CLR via C#:与WinRT组件互操作

基础知识：如下所示：
1.WinRT组件使用由ECMA协会标准化的.NET元数据格式(ECMA-335)来描述其API，这些元数据会嵌入到扩展名为.winmd的文件中。
2.RCW(运行时可调用包装器)内部引用了WinRT组件。
3.CCW(COM可调用包装器)内部引用了CLR对象。

CLR投射：CLR通过元数据将WinRT类型隐式投射成FCL类型。

框架投射：CLR通过代码将WinRT类型显式投射成FCL类型。具有以下特性：
1.可以使用WindowsRuntimeSystemExtensions类中的辅助函数来完成.NET异步调用WinRT。
2.可以使用WindowsRuntimeStorageExtensions和WindowsRuntimeStreamExtensions类中的辅助函数来完成.NET和WinRT之间互传输数据流。
3.可以使用WindowsRuntimeBufferExtensions类中的辅助函数来完成.NET和WinRT之间传输数据块。

用C#定义WinRT组件：具有以下特性：
1.使用该WinRT组件时，一般会造成的额外性能损失和内存消耗。
2.使用ildasm的/project命令开关可以查看将WinRT类型投射成FCL等价类型之后的元数据。
3.C#实现WinRT组件的模板如下所示：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices.WindowsRuntime;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Windows.Foundation;
using Windows.Foundation.Metadata;// The namespace MUST match the assembly name and cannot be "Windows"
namespace LearnCLR.WinRTComponents {// [Flags]  // Must not be present if enum is int; required if enum is uintpublic enum WinRTEnum : int {    // Enums must be backed by int or uintNone,NotNone}// Structures can only contain core data types, String, & other structures// No constructors or methods are allowedpublic struct WinRTStruct {public Int32 ANumber;public String AString;public WinRTEnum AEnum;    // Really just a 32-bit integer}// Delegates must have WinRT-compatible types in the signature (no BeginInvoke/EndInvoke)public delegate String WinRTDelegate(Int32 x);// Interfaces can have methods, properties, & events but cannot be generic.public interface IWinRTInterface {// Nullable<T> marshals as IReference<T>Int32? InterfaceProperty { get; set; }}// Members without a [Version(#)] attribute default to the class's // version (1) and are part of the same underlying COM interface// produced by WinMDExp.exe.[Version(1)]// Class must be derived from Object, sealed, not generic, // implement only WinRT interfaces, & public members must be WinRT typespublic sealed class WinRTClass : IWinRTInterface {// Public fields are not allowed #region Class can expose static methods, properties, and eventspublic static String StaticMethod(String s) { return "Returning " + s; }public static WinRTStruct StaticProperty { get; set; }// In JavaScript 'out' parameters are returned as objects with each // parameter becoming a property along with the return valuepublic static String OutParameters(out WinRTStruct x, out Int32 year) {x = new WinRTStruct { AEnum = WinRTEnum.NotNone, ANumber = 333, AString = "Jeff" };year = DateTimeOffset.Now.Year;return "Grant";}#endregion// Constructor can take arguments but not out/ref argumentspublic WinRTClass(Int32? number) { InterfaceProperty = number; }public Int32? InterfaceProperty { get; set; }// Only ToString is allowed to be overriddenpublic override String ToString() {return String.Format("InterfaceProperty={0}",InterfaceProperty.HasValue ? InterfaceProperty.Value.ToString() : "(not set)");}public void ThrowingMethod() {throw new InvalidOperationException("My exception message");// To throw a specific HRESULT, use COMException instead//const Int32 COR_E_INVALIDOPERATION = unchecked((Int32)0x80131509);//throw new COMException("Invalid Operation", COR_E_INVALIDOPERATION);}#region Arrays are passed, returned OR filled; never a combinationpublic Int32 PassArray([ReadOnlyArray] /* [In] implied */ Int32[] data) {// NOTE: Modified array contents MAY not be marshaled out; do not modify the arrayreturn data.Sum();}public Int32 FillArray([WriteOnlyArray] /* [Out] implied */ Int32[] data) {// NOTE: Original array contents MAY not be marshaled in; // write to the array before reading from itfor (Int32 n = 0; n < data.Length; n++) data[n] = n;return data.Length;}public Int32[] ReturnArray() {// Array is marshaled out upon returnreturn new Int32[] { 1, 2, 3 };}#endregion// Collections are passed by referencepublic void PassAndModifyCollection(IDictionary<String, Object> collection) {collection["Key2"] = "Value2";  // Modifies collection in place via interop}#region Method overloading// Overloads with same # of parameters are considered identical to JavaScriptpublic void SomeMethod(Int32 x) { }[Windows.Foundation.Metadata.DefaultOverload]  // Attribute makes this method the default overloadpublic void SomeMethod(String s) { }#endregion#region Automatically implemented eventpublic event WinRTDelegate AutoEvent;public String RaiseAutoEvent(Int32 number) {WinRTDelegate d = AutoEvent;return (d == null) ? "No callbacks registered" : d(number);}#endregion#region Manually implemented event// Private field that keeps track of the event's registered delegatesprivate EventRegistrationTokenTable<WinRTDelegate> m_manualEvent = null;// Manual implementation of the event's add and remove methodspublic event WinRTDelegate ManualEvent {add {// Gets the existing table, or creates a new one if the table is not yet initializedreturn EventRegistrationTokenTable<WinRTDelegate>.GetOrCreateEventRegistrationTokenTable(ref m_manualEvent).AddEventHandler(value);}remove {EventRegistrationTokenTable<WinRTDelegate>.GetOrCreateEventRegistrationTokenTable(ref m_manualEvent).RemoveEventHandler(value);}}public String RaiseManualEvent(Int32 number) {WinRTDelegate d = EventRegistrationTokenTable<WinRTDelegate>.GetOrCreateEventRegistrationTokenTable(ref m_manualEvent).InvocationList;return (d == null) ? "No callbacks registered" : d(number);}#endregion#region Asynchronous methods// Async methods MUST return IAsync[Action|Operation](WithProgress)// NOTE: Other languages see the DataTimeOffset as Windows.Foundation.DateTimepublic IAsyncOperationWithProgress<DateTimeOffset, Int32> DoSomethingAsync() {// Use the System.Runtime.InteropServices.WindowsRuntime.AsyncInfo's Run methods to // invoke a private method written entirely in managed codereturn AsyncInfo.Run<DateTimeOffset, Int32>(DoSomethingAsyncInternal);}// Implement the async operation via a private method using normal .NET technologiesprivate async Task<DateTimeOffset> DoSomethingAsyncInternal(CancellationToken ct, IProgress<Int32> progress) {for (Int32 x = 0; x < 10; x++) {// This code supports cancellation and progress reportingct.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();if (progress != null) progress.Report(x * 10);await Task.Delay(1000); // Simulate doing something asynchronously}return DateTimeOffset.Now; // Ultimate return value}public IAsyncOperation<DateTimeOffset> DoSomethingAsync2() {// If you don't need cancellation & progress, use // System.WindowsRuntimeSystemExtensions' AsAsync[Action|Operation] Task // extension methods (these call AsyncInfo.Run internally)return DoSomethingAsyncInternal(default(CancellationToken), null).AsAsyncOperation();}#endregion// After you ship a version, mark new members with a [Version(#)] attribute// so that WinMDExp.exe puts the new members in a different underlying COM // interface. This is required since COM interfaces are supposed to be immutable.[Version(2)]public void NewMethodAddedInV2() { }}
}

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