装cygwin 或者mingGW，装gcc工具链，并将cygwin的bin目录加入环境变量PATH中。

ctrl+shift+b

{// See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558// for the documentation about the tasks.json format"version": "2.0.0","tasks": [{"label": "gcc","command": "g++","args": ["-g ${file}",   //指定编译源代码文件                    "-o ${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe", // 指定输出文件名，不加该参数则默认输出a.exe"-ggdb3",   // 生成和调试有关的信息"-Wall",    // 开启额外警告"-static-libgcc",   // 静态链接"-std=c++17",       // 使用最新的c++17标准"-Wno-format","-finput-charset=UTF-8",//输入编译器文本编码 默认为UTF-8"-fexec-charset=GBK"//编译器输出文本编码 自行选择],"type": "shell","group": {"kind": "build","isDefault": true},"presentation": {"echo": true,"reveal": "always", // 在“终端”中显示编译信息的策略，可以为always，silent，never"focus": false,"panel": "shared" // 不同的文件的编译信息共享一个终端面板},"problemMatcher": {"owner": "cpp","fileLocation": ["relative", "\\"],"pattern": {"regexp": "^(.*):(\\d+):(\\d+):\\s+(warning|error):\\s+(.*)$","file": 1,"line": 2,"column": 3,"severity": 4,"message": 5}}}]
}

launch.json

{// 使用 IntelliSense 了解相关属性。 // 悬停以查看现有属性的描述。// 欲了解更多信息，请访问: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387"version": "0.2.0","configurations": [{"name": "(gdb) Launch","type": "cppdbg","request": "launch",//"program": "${file}.exe","program": "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe","args": [],"stopAtEntry": false,//"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}","cwd": "${fileDirname}","environment": [],"externalConsole": true,"MIMode": "gdb","miDebuggerPath": "gdb.exe","preLaunchTask": "gcc","windows": {"setupCommands": [{"description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb","text": "-enable-pretty-printing","ignoreFailures": true}]}}]
}

cuckoo的配置如下，其中参数是从makefile里面提取出来的。

{// See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558// for the documentation about the tasks.json format"version": "2.0.0","tasks": [{"label": "echo","type": "shell","command": "i686-w64-mingw32-gcc","args": ["-m32 -Wall -Wextra -std=c99 -static -Wno-missing-field-initializers -I inc/ -I objects/code/ -I src/bson/ -I src/sha1/", //-mwindows//最后一个参数 -mwindows加上后输出只能出现在cygwin环境，而不会出现在dos环境"-g","${file}","-o","${workspaceRoot}/test.exe"],"group": {"kind": "build","isDefault": true}}]
}

完整版配置环境：

task.json

{// See https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=733558// for the documentation about the tasks.json format"version": "2.0.0","tasks": [{"label": "mingw32","command": "i686-w64-mingw32-gcc","args": ["-m32 -Wall -Wextra -std=c99 -static -Wno-missing-field-initializers -I inc/ -I objects/code/ -I src/bson/ -I src/sha1/","-g ${file}",   //指定编译源代码文件                    "-o ${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe", // 指定输出文件名，不加该参数则默认输出a.exe"-ggdb3",   // 生成和调试有关的信息"-Wall",    // 开启额外警告"-static-libgcc",   // 静态链接// "-std=c++17",       // 使用最新的c++17标准"-Wno-format","-finput-charset=UTF-8",//输入编译器文本编码 默认为UTF-8"-fexec-charset=GBK"//编译器输出文本编码 自行选择],"type": "shell","group": {"kind": "build","isDefault": true},"presentation": {"echo": true,"reveal": "always", // 在“终端”中显示编译信息的策略，可以为always，silent，never"focus": false,"panel": "shared" // 不同的文件的编译信息共享一个终端面板},"problemMatcher": {"owner": "cpp","fileLocation": ["relative", "\\"],"pattern": {"regexp": "^(.*):(\\d+):(\\d+):\\s+(warning|error):\\s+(.*)$","file": 1,"line": 2,"column": 3,"severity": 4,"message": 5}}},{"label": "gcc","command": "g++","args": ["-g ${file}",   //指定编译源代码文件                    "-o ${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe", // 指定输出文件名，不加该参数则默认输出a.exe"-ggdb3",   // 生成和调试有关的信息"-Wall",    // 开启额外警告"-static-libgcc",   // 静态链接"-std=c++17",       // 使用最新的c++17标准"-Wno-format","-finput-charset=UTF-8",//输入编译器文本编码 默认为UTF-8"-fexec-charset=GBK"//编译器输出文本编码 自行选择],"type": "shell","group": {"kind": "build","isDefault": true},"presentation": {"echo": true,"reveal": "always", // 在“终端”中显示编译信息的策略，可以为always，silent，never"focus": false,"panel": "shared" // 不同的文件的编译信息共享一个终端面板},"problemMatcher": {"owner": "cpp","fileLocation": ["relative", "\\"],"pattern": {"regexp": "^(.*):(\\d+):(\\d+):\\s+(warning|error):\\s+(.*)$","file": 1,"line": 2,"column": 3,"severity": 4,"message": 5}}}]
}

launch.json

{// 使用 IntelliSense 了解相关属性。 // 悬停以查看现有属性的描述。// 欲了解更多信息，请访问: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387"version": "0.2.0","configurations": [{"name": "mingw32","type": "cppdbg","request": "launch",//"program": "${file}.exe","program": "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe","args": [],"stopAtEntry": false,//"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}","cwd": "${fileDirname}","environment": [],"externalConsole": true,"MIMode": "gdb","miDebuggerPath": "gdb.exe","preLaunchTask": "mingw32","windows": {"setupCommands": [{"description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb","text": "-enable-pretty-printing","ignoreFailures": true}]}},{"name": "(gdb) Launch","type": "cppdbg","request": "launch",//"program": "${file}.exe","program": "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}.exe","args": [],"stopAtEntry": false,//"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}","cwd": "${fileDirname}","environment": [],"externalConsole": true,"MIMode": "gdb","miDebuggerPath": "gdb.exe","preLaunchTask": "gcc","windows": {"setupCommands": [{"description": "Enable pretty-printing for gdb","text": "-enable-pretty-printing","ignoreFailures": true}]}}]
}

参考：

VSCode下C++环境的配置

http://blog.csdn.net/feynman1999/article/details/79437524