run JavaScript on the backend with high efficiency.

JavaScript知识可用于Angular，React，Ember，Backbone等许多前端框架，以及Node.js运行时环境，可让您高效地在后端运行JavaScript。

Three of the top four most popular frameworks for 2017 according to StackOverflow are JavaScript-based.

根据StackOverflow，2017年最受欢迎的四个框架中的三个是基于JavaScript的。

If you enjoy immediately seeing the results of your work in action, for example making interactive web components, JavaScript is a good idea for you. Have in mind that a career in JavaScript implicitly means you should also be comfortable with HTML and CSS, which is basically what web pages are made of.

如果您喜欢立即看到工作成果，例如制作交互式Web组件，那么JavaScript对您来说是个好主意。请记住，从事JavaScript隐式意味着您还应该熟悉HTML和CSS，这基本上就是构成网页的内容。

Tools like Apache Cordova or React Native allow using JavaScript for mobile applications. It’s even possible to get into game development or desktop app development with projects like Electron.

诸如Apache Cordova或React Native之类的工具允许将JavaScript用于移动应用程序。甚至可以通过Electron之类的项目来从事游戏开发或桌面应用程序开发。

Let’s see the stats behind JavaScript being the #1 pick:

让我们看看JavaScript背后的统计数据是第一选择：

JavaScript tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Steady increase

过去5年中JavaScript的流行趋势： 稳步增长

JavaScript example code snippet:

JavaScript示例代码段：

2.迅捷 (2. Swift)

Swift is a relatively new programming language released by Apple in 2014. This is a language for developing native iOS or macOS applications.

Swift是Apple在2014年发布的一种相对较新的编程语言。这是用于开发本机iOS或macOS应用程序的语言。

It is considered an improvement in terms of usability and performance compared to Objective-C — the language used for Apple’s iOS and macOS operating systems.

与Objective-C(用于Apple的iOS和macOS操作系统的语言)相比，在可用性和性能方面被认为是一种改进。

Swift is generally favored by developers, standing at #4 in the list of most loved languages for 2017, after being #1 in 2015. Should you pick up a career with Swift, chances are you would enjoy it.

Swift通常受到开发人员的青睐，在2015年排名第一之后，在2017年最受欢迎的语言列表中排名第四。如果您选择使用Swift从事职业，那么您很可能会喜欢它。

If you want to get into mobile development, you should definitely consider Swift as a high-paid career path. Generally, iOS apps have proven to be more profitable than Android apps.

如果您想进入移动开发领域，则绝对应该将Swift视为高薪职业道路。通常，已证明iOS应用比Android应用更有利可图。

Swift tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Steep up

过去5年流行趋势Swift：陡峭

Swift example code snippet:

Swift示例代码段：

3. Python (3. Python)

Python is a general purpose language which you can find almost anywhere today. You’ll find it in web applications, desktop apps, network servers, machine learning, media tools and more.

Python是一种通用语言，如今您几乎可以在任何地方找到它。您会在Web应用程序，桌面应用程序，网络服务器，机器学习，媒体工具等中找到它。

It’s used by big players like NASA or Google, where the Python creator Guido van Rossum was employed for about 8 years writing mostly…Python.

它被诸如NASA或Google之类的大型公司所使用，其中Python的创建者Guido van Rossum被雇用了大约8年，主要编写Python。

Python code is neat, readable, and well-structured. Proper indentation is not just for beauty here — it determines code execution.

Python代码简洁，易读且结构良好。适当的缩进在这里不仅是美，它还决定了代码的执行。

Python-based web development frameworks like Django and Flask have been gaining more and more popularity. Also, the language is heavily equipped with quality machine learning and data analysis libraries like Scikit-learn and Pandas.

诸如Django和Flask之类的基于Python的Web开发框架已经越来越受欢迎。此外，该语言还配备了诸如Scikit-learn和Pandas之类的高质量机器学习和数据分析库。

On the whole, career paths with Python are various and here to stay. It’s a good choice for beginner developers, as it’s high-level and easy to read and comprehend.

总体而言，Python的职业发展道路千差万别，而且还会持续下去。对于初学者来说，这是一个不错的选择，因为它是高级的，易于阅读和理解。

Python tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Impressive

过去5年Python的流行趋势： 令人印象深刻

Python example code snippet:

Python示例代码段：

4. Java (4. Java)

Java is arguably the most popular programming language as 90% of the Fortune 500 companies heavily use it. Its famous slogan “write once, run anywhere” captures one of the keys that makes Java so valuable — its powerful Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which makes it cross-platform compatible.

可以说Java是最受欢迎的编程语言，因为90％的财富500强公司都大量使用Java。它著名的口号“编写一次，随处运行”捕获了使Java如此有价值的关键之一-其功能强大的Java虚拟机(JVM)，使其跨平台兼容。

Popular career paths with Java are backend developer, big data developer, embedded systems engineer, or Android developer. Although not the most “trendy” language at the moment, Java is so heavily used that we can pretty much guarantee it won’t go anywhere in the next decade and beyond.

Java的流行职业道路是后端开发人员，大数据开发人员，嵌入式系统工程师或Android开发人员。尽管Java目前并不是最“时髦”的语言，但Java的使用量如此之大，以至于我们可以保证在未来十年甚至更长的时间内它不会出现。

Because of this, you can be confident that there are plenty of Java job positions both in your city and remotely, which can’t be said for some of the less popular languages on this list. Thus, if you are comfortable with Java, it’s only a matter of time before you’ll find the right place.

因此，您可以确信，您所在的城市和远程都有很多Java职位，对于此列表中某些较不流行的语言来说，这是不可以的。因此，如果您对Java感到满意，那么找到合适的位置只是时间问题。

Java tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Decrease

过去5年Java流行趋势：减少

Java example code snippet:

Java示例代码段：

5. C ++ (5. C++)

C++ is a highly efficient and flexible language, first created back in 1985. It has remained in high demand due to its performance, reliability, and variety of contexts you can use it in.

C ++是一种高效且灵活的语言，最早于1985年创建。由于其性能，可靠性以及可以使用它的各种上下文，它一直受到很高的要求。

Plenty of large systems have been created and maintained successfully using C++, including the likes of Microsoft, Oracle, PayPal, and Adobe.

使用C ++已成功创建并维护了许多大型系统，包括Microsoft，Oracle，PayPal和Adobe。

A career with C++ typically involves developing desktop applications, especially for performance-intensive tasks. While rather complex, getting comfortable with C++ would give you a deeper understanding of how languages work, for example by giving facilities for low-level memory manipulation.

使用C ++的职业通常涉及开发桌面应用程序，尤其是对于性能密集型任务。尽管相当复杂，但熟悉C ++可以使您对语言的工作方式有更深入的了解，例如，通过提供用于低级内存操作的工具。

C++ tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Ups and downs

过去5年C ++流行趋势： 跌宕起伏

C++ example code snippet:

C ++示例代码片段：

6.Ruby (6. Ruby)

Ruby is one of the most loved programming languages around. It’s designed to be friendly and easy to use by developers, as even its own tagline is “a programmer’s best friend.”

Ruby是周围最受欢迎的编程语言之一。它的设计宗旨是易于开发人员使用，因为即使它自己的标语也是“ 程序员最好的朋友” 。

Ruby is a high-level language which aims to achieve a lot with few lines of clean, readable code. This sometimes takes significant effort “under the hood,” which makes Ruby relatively slower in terms of efficiency compared to other popular languages — but it definitely boosts your productivity.

Ruby是一种高级语言，旨在通过几行清晰易读的代码来实现很多目标。有时，这需要花费大量的“内幕”才能完成，这使得Ruby的效率相对于其他流行语言而言相对较慢-但这绝对可以提高您的生产率。

Well-written Ruby code almost looks like sentences written in plain English. It’s a great choice for the first language to learn, as beginners typically pick it up fast and enjoy it along the way.

编写良好的Ruby代码几乎看起来像是用简单的英语编写的句子。对于初学者来说，这是一个很好的选择，因为初学者通常会很快地学习它并在整个过程中享受它。

Ruby is mostly used for its most popular framework — Ruby on Rails. Ruby on Rails is a web framework which encapsulates all of Ruby’s ideas into a powerful tool for the web. The great productivity achieved with Rails makes it a common choice for startups who aim for a running start.

Ruby主要用于其最受欢迎的框架Ruby on Rails 。 Ruby on Rails是一个Web框架，它将Ruby的所有思想封装到一个强大的Web工具中。 Rails带来的高生产率使它成为那些希望开始运行的初创公司的通用选择。

A career with Ruby on Rails is definitely a great choice as the framework is “optimized for programmer happiness” and is also well-paid. The only major drawback of picking up a career with Ruby is that the language is not quite as popular compared to the languages mentioned above. Thus, job openings with Ruby may be limited in some locations.

Ruby on Rails的职业绝对是一个不错的选择，因为该框架已“ 针对程序员的幸福进行了优化 ”，并且报酬丰厚。在Ruby从事职业的唯一主要缺点是，与上述语言相比，该语言不那么受欢迎。因此，在某些地方，使用Ruby的职位空缺可能受到限制。

Ruby tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Decrease

Ruby在过去5年的流行趋势：减少

Ruby example code snippet:

Ruby示例代码片段：

7.Rust (7. Rust)

Rust is sponsored by Mozilla and was voted most liked by developers for a second consecutive year in StackOverflow surveys. This is a relatively new language, first appearing in 2010, which already gained remarkable popularity and is expected to improve even more in the future.

Rust由Mozilla赞助，并在StackOverflow调查中连续第二年被开发人员评为最喜欢的对象。这是一种相对较新的语言，于2010年首次出现，已经获得了非凡的普及，并有望在未来进一步提高。

Rust is a compiled language which is often compared to C both in terms of use cases and performance. The main difference is that Rust is memory safe. One of the most common faults you could find in C code are dangling pointers, buffer overflows, or any other kind of memory errors. Rust is created with the purpose of avoiding those — the language literally makes it impossible for you to make such errors as they are caught during compilation (before the code was ever run).

Rust是一种编译语言，在用例和性能方面经常与C进行比较。主要区别在于Rust具有内存安全性。在C代码中可以找到的最常见故障之一是指针悬空，缓冲区溢出或任何其他类型的内存错误。创建Rust的目的是为了避免这些错误-这种语言从字面上讲使您无法犯下编译期间(在运行代码之前)捕获的错误。

For a beginner, Rust might be a bit of a struggle to pick up as it insists on various rules to achieve the memory safety. However, experienced developers love it, and it’s quite possible that in the next few years Rust will be in very high demand.

对于初学者来说，Rust坚持各种规则以实现内存安全性可能会有些困难。但是，经验丰富的开发人员会喜欢它，并且在接下来的几年中Rust的需求很可能很高。

As far as salary is concerned, Rust is considered well-paid, ranking second worldwide in StackOverflow’s 2017 survey.

就薪金而言，Rust被认为是高薪的，在StackOverflow的2017年调查中排名全球第二。

One more reason to choose Rust is that the language is being developed by a household name in IT, Mozilla.

选择Rust的另一个原因是该语言是由IT的Mozilla姓氏开发的。

Rust tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Rising

过去5年流行的锈病趋势：上升

Rust example code snippet:

Rust示例代码段：

8.长生不老药 (8. Elixir)

Elixir is another new language, first appearing in 2011, that immediately gained popularity.

Elixir是另一种新语言，于2011年首次出现，立即受到欢迎。

Elixir was inspired by Erlang, a language developed back in the 1980s by Ericsson and stands as arguably one of the best tools for heavy concurrency. Elixir’s author José Valim himself said that he liked everything about Erlang, but also saw room for improvement. The biggest drawback of Erlang for developers is the often quirky syntax and usability plus the lack of intuitive package management.

Elixir受Erlang启发， Erlang是爱立信于1980年代开发的一种语言，可以说是重型并发的最佳工具之一。 Elixir的作者JoséValim本人说，他喜欢Erlang的一切，但也看到了改进的空间。对于开发人员来说，Erlang的最大缺点是语法和可用性常常很古怪，再加上缺乏直观的软件包管理。

Thus, Elixir appears — combining aspects from Ruby, a highly developer-friendly language and ecosystem, with those from Erlang.

因此，Elixir出现了-将Ruby(一种高度对开发人员友好的语言和生态系统)的各个方面与Erlang的各个方面相结合。

Elixir is mainly used for web development, and career options are typically well-paid but limited. The popularity of the language has been increasing year after year, so if your city has various IT companies around, Elixir developers may be highly sought after.

Elixir主要用于Web开发，职业选择通常收入丰厚，但数量有限。这种语言的流行度逐年增加，因此，如果您所在的城市周围有多家IT公司，Elixir开发人员可能会受到强烈追捧。

Salary-wise, Elixir is typically well-paid standing at third place worldwide in StackOverflow’s 2017 survey.

在薪酬方面，Elixir在StackOverflow的2017年调查中通常位居全球第三。

Elixir tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Rising

过去5年中长生不老药的流行趋势：上升

Elixir example code snippet:

Elixir示例代码片段：

9. Scala (9. Scala)

Scala stands for Scalable Language, and is one of the many attempts to “rewrite Java” while improving its drawbacks. Scala code is compiled to run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Scala代表可扩展语言，并且是“改写Java”同时改善其缺点的众多尝试之一。 Scala代码被编译为在Java虚拟机(JVM)上运行。

We can safely agree that Scala is already a success given the fact that big companies like LinkedIn, Twitter, and The Guardian use it in their codebases.

可以肯定地说，鉴于LinkedIn，Twitter和The Guardian等大公司在其代码库中使用了Scala，Scala已经成功。

Scala has the reputation of being a complex language to learn for a junior developer. But those who make it past the learning curve probably enjoy a great career as open positions for Scala developers are definitely popping up more and more.

Scala拥有成为初级开发人员学习的复杂语言的声誉。但是那些超越学习曲线的人可能会享有出色的职业，因为Scala开发人员的空缺职位肯定会越来越多。

Scala ranks high in salary surveys, making the top ten worldwide and sharing first place in the US according to StackOverflow’s 2017 report.

根据StackOverflow的2017年报告，Scala在薪水调查中排名很高，跻身全球前十名，并在美国排名第一。

Scala tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Rising

Scala在过去5年的流行趋势：上升

Scala example code snippet:

Scala示例代码片段：

10. R (10. R)

R is a programming language and environment used for statistics, graphic representation and data analysis. This is the #1 choice for data scientists. If you find yourself interested in this field, then R is a stable and profitable career choice for you.

R是一种用于统计，图形表示和数据分析的编程语言和环境。这是数据科学家的第一选择。如果您发现自己对此领域感兴趣，那么R是您稳定且有利可图的职业选择。

R tendency in popularity for the past 5 years: Steady rise

过去5年的R流行趋势： 稳步上升

R example code snippet:

R示例代码段：

That concludes the list of the top ten programming languages you should consider learning in 2018.

总结了您应考虑在2018年学习的十大编程语言的列表。

If you are looking for free courses to try out any of the above-mentioned languages, you can check out our advice on choosing from the best tutorials or even having a dedicated website browse tutorials for you.

如果您正在寻找免费课程以尝试上述任何一种语言，则可以查看有关从最佳教程中进行选择的建议，甚至可以为您找到专门的网站浏览教程。

If you have any questions about a future career as a software developer, make use of our free featured material or contact us further for a professional opinion.

如果您对未来软件开发人员的职业有任何疑问，请使用我们的免费精选材料，或与我们联系以获取专业意见。

下一步是什么？ (What’s next?)

Choosing the right language career path is great — but usually problems start when trying to get “good enough” and get hired.

选择正确的语言职业道路是很好的选择-但是通常在尝试变得“足够好”并被录用时开始出现问题。

Next, I’ll focus on the results of my research on why many developers give up before ever getting a job. The main reason is actually quite simple.

接下来，我将集中研究我的研究结果，以了解为什么许多开发人员在找到工作之前就放弃了。主要原因实际上很简单。

翻译自: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/best-programming-languages-to-learn-in-2018-ultimate-guide-bfc93e615b35/