一、Five basic sentence patterns in English and Clause Elements.

Predicate Verb

Predicate Verb (Everything except the subject is the predicate, and the predicate verb is just part of the predicate.)

Intransitive verb, which doesn’t require an action receiver or an object, Or you can think of it as an action that can be done independently. The structure is as follows:

The subject + Intransitive verb

Single transitive verb which needs an action receiver or an object. The structure is as follows:

the subject + single transitive verb + an object

Ditransitive verb which needs two action receivers or two objects. The structure is as follows:

The subject + distinctive verb + indirect object + direct object.

Complex transitive verb which just needs one action receiver, but the action receiver needs supplementary information. The structure is as follows:

The subject + complex transitive verb + an object + objective complement

Linking verbs that don’t express action. The structure is as follows:

The subject + linking verbs + subject complement/predicative(表语)

Attributive

Attributive: Used mainly to modify the subject or object.

Adverbial

Adverbial: Used mainly to modify the predicate verb.

Appositive

Appositive: Used mainly to repeat the subject or subject for another form.

二、English tenses

1.The Simple Present Tense

The structure of the tense is subject plus verb prototype. If the subject is in the third person singular, the verb also needs to be the same.

1. the subject + verb(verb prototype) + …
2. the subject + verb + s(the third person singular) + …

Directions

1. Used to express a fact.

1. I eat carrots. (Notice here: This sentence expresses the truth, it means “我是吃胡萝卜的”. If you want to use “I eat a carrot” to mean “我在吃一根胡萝卜”, it’s wrong, and the correct one should be written “I’m eating a carrots.”)
2. The rabbit eats carrots. (This sentence expresses the same (Omit the “meaning”) as the above sentence.)
3. The sun rises in east.

1. Used to convey habitual/repeated actions.

1. I play basketball. (This sentence expresses the meaning that I have the habit of playing basketball.)

1. Used to indicate something that is expected to happen.

1. The bus leaves at 8PM tonight.

2. The Present Progressive Tense

The structure is as follows:

be(Conjugation of the auxiliary verb be) + doing(The present participle of the verb)

At First, a brief introduction to the verb “be”.

1. Used as a linking verb.
2. Used as an auxiliary verb to form tenses.

The follow the structure given above to make a sentence.

1. You/we/they are watching my video.
2. She/he/it is watching my video.
3. I am watching my video.

We can see from the example above that auxiliary verbs change with their subject.

3. The Present Perfect Tense.

The structure is as follows:

have(Conjugation of the auxiliary verb have) + done(The past participle of the verb).

First, I will give a brief introduction to the verb “have”.

1. Used as the Notional Verb(“实意动词”) to express the “有” meaning.
2. Used as an auxiliary verb to from tenses.

Second, I want to point out specifically(“专门地，给出详细信息，而specially就是专门地意思”) that the past participle is different from the past tense, and we’ll talk about the past tense later.

Then follow the structure given above to make the sentences.

1. I/you/we/they have eaten a carrot.
2. She/he/it has eaten a carrot.

4. The Present Perfect Progressive Tense.

The structure is as follows:

have(Conjugation of the auxiliary verb have) + been(the past participle of the be) + done(the past participle of the verb).

Now, follow the structure given above to make a sentence.

1. You’ve been watching my videos.(“你已经在看我的视频了”)
2. You’ve been selling carrots.(“你一直在卖胡萝卜”)

5. The Simple Past Tense

The structure is as follows:

The subject + The past tense of the verb + …

Then follow the structure given above to make a sentence.

1. The rabbit ate a carrot(“兔子吃了一根胡萝卜”, but in the present simple tense. “The rabbit eats the carrots” description “兔子吃胡萝卜这个事实”.).

6. The Past Progressive Tense

The structure is as follows:

be(Conjugation of the auxiliary verb be) + doing(the present participle of the verb)

The follow the structure given above to make a sentence.

1. I/She/He/It was eating a carrot.
2. You/We/They were eating a carrot.

7. The Past Perfect Tense

The structure is as follows:

Conjugation of the auxiliary verb have + done(the past participle of the verb)

过去完成时的被动语态的结构是 had been done

The follow the structure given above to make a sentence.

1. I/You/We/They/She/He/It had eaten a carrot.

8. The Past Perfect Progressive Tense

The structure is as follows:

Conjugation of the auxiliary verb have + been + doing(the present participle of the verb)

The follow the structure given above to make a sentence.

1. I/you/we/they/she/he/it had been eating a carrot.

9. The Simple Future Tense

The structure is as follows:

the subject + will/shall + do(the prototype of the verb)

First, I want to introduce something that the simple future tense describes.

1. The speaker is quite sure of what will happen.
2. If you want to describe something that you don’t know if it will happen. You need the help of the mood of the verb, instead of just using the simple future tense.

Follow the structure given above to make a few sentences.

1. The sun will rise in the east again tomorrow.
2. I will still write a journal tomorrow.

10. The Future Progressive Tense

The structure is as follows:

will/shall + be(Conjugation of the verb be, but “will” should be followed by the verb prototype, so “be” doesn’t need to be conjugation, just write be.) + doing(the present participle of the verb)

Follow the structure given above to make a few sentences.

1. I will be eating a carrot for lunch tomorrow from 1PM to 3PM.

11. The Future Perfect Tense

The structure is as follows:

will/shall + have(As with “be” in the future progressive tense above, use the prototype.) + done(The past participle of the verb)

Follow the structure given above to make a few sentences.

1. If you suddenly forget me, don’t worry, because I will have forgotten you.

12. The Future Perfect Progressive Tense

The structure is as follows:

will + have + been + doing(The present participle of the verb.)

Follow the structure given above to make a few sentences.

1. If you dare to forget me, I will have been forgetting you.

三、Verb Mood

1. Indicative Mood

Used to describe facts. For example:

1. This rabbit eats carrots. 这只兔子是吃胡萝卜的.
2. Does this rabbit eat carrots? 这只兔子吃胡萝卜吗？ (Some books classify such sentences as interrogative mood.)

2. Imperative Mood

Used to express requests and commands.

It can be roughly interpreted as using the second person’s simple present tense and dropping “you”. For example:

1. You eat the carrot! -> Eat the carrot!
2. You don’t eat it! -> Don’t eat it!
3. You are quiet! -> Be quiet!
4. You never give up! -> Never give up!
5. You give me coins! -> Give me coins!

3. Subjunctive Mood

如果（if）你不吃（对于将来时过去的时间，用were或did），你可能（表示可能性，可以用should）会饿。

如果你不吃（表示发生概率大，用were to或should），你一定（这个一定是根据从句中用的were to 或 should 还是 were，did决定的。因此如果表示一定，主句不可以用should）会饿。

Usage method 1:

Used to describe imagination that is different from the current reality.For example: 如果我现在看见这兔子，我会咬他.

1. Don’t make sentences like: If I see the rabbit now, I’ll bite him. Because we are hoping to describe something that happened in the present, but that didn’t happen, but that we wish had happened.
2. So, we should make sentences like: If I saw the rabbit now, I would bite him. 可见条件句，和主句都动词变位成过去式。

Usage method 2:

Used to describe something that happens in the future, but is unlikely to happen. For example:

1. If I should see the rabbit tomorrow, I would bite him. 如果我明天看到这兔子，我会咬他。可见条件句动词变位成(should(shall)+do)/were to do，主句还是will的过去式可以根据语境替换为should(shall)、would(will)、could(can)、might(may)。
2. If I should meet you(thee) after long years, how should I greet you(thee)? 万一我们将来重逢了，我又该如何面对你呢？

Usage method 3:

Used to describe imagination that is different from the past reality. For example:

1. If I had seen the rabbit a few days ago, I would have bitten him. 如果我前几天看见这兔子，我一定吃了它。可见动词变位成了过去完成时。

We are learning the second method of using the subjunctive mood today. It is used to express a wish, demand, suggestion, insist, order, etc.

Used wish and don’t use hope

“Wish” is used to describe low probability situations and “Hope” is used to describe cases that high probability occurrence. For example:

1. I wish that(" that "could be omitted) I were a rabbit. 我希望我是只兔子，和If I were a rabbit, I would eat a carrot.一样，表达现在，动词用过去（am 变成 were，不用was是因为古英语认为，这句话有两个我，一个真实的我，一个虚拟的我）
2. I wish that(can be omitted) I had eaten the carrot. 我希望我吃了那根胡萝卜。对过去的愿望，一样用过去完成时

A wish for the past is: wish + had/would have + done(past participle of the verb)

1. I wish that(can be omitted) I could eat the carrot.我希望我能吃那根胡萝卜。对将来的愿望，一样用将来过去

A wish for the future is: wish + should/would/could/might + do(prototype of the verb)

used would rather

1. I would rather that(can be omitted) you didn’t eat the carrot. 我宁愿你不会吃那根胡萝卜，表示现在的假设，用过去时
2. I would rather I were a rabbit.我宁可是只兔子
3. I‘d rather I hadn’t been a rabbit.我宁愿没有变成一只兔子，表示过去，还是用过去完成时
4. I’d rather I could eat the carrot.我宁愿吃胡萝卜表示将来，还是用could这些
   used demand, suggest, insist, order…

The subjunctive mood is used to “should + do”.​

1. I demand/suggest/insist/order that you should(can be omitted) give me a carrot.表示现在要求、建议、坚持、命令
2. I demanded/suggested/insisted/ordered that you give me a carrot.表过去。

四、Non-predicate verbs

The difference between predicate verbs(finite verbs) and non-predicate verbs(non-finite verbs)

There can be one predicate verb in a sentence, but there can be more than one non-predicate verb.

Predicate verbs can describe tenses, mood and aspects, but predicate verbs can’t.

1. The Infinitive

to + the prototype of the verb

1. Full infinitive: don’t omit “to”, for example: To be or not to be, that is the question.
2. Bare infinitive：can omit “to”, for example: You helped me (omitted the “to”) cook the carrot.

The infinitive after the causative/factitive verb drops “to”. For example: see/find/watch/have/make/let.

Use the infinitive as the subject of the sentence and use more of the formal subject “it”.

1. Notice don’t write like this: To eat a carrot every day is good for this rabbit.
   We should write like this: It is good for this rabbit to eat a carrot every day. Or like this: It is good that the rabbit eats a carrot every day.
2. Even to like this: Eating a carrot every day is good for this rabbit.

Use the infinitive as the object of the sentence. Use more of the formal object “it”.

1. Notive some verbs can’t be followed by an infinitive, but by a gerund. We’ll talk about this situation later.
2. Example sentence: This rabbit likes to eat carrots.

I consider it important to eat a carrot every day. (it is a formal object of this sentence. It refers to the infinitive “to eat a carrot every day” that follows.)

Use the infinitive as the objective complement of the sentence.

1. The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
2. Carrots make the rabbit feel happy.( " make "is a causative verb)

Use the infinitive as the subject complement of the sentence.

The rabbit’s dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world.

Use the infinitive as the attributive of the sentence.

The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.

Use the infinitive as the adverbial of the sentence to express cause, purpose and effect.

1. I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.
2. I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
3. I got enough thumbs-up to make another video.

Advanced infinitive

1. The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot.
2. The rabbit seemed to have eaten a carrot.
3. The rabbit seemed to have been eating a carrot.

2. The Gerund in English grammar

It can be roughly understood as the verb prototype plus ing. And gerund or gerund phrases can do anything nouns can do. For example:

1. Carrots are healthy for rabbits.
2. Eating carrots is healthy for the rabbit.
3. The rabbit’s hobby is growing carrots.
4. Seeing is believing.

The difference between an infinitive and a gerund.

Pay attention to these two sentences: The rabbit likes to eat carrots; the rabbit likes eating carrots.

Verb infinitives are used to express things that happen infrequently or don’t happen, and gerunds are used to express things that happen often or habits or already happen.

1. The rabbit stopped to eat a carrot.
2. The rabbit stopped eating a carrot.
3. The wolf forgot to invite the rabbit to her party.
4. The rabbit forgot accepting the wolf’s invitation.

Some verbs can’t be followed by an infinitive, only a gerund.

For example, "The rabbit enjoys/avoid/advise/consider/escape/mind/practice/… to eat carrots. "is wrong.

Something like “The rabbit enjoys eating carrots.” is the right.

Use a gerund instead of a verb after a preposition.

1. The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
2. The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again. (look forward to, look forward to doing something)

3. Persent participle

It can be roughly understood as the present participle is an adjective, and the gerund is a noun.

The present participle acts as attributive

The gerund expresses the use of nouns when modifying a noun. For example: a swimming boy, namely a boy who is swimming.

The present participle expresses the state or action of nouns. For example: a swimming suit, namely a suit for swimming.

The present participle acts as predicative/subject complement

1. The rabbit is smart.
2. The rabbit is charming.
3. The story is interesting.
4. The game is exciting.
5. The news is encouraging.

The present participle acts as object complement

1. The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot.
2. The wolf saw the rabbit eat a carrot. (omit “to” from the infinitive)

According to the difference between the two sentences above, it can be found that the present participle expresses something that is happening at the time and the infinitive expresses something that has been done or the whole course at the time.

The present participle acts as an adverbial

Denote time, cause, condition, effect, concession, end, manner and accompaniment. For example:

1. Hearing the news, the rabbit became excited. It is equivalent to when he heard the news, the rabbit became excited.
2. Not knowing what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch. It’s equivalent to because he didn’t know what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.

4. Past participle

The past participle means passive and the present participle means active.

The past participle acts as an attribute, For example:

1. This is a minced carrot.
2. This is a painted room.
3. The new restaurant has nothing to get recited about.

But the past participle phrase acts as an attribute, needing to be put after nouns. That is a postpositive attribute. For example:

The carrot cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious. (The eaten is put after cake)

The past participle acts as a predicate/subject complement.

1. The rabbit is interested in growing carrots.
2. **The rabbit was frightened.**3
3. The rabbit was frightening.

The past participle acts as the object complement.

The rabbit found his carrot stolen.

The past participle acts as the adverbial

1. Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful. (the carrot field is the logical subject of Seen, the carrot field was Seen up the hill, it not looking down from the hill.)
2. Born in a rabbit family, the rabbit has been growing carrots all his life.
3. Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf’s party.
4. Seeing the carrot field, the rabbit ran towards it.

1. The work finished, the rabbit went home.
2. The work was finished, and/so the rabbit went home.
3. After the work was finished, the rabbit went home.

So, the difference between the past participle and present participle is their relationship with the subject passive or active.

5. The nominative absolute

It can be roughly understood as not the actual subject in a sentence, is just a logical subject and independent of the actual subject. For example:

1. Because he was invited by the wolf, the rabbit decided to go to the party.

We can find it has only one subject, that is the rabbit. So we can condense the sentence above like this: Invited by the wolf, the rabbit decided to go to the party.

1. Let’s see the following sentence: Because the wolf invited him, the rabbit decided to go to the party.

We can find it has two objects that are respectively the wolf in subordinate clause and the rabbit in the main sentence.So, we can condense the sentence above like this: the wolf inviting him, the rabbit decided to go to the party.

Example sentence:

1. If the weather permits, the rabbit will go out. It can be condense like this: The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
2. After the work was finished, the rabbit went home. It can be like this: The work finished, the rabbit went home.
3. The rabbit is lying in bed and the carrot is still held in his hand. It can be like this: The rabbit is lying in bed, a carrot still held in his hand.

五、The auxiliary verb

It can’t be used as the predicate verb of a sentence alone and must be used with substantive verbs.

Auxiliary verbs mainly include ordinary auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliary verbs.
Ordinary auxiliary verbs mainly include three ones that is be, do, have.
Modal auxiliary verbs mainly include:
can/could、may/might、will/would、shall/should、must、ought to、dare/dared、need、used to.

There are most other auxiliary verbs also：be able to、be going to、be about to and had better etc.

1. The use of modal auxiliary verbs

The use of can/could

1. Express of the capable

1. I can kill a wolf.
2. I could kill a wolf last year.

2. Express a request or permission

Can/could I borrow your book? -Yes of course.( ’ could ‘is more euphemistic than’ can’)
3. Express the possibility

1. Anything can happen.
2. Anything could happen. (Can express the past possibility, if you use to express the present, ‘could’ possibility smaller than ‘can’)
3. The rabbit could have gone home earlier, but he didn’t finish work on time.( ’ could have gone’express to can finish something in the past, but it doesn’t.)

The use of may/might

1. Express the request or permission

May/might I borrow your book?( ’ might ‘more politeness than’ may ')

2. Express the possibility

‘may/might’ possibility smaller than ‘can/could’, so you can translate “也许；大概；可能”.

1. The rabbit isn’t here. He may be at home.
2. The rabbit isn’t here. He might be at home.( ’ might ‘possibility smaller than’ may ')

3. May can express benediction

May you succeed!

The use of ‘must’

1. Express necessary

You must finish your homework first!

2. Express prohibition

You mustn’t smoke here.

3. Express speculation

The light is on. The rabbit must be at home. (the ‘must’ expresses’一定，肯定’ in this sentence)

If you want to express not necessarily at home. You can say something like this: The rabbit can’t be at home.

The use of ‘will/would’

We don’t have to say much about the use of the future tense.
1. Express the request or suggest

1. Will you lend me that book?
2. Would you please lend me that book?
3. Would you please subscribe to my channel?

2. Express speculation or hypothesis

1. Ask him. He will/would know.
2. What would the rabbit eat for dinner? -He would eat a carrot.

The use of ‘shall’

It can form the future tense.
1. Express a request or request for advice

Shall we meet at 9AM?

2. Express an order or warning

1. You shall not pass!
2. You shall not murder. You shall not steal. You shall not covet.

The use of ‘should’

1. Express ought to do something

We should treat the rabbit well.

2. Express an educated guess

It should rain tomorrow.

3. Express unexpected something

It’s surprising that he should be late.

4. Form the subjunctive

1. If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn’t go.
2. You should have eaten the carrot.

The use of ‘ought to’ to express should do something

We ought to treat the rabbit well.(’ ought to ’ stronger tone than ‘should’)

The ‘need’ is used to do modal auxiliary verb

1. The rabbit need wait.
2. The rabbit need not wait.
3. The rabbit needs to wait.
4. The rabbit doesn’t need to wait.

The ‘dear’ is used to do modal auxiliary verb

1. The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf.
2. The rabbit dare kill him.
3. How dare you!

The ‘used to’ expresses the action in the past and emphasizes to compare with the present.

The rabbit used to eat apples. Now he only eats carrots.

2. The other modal auxiliary verbs

‘be able to’ express to can do something

‘can’ just express the past tense and present tense, but ‘be able to’ can extra to express the future tense. For example:

1. I’ll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.
2. I was able to reach school on time because I left home early.

'be going to; be about to; be to’express to will do something.

1. I’m going to eat dinner at 6PM today.(“准备做某事”)
2. I’m about to eat dinner right now.(“（马上）要做某事，时间更短”)
3. You are to finish homework first.(“被命令做某事”)
4. I think they’re to fall in love with each other.(“命中注定，被命运命令”)

‘had better’ express advice or warning

1. You had better follow my orders.
2. You’d better get out of here.

六、The linking verb and the causative verb

1. Linking verbs

It can be roughly understood as it’s just “=”, used for “B” assignment to “A”, for example:
I am a rabbit. The sky grew dark.

2.Causative verbs

It can be roughly understood as letting somebody do something. So we can find that if you only use an object in the sentence, the meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the object complement. For example:

1. I made a wolf. The “make” in this sentence is just a substantive verb.
2. I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time. The “make” in this sentence is a causative verb and ‘eat’ is a bare infinitive verb in object complement.

The use of ‘make’

You can use the bare infinitive or adjective as the object complement. For example:

The carrot made the wolf full.

The use of ‘let’

You can use the bare infinitive or adverbial as the object complement.

1. Let me out!
2. I’ll let the wolf eat some chocolate.

The use of ‘have’(‘表示任务职责，让它…’)

You can use the bare infinitive or the past participle verb as the object complement.

1. I’ll have the wolf wash the dishes.
2. I’ll have the dishes washed.
3. I had someone wash my car.
4. I had someone do my nails.
5. I had my car washed.
6. I had my nails done.

The use of ‘get’(‘表示想办法让…’)

You can use the full infinitive or the past participle verb as the object complement.

1. I’ll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.
2. I got my nails done.

七、English part of speech

1. The article

The indefinite article ‘a/an’

If a word pronunciation begins with a vowel sound, the indefinite article before it is an, otherwise it is a.

1. A general reference to a person or thing: I saw a rabbit.
2. A general reference to a particular kind of person or thing: A rabbit is smarter than a wolf.
3. Express the number 1: I gave you a hundred carrots.
4. Express the every: I eat 10 carrots a day.
5. Subject-predicate consistency: A teacher and video creator. A teacher and a video creator.
6. Fixed expression: For example: have a good time/as a result/in a hurry/all of a sudden.

The indefinite article ‘the’

If a word pronunciation begins with a vowel sound, the definite article ‘the’ pronunciation is ‘ði’, otherwise is’ ðə’.

1. The specific reference to someone or some people, something or some things.
2. Someone or some people, something or some things mentioned again.
3. Used before ordinal and adjective superlatives：The first rabbit. The biggest carrot.
4. Used before unique nouns：For example: The sun/the moon/the earth.
5. Used to general reference：I like playing the piano.(‘弹钢琴这件事’)，The computer has changed our way of life.
6. Used before adjectives：The rich should help the poor.
7. Fixed expression：For example: all the time/by the way/out of the question.

The zero article

It can be roughly understood as you don’t necessarily use articles and use mainly to general reference some few things.

For example: Rabbits are smart. Computers have changed our way of life. Water is important. Summer is hot. Winter is cold.

2. The preposition

Spatial prepositions

1. ‘in’ expresses In the interior of a space, indicates a large range.For example: in the house/in the park/in the country
2. ‘on’ expresses on a plane, the scope is more specific.Represents contact with an object.For example: on the table/on the floor
3. ‘at’ expresses at one point, the scope is very accurate.For example: at the corner of the street/the bus stopped at the bus station.
4. ‘over’ expresses covering or over or flying over an object.Represents right above an object and not contact or can contact an object and it can move.

1. The mother put a blanket over the child.
2. The bridge over the river.
3. The lamp is over the table.
4. The plane flew over the mountain.
5. The rabbit climbed over the fence.

1. ‘above’ expresses above an object. Just represents that it’s above an object and can’t move or contact.
2. ‘under’ expresses under an object.It means the same thing as’ over ', but ‘under’ means below.There is a ball under the desk.
3. ‘below’ expresses below an object. It means the same thing as’ above’, but ‘below’ means down.
4. ‘near’ expresses nearby an object or around an object. It has some distance.
5. ‘by’ and ‘beside’ expresses the position beside an object. The distance is relatively short.
6. ‘next to’ expresses next to an object. The distance is relatively short. It can also be expressed next.
7. ‘across’ expresses walking sideways across the surface.For example: go across the street. swim across the river.
8. ‘through’ expresses through the interior. For example: go through the tunnel/walk through the forest/look through the window.
9. ‘past’ expresses’经过，路过’. The rabbit walked past the wolf without saying any words.
10. ‘in front of’ expresses’ 在…前方’. The rabbit is standing in front of the wolf.
11. ‘before’ expresses’ 在…之前’, It is not usually used to represent space, only in scenes such as television. She played the violin before the crowd.
12. ‘behind’ expresses’ 在…之后’, It’s the opposite of’in front of’
13. ‘between’ expresses’ 在…之间’. The carrot is between the rabbit and the wolf.
14. ‘among’ expresses’ 在…之间’, it’s usually used between three or more people and objects. The rabbit is standing among the carrots.
15. ‘round’ and ‘around’ express ‘围绕,环绕’. For example: trees round/around the field
16. ‘along’ expresses ‘沿着;顺着’. Walk along this road.
17. ‘to’ expresses’ 向，朝…'. For example: going to school.
18. ‘toward/towards’ expresses ‘朝着…的方向’. For example: walking towards home.
19. ‘onto’ expresses’ 到…上面’. For example: The rabbit jumped onto the table.
20. ‘into’ expresses’ 到…里面(内部)'. For example: walking into the house.
21. ‘out of’ expresses ‘从里面出来’. For example: get out of the car.
22. ‘opposite’ expresses’ 在…对面’. For example: our school is opposite my house.
23. ‘against’ expresses ‘与…相反;倚,靠’. For example: We were rowing against the current/The rabbit was leaning against the tree.
24. ‘up’ expresses’ 沿…向上’. For example: up the hill/up the river.
25. ‘down’ expresses’ 沿…向下’. For example: walk down the road/roll down the hill.
26. ‘off’ expresses ‘离…有一定距离’. New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.

The time preposition

1. ‘in’ expresses’ 在…里面’, indicates a large range. For example: in 2030/in winter/in December/in the morning/in the evening.
2. ‘on’ expresses’ 在…上面’, the time is more specific and the range is smaller than ‘in’. For example: on Monday/on Christmas Day.
3. ‘at’ expresses ‘在某处’, the time is more specific than ‘on’ and the range is smaller than ‘on’. For example: at 6 o’clock/at noon/at sunset/at dawn/at (the age of) 6
4. ‘during’ expresses ‘持续;在…期间’, for example: during the past 2 days/during the past 2 weeks/during the past 2 years.
5. ‘for’ expresses ‘因为…; 因…持续’, for example: I’ve been learning English for 2 years.
6. ‘since’ expresses ‘自从’, for example: since last week.
7. ‘before’ expresses’ 在…之前’, for example: before Monday/before 2020.
8. ‘after’ expresses’ 在…之后’, for example: after two years.
9. 'from… to… 'expresses’从… 到… ', for example: from 9:00 to 10:00
10. ‘by’ expresses ‘附近,不超过…; 不迟于…前，限定时间线，before是泛指某个时间点之前’, for example: by 2 o’clock/by tomorrow.
11. ‘until’ expresses ‘直到…为止’, for example: until 8 o’clock.

Preposition of manner

1. ‘in’ expresses’…方式；在…里面’, for example: Let’s talk in English.
2. ‘through’ expresses ‘通过…方式；穿过’, for example: We succeed through hard work.
3. ‘by’ expresses ‘通过…; 依靠…; 在…旁边’, for example: We learn English by watching videos/I go to work by car.
4. ‘with’ expresses ‘用…; 和…一起’, for example: We write with pens.
5. ‘on’ expresses ‘在…上面,online线上’, for example: We talked on the phone.

The reason for prepositions

1. ‘for’ expresses '因为…；由于… ', for example: This rabbit is famous for being able to speak.
2. ‘with’ expresses’ 和…一起；…是和…分不开的原因(伴随，for表示推断的原因)', for example: The rabbit is shaking with a cold.
3. ‘because plus clause and because of plus noun’ expresses '因为… ', for example: The rabbit didn’t go out because of/due to/owing to/on account of the rain.

The about prepositions

1. ‘about’ expresses ‘在…外面，关于’, for example: could you tell me something about your school?
2. ‘of’ expresses ‘(古)离开，此外的，附加的, ……的一部分,属于’, for example: He thought of something important.
3. ‘on’ expresses ‘在…上面, 关于’, for example: Would you like some advice on learning English?

The numerical prepositions

1. ‘at’ expresses ‘在某处，在数值具体的一个点’, for example: at a high price/at a fast rate.
2. ‘by’ expresses ‘旁边(相关；某种属性，使用某种标准)，度量的标准’, for example: They get paid by the hour.
3. ‘for’ expresses’ 因为，因为付了100块买了这些数，引申为以…的价钱，给（对象的用途等）', for example: I bought these books for 100 Yuan.

The Preposition State

1. ‘in’ expresses ‘在…里；在…状态中, 范围较大’, for example: in progress/in a dilemma.
2. ‘on’ expresses ‘在…上；受…的支持的状态, 范围适中’, for example: on a diet/on drugs.
3. ‘at’ expresses ‘在某处；在某个状态，范围精确’, for example: at work/at dinner.
4. ‘under’ expresses ‘在…下面；在框架/前提下’, for example: under construction/under discussion.

The Eliminating Prepositions

1. ‘besides’ expresses ‘除了…还’, for example: I like many things besides carrots.
2. ‘except’ expresses ‘除了…’, for example: Everyone went to the party except the rabbit.
3. ‘except for’ expresses ‘和except一样，但是它用来反驳,except用来从整体剔除’, for example: The party is great except for the loud music.

The Preposition Phrases

The preposition needs to be followed by an object but the prepositional phrase may not be followed. And the prepositional phrase can be the subject/the adverbials/the complementary subject/the attributes/the complementary object and the object in a sentence. For example:

1. Between 10 and 11 is a good time for me.
2. The meeting is at 2 o’clock.
3. This is the key to the house.
4. I found the carrot in good condition.
5. The rabbit ate a carrot at noon.
6. The rabbit is eating a carrot in the kitchen.
7. The rabbit likes traveling by car.

八、The English clause

1. The adjective clause/the attributive clause/the relative clause

It can be roughly understood as the attribute = the adjective = the relative clause. For example: a carrot that I bought. (Where ‘carrot’ is the antecedent, ‘that’ is the relative, and ‘I bought’ is the attribute of ‘carrot’)

In addition, depending on the antecedent, the relative words used are also different, for example:
A tasty carrot/a carrot that the rabbit ate/a teacher who is a rabbit/a teacher whom I saw yesterday/the place where the rabbit ate the carrot/the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.

1.1 The relatives

1. The relative pronoun

If the relative words make a pronoun in the clause，it’s the relative pronoun. For example:

1. The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit. This sentence clause is that the teacher ate a carrot/who ate a carrot, so it can be like this: who ate a carrot.
2. The teacher whom I saw yesterday is a rabbit. This sentence clause is that I saw the teacher yesterday/I saw whom yesterday, so it can be like this: whom I saw yesterday. (the teacher is object in sentence, so you need to use whom.)
3. The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought. This sentence clause is that I bought the carrot/I bought that, so it can be like this: that I bought.
4. The food which the teacher likes is carrot. This sentence clause is that the teacher likes the food/the teacher likes which, so it can be like this: which the teacher likes.

Please pay special attention to in particular that “that” and “which” are often interchangeable.
Roughly speaking, “that” is used if the antecedent describes a unique thing, and “which” is used if the antecedent is to choose one of the same type of things. For example:

1. The rabbit ate the largest carrot that I’ve ever seen.
2. The rabbit ate a carrot which I bought. (If you can even ask questions like ‘Which one are you talking about?’ In this way, you can use ‘which’ or ‘that’.)

2. The relative adverb

The relative words make the adverb in clause. The relative adverb = the preposition + which. For example:

1. This was the place where/at which the rabbit ate the carrot.
2. This is the reason why/for which the rabbit ate the carrot.
3. That was the day when/on which the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.

1.2 The defining adjective clause and the non-limiting adjective clause

The clause is used to define the scope/nature of the antecedent that is the defining adjective clause. For example:

The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table.

The non-limiting adjective clause, for example:

1. The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table/The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on the table.
2. My head, which is big, is useful when it rains. (Used of a parenthesis’插入语’)
3. The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table.
4. The rabbit ate the carrot, which was not surprising. (指代整句话)

2. The nominal clause

The subject clause

The subject clause is a sentence to make the subject in the whole sentence. For example:

1. That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.
2. Whether the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
3. Where the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
4. When the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
5. How the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
6. Who ate the carrot is obvious.
7. What the rabbit ate is obvious.

All of them above begin with the conjunctional pronoun or the conjunctional adverb.
Next, we introduce formal subjects.

1. It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening.
2. It is obvious when the rabbit ate the carrot.

The object clause

The object clause is a sentence to make the object in the whole sentence. For example:

1. I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot/I saw the rabbit ate a carrot.
2. I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
3. I saw who ate the carrot.
4. I saw what the rabbit ate.
5. I saw where the rabbit ate the carrot.
6. I saw when the rabbit ate the carrot.
7. I saw how the rabbit ate the carrot.
8. I didn’t know that the rabbit ate the carrot and that you saw it. (This sentence can’t omit ‘that’, because it’ll be ambiguous)
9. I know, just like you do, that the rabbit ate the carrot. (Can’t omit ‘that’)
10. I don’t think the rabbit is smart.
11. I don’t believe you will give me some coins.
12. I don’t expect you will give this video a thumbs-up.
13. I didn’t think you were right.​ (Master-slave consistent)

The predictive clause/The complement subject clause

1. The problem is that the rabbit is hungry.
2. The reason is that there are no more carrots.
3. The question is whether the rabbit is hungry.
4. The question is what the rabbit should eat.
5. The question is where/when/how the rabbit should eat the carrot.
6. It seems that the rabbit is hungry.
7. It feels that you’re not telling the truth.

The apposition clause

1. The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot didn’t surprise me.
2. The question whether the rabbit will eat the carrot is on all our minds.
3. The question of whether the rabbit will eat the carrot is on all our minds.
4. I have no idea who ate the carrot.

The object complement clause

1. You can call me what you like.
2. You can say whatever you want, okay?
3. My education made me who I am today.

3. The Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause of Time

1. ‘Before’ expresses’ 在…之前’: The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by/Before the wolf stopped by, the rabbit ate a carrot at home.
2. ‘when/while/as’ expresses’ 时间点中，当时. when 当时突然的，while 一个时间段 as 同时’: The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home/The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video/I ate a carrot as I made the video.
3. ‘after’ expresses’ 在…之后’: The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.
4. ‘since’ expresses’ 从之前某点开始算’: The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by/The rabbit has not stopped sharing carrots since the wolf stopped by.
5. ‘until’ expresses’ 直到之后某点’: The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by/The rabbit didn’t eat any carrots until the wolf stopped by.
6. ‘as soon as’ expresses’ 一…就…': The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves.
7. ‘the next time’ expresses’ 下次…': The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.

Adverbial Clause of place

'where/wherever/everywhere/anywhere/… ‘expresses’where 和 where的强调形式表地点, everywhere emphasize 所有，anywhere emphasize 任何’:

1. The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it.
2. The rabbit will go wherever he can find a carrot.
3. The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes.
4. The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes.

Adverbial Clause of Condition

1. If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.
2. If I saw a carrot, I would eat it.
3. If I had seen a carrot, I would have eaten it.
4. If you like this video, you will give it a thumbs-up.
5. If you don’t like this video, you’ll not give it a thumbs-up.
6. Unless you like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.
7. Provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.
8. As long as I make excellent videos, you will remain my follower.
9. In case you don’t understand, please comment below.

Adverbial Clause of concession

1. Even if I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
2. Although I see a carrot, I will not eat it. (Pay special attention to not using it but. If you use but, you will make a compound sentence)
3. No matter what happens, I will not eat the carrot.
4. No matter who orders me, I will not eat the carrot.
5. No matter how hungry I am, I will not eat the carrot.
6. Regardless of what kind of video I make, you will give me a thumbs-up.

Adverbial Clause of manner

1. I feel good as if I had just eaten a carrot.​ (It’s not the subjunctive mood. If I had eaten a carrot, I would have felt good.)
2. You spend so much money as if you were a millionaire. (If you were a millionaire, you would spend a lot of money.)
3. Eat the carrot as I do.
4. Leave the carrot as it is.

Adverbial Clause of comparison

1. ‘He is smarter than me’ is the elliptical form of ‘He is smarter than I am’.
2. This carrot is bigger than that one/This carrot is bigger than that one is.
3. She is as beautiful as Snow White/She is more beautiful than Snow White is.
4. He is as smart as me/He is as smart as I am. Express the same as somebody else.
5. This carrot is as big as that one/This carrot is as big as that one is.
6. She is as beautiful as Snow White/She is as beautiful as Snow White is.
7. The more you practice English, the more fluent you become. Express ‘越…越…’.
8. The more coins you give me, the more videos I make.

Adverbial Clause of cause

1. The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.(‘because实实在在因果关系，引导从句位置随意’)
2. Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.(‘since大家都知道的情况，引导从句，只能主句之后，as也一样’)
3. As you were not here, we ate the carrot without you.(‘as显而易见的事实’)
4. You must really like me, for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up.(‘for表达了一定因果，但没有引导从句，而是复合句’)

Adverbial Clause of purpose

1. In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all-nighter.
2. I pulled an all-night so that I could finish the video in time.

Adverbial Clause of results

1. I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that I wasn’t hungry at all in the afternoon.
2. The temperature was low so that the lack froze.
3. I ate so many carrots for lunch that I felt sick afterwards.
4. It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it all at once.(‘such后面接名词，不和so… that…一样后面接形容词’)
5. It was so tasty a carrot that I ate it all at once.(‘非要用so，只能这样了，后面用形容词’)

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