python学习-06（模块化编程）
2024-05-03 10:14:23
1：模块定义
模块：用来从逻辑上组织Python代码（变量，函数、类，逻辑：实现一个功能），本质就是.py结尾的Python文件（文件名:test.py,对应的模块名，test）。
包：本质就是一个文件夹或者是目录（必须带有一个_init_.py文件），包是用来从逻辑上组织模块的。
2.导入方法：
1):import module_test, module_test1 （调用方法的时候，需要module_test. ）
2):form moudule_test import * （* 表示所有的方法）(不建议使用，这个就相当于导入了程序。) 容易造成覆盖，出现问题。
3):form module_test import module_ajun as module_ajun_test(作为一个别名来使用)
3：import本质 （路径 搜索和搜索路径）
1) import module_test 相当于把module_test 的所有代码解释一遍，全部传递给module_test. 调用module_test的变量和方法。
2) form moudule_test import name 相当于值调用了name变量，在当前模块，就不需要加前缀了。
总结：导入模块的本质就是把Python文件解释一遍。(import test test=’test.py all code’)
导入包的本质就是执行包下面的_init_.py文件
Import module_name--》mudule_name.py--》module_name.py的路径--》sys.path
os.path.abspath(_file_)=获取 当前目录
os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(_file_))=获取当前目录的父目录
os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname (os.path.abspath(_file_)))=获取当前目录的父目录 的父目录
form .（点表示当前目录，就是_init_的目录） import 包名
4.导入优化
怎么优化？每次都去找，很浪费时间？
使用from module_test import test 这个方法，节约时间。
5.模块的分类
A:标准库
B：开源模块
C：自定义模块
A标准库
5.1time与datetime 两个库。
1）表示时间，格式化的时间格式：2017-07-28
2）时间戳：从1970.1.1日到现在总共经过了多少秒？
为什么从1970年1月1日开始呢？
3）元祖，共有九个元素表示。
UTC（Coordinated Universal Time，世界协调时）亦即格林威治天文时间，世界标准时间。在中国为UTC+8。DST（Daylight Saving Time）即夏令时。
时间戳（timestamp）的方式：通常来说，时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。我们运行“type(time.time())”，返回的是float类型。返回时间戳方式的函数主要有time()，clock()等。
元组（struct_time）方式：struct_time元组共有9个元素，返回struct_time的函数主要有gmtime()，localtime()，strptime()。下面列出这种方式元组中的几个元素：
1 #Author:ajun 2 importtime3 4 #print(time.process_time())#测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定 5 #print(time.altzone) #返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算\ 6 #print(time.asctime()) #返回时间格式Wed Jun 28 21:38:29 2017 格式, 7 #print(time.localtime()) #返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式 8 #print(time.gmtime(time.time()-800000)) #返回utc时间的struc时间对象格式 9 #print(time.asctime(time.localtime())) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016", 10 #print(time.ctime()) #返回Wed Jun 28 21:38:29 2017 格式, 同上 11 #日期字符串 转成 时间戳 12 string_2_struct = time.strptime("2017/06/28","%Y/%m/%d") #将 日期字符串 转成 struct时间对象格式 13 print(string_2_struct)14 ## 15 struct_2_stamp = time.mktime(string_2_struct) #将struct时间对象转成时间戳 16 print(struct_2_stamp)17 18 #将时间戳转为字符串格式 19 print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将utc时间戳转换成struct_time格式 20 print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将utc struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式 21 22 #时间加减 23 importdatetime24 25 print(datetime.datetime.now()) #返回 2017-06-28 21:11:01.433280 26 print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) ) #时间戳直接转成日期格式 2017-06-28 27 #print(datetime.datetime.now() ) 28 #print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3)) #当前时间+3天 29 #print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3)) #当前时间-3天 30 #print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #当前时间+3小时 31 #print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30)) #当前时间+30分 32 33 #修改时间 34 c_time =datetime.datetime.now()35 print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2)) #时间替换)) #时间替换
时间模块
时间转换图（一个来自alex，一个来自海峰老师）
%a 本地（locale）简化星期名称%A 本地完整星期名称%b 本地简化月份名称%B 本地完整月份名称%c 本地相应的日期和时间表示%d 一个月中的第几天（01 - 31）%H 一天中的第几个小时（24小时制，00 - 23）%I 第几个小时（12小时制，01 - 12）%j 一年中的第几天（001 - 366）%m 月份（01 - 12）%M 分钟数（00 - 59）%p 本地am或者pm的相应符 一%S 秒（01 - 61） 二%U 一年中的星期数。（00 -53星期天是一个星期的开始。）第一个星期天之前的所有天数都放在第0周。 三%w 一个星期中的第几天（0 - 6，0是星期天） 三%W 和%U基本相同，不同的是%W以星期一为一个星期的开始。%x 本地相应日期%X 本地相应时间%y 去掉世纪的年份（00 - 99）%Y 完整的年份%Z 时区的名字（如果不存在为空字符）%% ‘%’字符
5.2random模块
随机数
importrandomprint (random.random()) #0.6445010863311293#random.random()用于生成一个0到1的随机符点数: 0 <= n < 1.0 print (random.randint(1,7)) #4#random.randint()的函数原型为：random.randint(a, b)，用于生成一个指定范围内的整数。#其中参数a是下限，参数b是上限，生成的随机数n: a <= n <= b print (random.randrange(1,10)) #5#random.randrange的函数原型为：random.randrange([start], stop[, step])，#从指定范围内，按指定基数递增的集合中 获取一个随机数。如：random.randrange(10, 100, 2)，#结果相当于从[10, 12, 14, 16, ... 96, 98]序列中获取一个随机数。#random.randrange(10, 100, 2)在结果上与 random.choice(range(10, 100, 2) 等效。 print(random.choice('liukuni')) #i#random.choice从序列中获取一个随机元素。#其函数原型为：random.choice(sequence)。参数sequence表示一个有序类型。#这里要说明一下：sequence在python不是一种特定的类型，而是泛指一系列的类型。#list, tuple, 字符串都属于sequence。有关sequence可以查看python手册数据模型这一章。#下面是使用choice的一些例子： print(random.choice("学习Python"))#学 print(random.choice(["JGood","is","a","handsome","boy"])) #List print(random.choice(("Tuple","List","Dict"))) #List print(random.sample([1,2,3,4,5],3)) #[1, 2, 5]#random.sample的函数原型为：random.sample(sequence, k)，从指定序列中随机获取指定长度的片断。sample函数不会修改原有序列。
#!/usr/bin/env python#encoding: utf-8 importrandomimportstring#随机整数： print( random.randint(0,99)) #70#随机选取0到100间的偶数： print(random.randrange(0, 101, 2)) #4#随机浮点数： print( random.random()) #0.2746445568079129 print(random.uniform(1, 10)) #9.887001463194844#随机字符： print(random.choice('abcdefg&#%^*f')) #f#多个字符中选取特定数量的字符： print(random.sample('abcdefghij',3)) #['f', 'h', 'd']#随机选取字符串： print( random.choice ( ['apple', 'pear', 'peach', 'orange', 'lemon'] )) #apple#洗牌# items = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]print(items) #[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] random.shuffle(items)print(items) #[1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 3, 6]
应用实例
1 importrandom2 checkcode='' 3 for i in range(5):4 current_a=random.randint(1,6)5 if current_a%2:6 temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))7 else:8 temp = random.randint(0,9)9 checkcode+=str(temp)10 print(checkcode)
随机生成验证码的例子
5.3os模块
参考：https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html?highlight=os#module-os （帮助）
http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/5161349.html（alex）
http://egon09.blog.51cto.com/9161406/1840425（海峰老师）
#Author:ajun os.getcwd() #获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 os.chdir("dirname") #改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd os.curdir #返回当前目录: ('.') os.pardir #获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..') os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') #可生成多层递归目录 os.removedirs('dirname1') #若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推 os.mkdir('dirname') #生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname os.rmdir('dirname') #删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname os.listdir('dirname') #列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印 os.remove() #删除一个文件 os.rename("oldname","newname") #重命名文件/目录 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 os.sep#输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" os.linesep #输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" os.pathsep #输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 os.name #输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' os.system("bash command") #运行shell命令，直接显示 os.environ #获取系统环境变量 os.path.abspath(path) #返回path规范化的绝对路径 os.path.split(path) #将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 os.path.dirname(path) #返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 os.path.basename(path) #返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 os.path.exists(path) #如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False os.path.isabs(path) #如果path是绝对路径，返回True os.path.isfile(path) #如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False os.path.isdir(path) #如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False os.path.join(path1[,path2[, ...]]) #将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 os.path.getatime(path) #返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 os.path.getmtime(path) #返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
5.4sys模块
1 sys.argv #命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 2 sys.exit(n) #退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) 3 sys.version #获取Python解释程序的版本信息 4 sys.maxint #最大的Int值 5 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值#6 sys.platform #返回操作系统平台名称 7 sys.stdout.write('please:') #写进度条就需要这个函数 8 val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
5.5shutil模块
主要就是用于文件的拷贝和压缩包。
参考http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
1 def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):2 """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" 3 while 1:4 buf =fsrc.read(length)5 if notbuf:6 break 7 fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
defcopyfile(src, dst):"""Copy data from src to dst"""if_samefile(src, dst):raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" %(src, dst))for fn in[src, dst]:try:st=os.stat(fn)exceptOSError:#File most likely does not existpasselse:#XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)ifstat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" %fn)with open(src,'rb') as fsrc:with open(dst,'wb') as fdst:copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
defcopymode(src, dst):"""Copy mode bits from src to dst"""if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):st=os.stat(src)mode=stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
defcopystat(src, dst):"""Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""st=os.stat(src)mode=stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)if hasattr(os, 'utime'):os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):os.chmod(dst, mode)if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):try:os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)exceptOSError, why:for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno ==getattr(errno, err):breakelse:raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
defcopy(src, dst):"""Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").The destination may be a directory."""ifos.path.isdir(dst):dst=os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))copyfile(src, dst)copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
1 defcopy2(src, dst):2 """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").3 4 The destination may be a directory.5 6 """ 7 ifos.path.isdir(dst):8 dst =os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))9 copyfile(src, dst)10 copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
1 def ignore_patterns(*patterns):2 """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.3 4 Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns5 that are used to exclude files""" 6 def_ignore_patterns(path, names):7 ignored_names =[]8 for pattern inpatterns:9 ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))10 returnset(ignored_names)11 return_ignore_patterns12 13 def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):14 """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().15 16 The destination directory must not already exist.17 If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.18 19 If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the20 source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if21 it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic22 links are copied.23 24 The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it25 is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory26 being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of27 `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():28 29 callable(src, names) -> ignored_names30 31 Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be32 called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a33 list of names relative to the `src` directory that should34 not be copied.35 36 XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.37 38 """ 39 names =os.listdir(src)40 if ignore is notNone:41 ignored_names =ignore(src, names)42 else:43 ignored_names =set()44 45 os.makedirs(dst)46 errors =[]47 for name innames:48 if name inignored_names:49 continue 50 srcname =os.path.join(src, name)51 dstname =os.path.join(dst, name)52 try:53 if symlinks andos.path.islink(srcname):54 linkto =os.readlink(srcname)55 os.symlink(linkto, dstname)56 elifos.path.isdir(srcname):57 copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)58 else:59 #Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types 60 copy2(srcname, dstname)61 #catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can 62 #continue with other files 63 exceptError, err:64 errors.extend(err.args[0])65 exceptEnvironmentError, why:66 errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))67 try:68 copystat(src, dst)69 exceptOSError, why:70 if WindowsError is not None andisinstance(why, WindowsError):71 #Copying file access times may fail on Windows 72 pass 73 else:74 errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))75 iferrors:76 raise Error, errors
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shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
1 def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, οnerrοr=None):2 """Recursively delete a directory tree.3 4 If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror5 is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,6 path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;7 path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and8 exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors9 is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.10 11 """ 12 ifignore_errors:13 def onerror(*args):14 pass 15 elif onerror isNone:16 def onerror(*args):17 raise 18 try:19 ifos.path.islink(path):20 #symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 21 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")22 exceptOSError:23 onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())24 #can't continue even if onerror hook returns 25 return 26 names =[]27 try:28 names =os.listdir(path)29 exceptos.error, err:30 onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())31 for name innames:32 fullname =os.path.join(path, name)33 try:34 mode =os.lstat(fullname).st_mode35 exceptos.error:36 mode =037 ifstat.S_ISDIR(mode):38 rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)39 else:40 try:41 os.remove(fullname)42 exceptos.error, err:43 onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())44 try:45 os.rmdir(path)46 exceptos.error:47 onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
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shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
defmove(src, dst):"""Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This issimilar to the Unix "mv" command.If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the sourceis moved inside the directory. The destination path must not alreadyexist.If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may beoverwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot ofthe issues this implementation glosses over."""real_dst=dstifos.path.isdir(dst):if_samefile(src, dst):#We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,#perform the rename anyway. os.rename(src, dst)returnreal_dst=os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))ifos.path.exists(real_dst):raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" %real_dsttry:os.rename(src, real_dst)exceptOSError:ifos.path.isdir(src):if_destinsrc(src, dst):raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." %(src, dst)copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)rmtree(src)else:copy2(src, real_dst)os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
- base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/ - format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
- root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
- owner： 用户，默认当前用户
- group： 组，默认当前组
- logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
1 #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录 2 3 importshutil4 ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')5 6 7 #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 8 importshutil9 ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
1 def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,2 dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):3 """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).4 5 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific6 extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"7 or "gztar".8 9 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the10 archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the11 archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;12 ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and13 directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default14 to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file.15 16 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,17 uses the current owner and group.18 """ 19 save_cwd =os.getcwd()20 if root_dir is notNone:21 if logger is notNone:22 logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)23 base_name =os.path.abspath(base_name)24 if notdry_run:25 os.chdir(root_dir)26 27 if base_dir isNone:28 base_dir =os.curdir29 30 kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}31 32 try:33 format_info =_ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]34 exceptKeyError:35 raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" %format36 37 func =format_info[0]38 for arg, val in format_info[1]:39 kwargs[arg] =val40 41 if format != 'zip':42 kwargs['owner'] =owner43 kwargs['group'] =group44 45 try:46 filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)47 finally:48 if root_dir is notNone:49 if logger is notNone:50 logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)51 os.chdir(save_cwd)52 53 return filename
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shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
-
1 importzipfile2 3 #压缩 4 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')5 z.write('a.log')6 z.write('data.data')7 z.close()8 9 #解压 10 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')11 z.extractall()12 z.close()
zipfile 压缩解压
1 importtarfile2 3 #压缩 4 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')5 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')6 tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')7 tar.close()8 9 #解压 10 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')11 tar.extractall() #可设置解压地址 12 tar.close()
tarfile 压缩解压
1 classZipFile(object):2 """Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.3 4 z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)5 6 file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.7 If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.8 mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".9 compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).10 allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when11 needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would12 be necessary.13 14 """ 15 16 fp = None #Set here since __del__ checks it 17 18 def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):19 """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" 20 if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):21 raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"')22 23 if compression ==ZIP_STORED:24 pass 25 elif compression ==ZIP_DEFLATED:26 if notzlib:27 raiseRuntimeError,\28 "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" 29 else:30 raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" 31 32 self._allowZip64 =allowZip6433 self._didModify =False34 self.debug = 0 #Level of printing: 0 through 3 35 self.NameToInfo = {} #Find file info given name 36 self.filelist = [] #List of ZipInfo instances for archive 37 self.compression = compression #Method of compression 38 self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]39 self.pwd =None40 self._comment = '' 41 42 #Check if we were passed a file-like object 43 ifisinstance(file, basestring):44 self._filePassed =045 self.filename =file46 modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}47 try:48 self.fp =open(file, modeDict[mode])49 exceptIOError:50 if mode == 'a':51 mode = key = 'w' 52 self.fp =open(file, modeDict[mode])53 else:54 raise 55 else:56 self._filePassed = 1 57 self.fp =file58 self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)59 60 try:61 if key == 'r':62 self._RealGetContents()63 elif key == 'w':64 #set the modified flag so central directory gets written 65 #even if no files are added to the archive 66 self._didModify =True67 elif key == 'a':68 try:69 #See if file is a zip file 70 self._RealGetContents()71 #seek to start of directory and overwrite 72 self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)73 exceptBadZipfile:74 #file is not a zip file, just append 75 self.fp.seek(0, 2)76 77 #set the modified flag so central directory gets written 78 #even if no files are added to the archive 79 self._didModify =True80 else:81 raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')82 except:83 fp =self.fp84 self.fp =None85 if notself._filePassed:86 fp.close()87 raise 88 89 def __enter__(self):90 returnself91 92 def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):93 self.close()94 95 def_RealGetContents(self):96 """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" 97 fp =self.fp98 try:99 endrec =_EndRecData(fp)100 exceptIOError:101 raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")102 if notendrec:103 raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" 104 if self.debug > 1:105 printendrec106 size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] #bytes in central directory 107 offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] #offset of central directory 108 self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] #archive comment 109 110 #"concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file 111 concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd -offset_cd112 if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] ==stringEndArchive64:113 #If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them 114 concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 +sizeEndCentDir64Locator)115 116 if self.debug > 2:117 inferred = concat +offset_cd118 print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat119 #self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory 120 self.start_dir = offset_cd +concat121 fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)122 data =fp.read(size_cd)123 fp =cStringIO.StringIO(data)124 total =0125 while total <size_cd:126 centdir =fp.read(sizeCentralDir)127 if len(centdir) !=sizeCentralDir:128 raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")129 centdir =struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)130 if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] !=stringCentralDir:131 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")132 if self.debug > 2:133 printcentdir134 filename =fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])135 #Create ZipInfo instance to store file information 136 x =ZipInfo(filename)137 x.extra =fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])138 x.comment =fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])139 x.header_offset =centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]140 (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,141 x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,142 x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]143 x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]144 #Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) 145 x._raw_time =t146 x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,147 t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2)148 149 x._decodeExtra()150 x.header_offset = x.header_offset +concat151 x.filename =x._decodeFilename()152 self.filelist.append(x)153 self.NameToInfo[x.filename] =x154 155 #update total bytes read from central directory 156 total = (total + sizeCentralDir +centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]157 +centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]158 +centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])159 160 if self.debug > 2:161 print "total", total162 163 164 defnamelist(self):165 """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" 166 l =[]167 for data inself.filelist:168 l.append(data.filename)169 returnl170 171 definfolist(self):172 """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the173 archive.""" 174 returnself.filelist175 176 defprintdir(self):177 """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" 178 print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified", "Size")179 for zinfo inself.filelist:180 date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]181 print "%-46s %s %12d" %(zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)182 183 deftestzip(self):184 """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" 185 chunk_size = 2 ** 20 186 for zinfo inself.filelist:187 try:188 #Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a 189 #MemoryError with very large embedded files. 190 with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:191 while f.read(chunk_size): #Check CRC-32 192 pass 193 exceptBadZipfile:194 returnzinfo.filename195 196 defgetinfo(self, name):197 """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" 198 info =self.NameToInfo.get(name)199 if info isNone:200 raiseKeyError(201 'There is no item named %r in the archive' %name)202 203 returninfo204 205 defsetpassword(self, pwd):206 """Set default password for encrypted files.""" 207 self.pwd =pwd208 209 @property210 defcomment(self):211 """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" 212 returnself._comment213 214 @comment.setter215 defcomment(self, comment):216 #check for valid comment length 217 if len(comment) >ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:218 importwarnings219 warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' 220 % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)221 comment =comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]222 self._comment =comment223 self._didModify =True224 225 def read(self, name, pwd=None):226 """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" 227 return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()228 229 def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):230 """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" 231 if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):232 raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' 233 if notself.fp:234 raiseRuntimeError, \235 "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" 236 237 #Only open a new file for instances where we were not 238 #given a file object in the constructor 239 ifself._filePassed:240 zef_file =self.fp241 should_close =False242 else:243 zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')244 should_close =True245 246 try:247 #Make sure we have an info object 248 ifisinstance(name, ZipInfo):249 #'name' is already an info object 250 zinfo =name251 else:252 #Get info object for name 253 zinfo =self.getinfo(name)254 255 zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)256 257 #Skip the file header: 258 fheader =zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)259 if len(fheader) !=sizeFileHeader:260 raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")261 fheader =struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)262 if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] !=stringFileHeader:263 raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")264 265 fname =zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])266 iffheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:267 zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])268 269 if fname !=zinfo.orig_filename:270 raiseBadZipfile, \271 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' %(272 zinfo.orig_filename, fname)273 274 #check for encrypted flag & handle password 275 is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 276 zd =None277 ifis_encrypted:278 if notpwd:279 pwd =self.pwd280 if notpwd:281 raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted,"\282 "password required for extraction" %name283 284 zd =_ZipDecrypter(pwd)285 #The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header 286 #used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are 287 #completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, 288 #or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type 289 #and is used to check the correctness of the password. 290 bytes = zef_file.read(12)291 h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])292 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:293 #compare against the file type from extended local headers 294 check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff 295 else:296 #compare against the CRC otherwise 297 check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff 298 if ord(h[11]) !=check_byte:299 raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)300 301 returnZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,302 close_fileobj=should_close)303 except:304 ifshould_close:305 zef_file.close()306 raise 307 308 def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):309 """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,310 using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately311 as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can312 specify a different directory using `path'.313 """ 314 if notisinstance(member, ZipInfo):315 member =self.getinfo(member)316 317 if path isNone:318 path =os.getcwd()319 320 returnself._extract_member(member, path, pwd)321 322 def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):323 """Extract all members from the archive to the current working324 directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.325 `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned326 by namelist().327 """ 328 if members isNone:329 members =self.namelist()330 331 for zipinfo inmembers:332 self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd)333 334 def_extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):335 """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical336 file on the path targetpath.337 """ 338 #build the destination pathname, replacing 339 #forward slashes to platform specific separators. 340 arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep)341 342 ifos.path.altsep:343 arcname =arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)344 #interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or 345 #UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. 346 arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]347 arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x inarcname.split(os.path.sep)348 if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))349 if os.path.sep == '\\':350 #filter illegal characters on Windows 351 illegal = ':<>|"?*' 352 ifisinstance(arcname, unicode):353 table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c inillegal}354 else:355 table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' *len(illegal))356 arcname =arcname.translate(table)357 #remove trailing dots 358 arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x inarcname.split(os.path.sep))359 arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname ifx)360 361 targetpath =os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)362 targetpath =os.path.normpath(targetpath)363 364 #Create all upper directories if necessary. 365 upperdirs =os.path.dirname(targetpath)366 if upperdirs and notos.path.exists(upperdirs):367 os.makedirs(upperdirs)368 369 if member.filename[-1] == '/':370 if notos.path.isdir(targetpath):371 os.mkdir(targetpath)372 returntargetpath373 374 with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \375 file(targetpath, "wb") as target:376 shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)377 378 returntargetpath379 380 def_writecheck(self, zinfo):381 """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" 382 if zinfo.filename inself.NameToInfo:383 importwarnings384 warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)385 if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):386 raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' 387 if notself.fp:388 raiseRuntimeError, \389 "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" 390 if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and notzlib:391 raiseRuntimeError, \392 "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" 393 if zinfo.compress_type not in(ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):394 raiseRuntimeError, \395 "That compression method is not supported" 396 if notself._allowZip64:397 requires_zip64 =None398 if len(self.filelist) >=ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:399 requires_zip64 = "Files count" 400 elif zinfo.file_size >ZIP64_LIMIT:401 requires_zip64 = "Filesize" 402 elif zinfo.header_offset >ZIP64_LIMIT:403 requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" 404 ifrequires_zip64:405 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + 406 "would require ZIP64 extensions")407 408 def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):409 """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name410 arcname.""" 411 if notself.fp:412 raiseRuntimeError(413 "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")414 415 st =os.stat(filename)416 isdir =stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)417 mtime =time.localtime(st.st_mtime)418 date_time = mtime[0:6]419 #Create ZipInfo instance to store file information 420 if arcname isNone:421 arcname =filename422 arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])423 while arcname[0] in(os.sep, os.altsep):424 arcname = arcname[1:]425 ifisdir:426 arcname += '/' 427 zinfo =ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)428 zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L #Unix attributes 429 if compress_type isNone:430 zinfo.compress_type =self.compression431 else:432 zinfo.compress_type =compress_type433 434 zinfo.file_size =st.st_size435 zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 436 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() #Start of header bytes 437 438 self._writecheck(zinfo)439 self._didModify =True440 441 ifisdir:442 zinfo.file_size =0443 zinfo.compress_size =0444 zinfo.CRC =0445 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 #MS-DOS directory flag 446 self.filelist.append(zinfo)447 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] =zinfo448 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))449 return 450 451 with open(filename, "rb") as fp:452 #Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later 453 zinfo.CRC = CRC =0454 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size =0455 #Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size 456 zip64 = self._allowZip64 and\457 zinfo.file_size * 1.05 >ZIP64_LIMIT458 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))459 if zinfo.compress_type ==ZIP_DEFLATED:460 cmpr =zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,461 zlib.DEFLATED, -15)462 else:463 cmpr =None464 file_size =0465 while 1:466 buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)467 if notbuf:468 break 469 file_size = file_size +len(buf)470 CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff 471 ifcmpr:472 buf =cmpr.compress(buf)473 compress_size = compress_size +len(buf)474 self.fp.write(buf)475 ifcmpr:476 buf =cmpr.flush()477 compress_size = compress_size +len(buf)478 self.fp.write(buf)479 zinfo.compress_size =compress_size480 else:481 zinfo.compress_size =file_size482 zinfo.CRC =CRC483 zinfo.file_size =file_size484 if not zip64 andself._allowZip64:485 if file_size >ZIP64_LIMIT:486 raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')487 if compress_size >ZIP64_LIMIT:488 raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')489 #Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include 490 #correct CRC and file sizes) 491 position = self.fp.tell() #Preserve current position in file 492 self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)493 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))494 self.fp.seek(position, 0)495 self.filelist.append(zinfo)496 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] =zinfo497 498 def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):499 """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string500 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or501 the name of the file in the archive.""" 502 if notisinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):503 zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,504 date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6])505 506 zinfo.compress_type =self.compression507 if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':508 zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 #drwxrwxr-x 509 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 #MS-DOS directory flag 510 else:511 zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 #?rw------- 512 else:513 zinfo =zinfo_or_arcname514 515 if notself.fp:516 raiseRuntimeError(517 "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")518 519 if compress_type is notNone:520 zinfo.compress_type =compress_type521 522 zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) #Uncompressed size 523 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() #Start of header bytes 524 self._writecheck(zinfo)525 self._didModify =True526 zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff #CRC-32 checksum 527 if zinfo.compress_type ==ZIP_DEFLATED:528 co =zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,529 zlib.DEFLATED, -15)530 bytes = co.compress(bytes) +co.flush()531 zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) #Compressed size 532 else:533 zinfo.compress_size =zinfo.file_size534 zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or\535 zinfo.compress_size >ZIP64_LIMIT536 if zip64 and notself._allowZip64:537 raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")538 self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))539 self.fp.write(bytes)540 if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:541 #Write CRC and file sizes after the file data 542 fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' 543 self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,544 zinfo.file_size))545 self.fp.flush()546 self.filelist.append(zinfo)547 self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] =zinfo548 549 def __del__(self):550 """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" 551 self.close()552 553 defclose(self):554 """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending555 records.""" 556 if self.fp isNone:557 return 558 559 try:560 if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: #write ending records 561 pos1 =self.fp.tell()562 for zinfo in self.filelist: #write central directory 563 dt =zinfo.date_time564 dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]565 dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)566 extra =[]567 if zinfo.file_size >ZIP64_LIMIT \568 or zinfo.compress_size >ZIP64_LIMIT:569 extra.append(zinfo.file_size)570 extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)571 file_size = 0xffffffff 572 compress_size = 0xffffffff 573 else:574 file_size =zinfo.file_size575 compress_size =zinfo.compress_size576 577 if zinfo.header_offset >ZIP64_LIMIT:578 extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)579 header_offset = 0xffffffffL 580 else:581 header_offset =zinfo.header_offset582 583 extra_data =zinfo.extra584 ifextra:585 #Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's 586 extra_data =struct.pack(587 '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),588 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) +extra_data589 590 extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)591 create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)592 else:593 extract_version =zinfo.extract_version594 create_version =zinfo.create_version595 596 try:597 filename, flag_bits =zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()598 centdir =struct.pack(structCentralDir,599 stringCentralDir, create_version,600 zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,601 flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,602 zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,603 len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),604 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,605 header_offset)606 exceptDeprecationWarning:607 print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,608 stringCentralDir, create_version,609 zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,610 zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,611 zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,612 len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),613 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,614 header_offset)615 raise 616 self.fp.write(centdir)617 self.fp.write(filename)618 self.fp.write(extra_data)619 self.fp.write(zinfo.comment)620 621 pos2 =self.fp.tell()622 #Write end-of-zip-archive record 623 centDirCount =len(self.filelist)624 centDirSize = pos2 -pos1625 centDirOffset =pos1626 requires_zip64 =None627 if centDirCount >ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:628 requires_zip64 = "Files count" 629 elif centDirOffset >ZIP64_LIMIT:630 requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" 631 elif centDirSize >ZIP64_LIMIT:632 requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" 633 ifrequires_zip64:634 #Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records 635 if notself._allowZip64:636 raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + 637 "would require ZIP64 extensions")638 zip64endrec =struct.pack(639 structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,640 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,641 centDirSize, centDirOffset)642 self.fp.write(zip64endrec)643 644 zip64locrec =struct.pack(645 structEndArchive64Locator,646 stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)647 self.fp.write(zip64locrec)648 centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)649 centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)650 centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF)651 652 endrec =struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,653 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,654 centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))655 self.fp.write(endrec)656 self.fp.write(self._comment)657 self.fp.flush()658 finally:659 fp =self.fp660 self.fp =None661 if notself._filePassed:662 fp.close()
ZipFile源代码
1 classTarFile(object):2 """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.3 """ 4 5 debug = 0 #May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs) 6 7 dereference = False #If true, add content of linked file to the 8 #tar file, else the link. 9 10 ignore_zeros = False #If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and 11 #continues processing. 12 13 errorlevel = 1 #If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug 14 #messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors 15 #are passed to the caller as exceptions. 16 17 format = DEFAULT_FORMAT #The format to use when creating an archive. 18 19 encoding = ENCODING #Encoding for 8-bit character strings. 20 21 errors = None #Error handler for unicode conversion. 22 23 tarinfo = TarInfo #The default TarInfo class to use. 24 25 fileobject = ExFileObject #The default ExFileObject class to use. 26 27 def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,28 tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,29 errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):30 """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to31 read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing32 file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'33 defaults to 'r'.34 If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it35 can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.36 `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.37 """ 38 modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}39 if mode not inmodes:40 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")41 self.mode =mode42 self._mode =modes[mode]43 44 if notfileobj:45 if self.mode == "a" and notos.path.exists(name):46 #Create nonexistent files in append mode. 47 self.mode = "w" 48 self._mode = "wb" 49 fileobj =bltn_open(name, self._mode)50 self._extfileobj =False51 else:52 if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):53 name =fileobj.name54 if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):55 self._mode =fileobj.mode56 self._extfileobj =True57 self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name elseNone58 self.fileobj =fileobj59 60 #Init attributes. 61 if format is notNone:62 self.format =format63 if tarinfo is notNone:64 self.tarinfo =tarinfo65 if dereference is notNone:66 self.dereference =dereference67 if ignore_zeros is notNone:68 self.ignore_zeros =ignore_zeros69 if encoding is notNone:70 self.encoding =encoding71 72 if errors is notNone:73 self.errors =errors74 elif mode == "r":75 self.errors = "utf-8" 76 else:77 self.errors = "strict" 78 79 if pax_headers is not None and self.format ==PAX_FORMAT:80 self.pax_headers =pax_headers81 else:82 self.pax_headers ={}83 84 if debug is notNone:85 self.debug =debug86 if errorlevel is notNone:87 self.errorlevel =errorlevel88 89 #Init datastructures. 90 self.closed =False91 self.members = [] #list of members as TarInfo objects 92 self._loaded = False #flag if all members have been read 93 self.offset =self.fileobj.tell()94 #current position in the archive file 95 self.inodes = {} #dictionary caching the inodes of 96 #archive members already added 97 98 try:99 if self.mode == "r":100 self.firstmember =None101 self.firstmember =self.next()102 103 if self.mode == "a":104 #Move to the end of the archive, 105 #before the first empty block. 106 whileTrue:107 self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)108 try:109 tarinfo =self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)110 self.members.append(tarinfo)111 exceptEOFHeaderError:112 self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)113 break 114 exceptHeaderError, e:115 raiseReadError(str(e))116 117 if self.mode in "aw":118 self._loaded =True119 120 ifself.pax_headers:121 buf =self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())122 self.fileobj.write(buf)123 self.offset +=len(buf)124 except:125 if notself._extfileobj:126 self.fileobj.close()127 self.closed =True128 raise 129 130 def_getposix(self):131 return self.format ==USTAR_FORMAT132 def_setposix(self, value):133 importwarnings134 warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,135 2)136 ifvalue:137 self.format =USTAR_FORMAT138 else:139 self.format =GNU_FORMAT140 posix =property(_getposix, _setposix)141 142 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143 #Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the 144 #TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for 145 #public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an 146 #adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping 147 #from OPEN_METH. 148 #149 #This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of 150 #the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available 151 #by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH. 152 153 @classmethod154 def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):155 """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return156 an appropriate TarFile class.157 158 mode:159 'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression160 'r:' open for reading exclusively uncompressed161 'r:gz' open for reading with gzip compression162 'r:bz2' open for reading with bzip2 compression163 'a' or 'a:' open for appending, creating the file if necessary164 'w' or 'w:' open for writing without compression165 'w:gz' open for writing with gzip compression166 'w:bz2' open for writing with bzip2 compression167 168 'r|*' open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression169 'r|' open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading170 'r|gz' open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks171 'r|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks172 'w|' open an uncompressed stream for writing173 'w|gz' open a gzip compressed stream for writing174 'w|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing175 """ 176 177 if not name and notfileobj:178 raise ValueError("nothing to open")179 180 if mode in ("r", "r:*"):181 #Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file. 182 for comptype incls.OPEN_METH:183 func =getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])184 if fileobj is notNone:185 saved_pos =fileobj.tell()186 try:187 return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)188 except(ReadError, CompressionError), e:189 if fileobj is notNone:190 fileobj.seek(saved_pos)191 continue 192 raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")193 194 elif ":" inmode:195 filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)196 filemode = filemode or "r" 197 comptype = comptype or "tar" 198 199 #Select the *open() function according to 200 #given compression. 201 if comptype incls.OPEN_METH:202 func =getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])203 else:204 raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" %comptype)205 return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)206 207 elif "|" inmode:208 filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)209 filemode = filemode or "r" 210 comptype = comptype or "tar" 211 212 if filemode not in ("r", "w"):213 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")214 215 stream =_Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)216 try:217 t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)218 except:219 stream.close()220 raise 221 t._extfileobj =False222 returnt223 224 elif mode in ("a", "w"):225 return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)226 227 raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")228 229 @classmethod230 def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):231 """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.232 """ 233 if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):234 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")235 return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)236 237 @classmethod238 def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):239 """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.240 Appending is not allowed.241 """ 242 if mode not in ("r", "w"):243 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")244 245 try:246 importgzip247 gzip.GzipFile248 except(ImportError, AttributeError):249 raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")250 251 try:252 fileobj =gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)253 exceptOSError:254 if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':255 raise ReadError("not a gzip file")256 raise 257 258 try:259 t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)260 exceptIOError:261 fileobj.close()262 if mode == 'r':263 raise ReadError("not a gzip file")264 raise 265 except:266 fileobj.close()267 raise 268 t._extfileobj =False269 returnt270 271 @classmethod272 def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):273 """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.274 Appending is not allowed.275 """ 276 if mode not in ("r", "w"):277 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")278 279 try:280 importbz2281 exceptImportError:282 raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")283 284 if fileobj is notNone:285 fileobj =_BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)286 else:287 fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)288 289 try:290 t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)291 except(IOError, EOFError):292 fileobj.close()293 if mode == 'r':294 raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")295 raise 296 except:297 fileobj.close()298 raise 299 t._extfileobj =False300 returnt301 302 #All *open() methods are registered here. 303 OPEN_METH ={304 "tar": "taropen", #uncompressed tar 305 "gz": "gzopen", #gzip compressed tar 306 "bz2": "bz2open" #bzip2 compressed tar 307 }308 309 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 310 #The public methods which TarFile provides: 311 312 defclose(self):313 """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are314 appended to the archive.315 """ 316 ifself.closed:317 return 318 319 if self.mode in "aw":320 self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))321 self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)322 #fill up the end with zero-blocks 323 #(like option -b20 for tar does) 324 blocks, remainder =divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)325 if remainder >0:326 self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE -remainder))327 328 if notself._extfileobj:329 self.fileobj.close()330 self.closed =True331 332 defgetmember(self, name):333 """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be334 found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more335 than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the336 most up-to-date version.337 """ 338 tarinfo =self._getmember(name)339 if tarinfo isNone:340 raise KeyError("filename %r not found" %name)341 returntarinfo342 343 defgetmembers(self):344 """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The345 list has the same order as the members in the archive.346 """ 347 self._check()348 if not self._loaded: #if we want to obtain a list of 349 self._load() #all members, we first have to 350 #scan the whole archive. 351 returnself.members352 353 defgetnames(self):354 """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has355 the same order as the list returned by getmembers().356 """ 357 return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo inself.getmembers()]358 359 def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):360 """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file361 object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can362 modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using363 addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the364 file in the archive.365 """ 366 self._check("aw")367 368 #When fileobj is given, replace name by 369 #fileobj's real name. 370 if fileobj is notNone:371 name =fileobj.name372 373 #Building the name of the member in the archive. 374 #Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes, 375 #Absolute paths are turned to relative paths. 376 if arcname isNone:377 arcname =name378 drv, arcname =os.path.splitdrive(arcname)379 arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")380 arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")381 382 #Now, fill the TarInfo object with 383 #information specific for the file. 384 tarinfo =self.tarinfo()385 tarinfo.tarfile =self386 387 #Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform 388 #and if symlinks shall be resolved. 389 if fileobj isNone:390 if hasattr(os, "lstat") and notself.dereference:391 statres =os.lstat(name)392 else:393 statres =os.stat(name)394 else:395 statres =os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())396 linkname = "" 397 398 stmd =statres.st_mode399 ifstat.S_ISREG(stmd):400 inode =(statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)401 if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and\402 inode in self.inodes and arcname !=self.inodes[inode]:403 #Is it a hardlink to an already 404 #archived file? 405 type =LNKTYPE406 linkname =self.inodes[inode]407 else:408 #The inode is added only if its valid. 409 #For win32 it is always 0. 410 type =REGTYPE411 ifinode[0]:412 self.inodes[inode] =arcname413 elifstat.S_ISDIR(stmd):414 type =DIRTYPE415 elifstat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):416 type =FIFOTYPE417 elifstat.S_ISLNK(stmd):418 type =SYMTYPE419 linkname =os.readlink(name)420 elifstat.S_ISCHR(stmd):421 type =CHRTYPE422 elifstat.S_ISBLK(stmd):423 type =BLKTYPE424 else:425 returnNone426 427 #Fill the TarInfo object with all 428 #information we can get. 429 tarinfo.name =arcname430 tarinfo.mode =stmd431 tarinfo.uid =statres.st_uid432 tarinfo.gid =statres.st_gid433 if type ==REGTYPE:434 tarinfo.size =statres.st_size435 else:436 tarinfo.size =0L437 tarinfo.mtime =statres.st_mtime438 tarinfo.type =type439 tarinfo.linkname =linkname440 ifpwd:441 try:442 tarinfo.uname =pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]443 exceptKeyError:444 pass 445 ifgrp:446 try:447 tarinfo.gname =grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]448 exceptKeyError:449 pass 450 451 if type in(CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):452 if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):453 tarinfo.devmajor =os.major(statres.st_rdev)454 tarinfo.devminor =os.minor(statres.st_rdev)455 returntarinfo456 457 def list(self, verbose=True):458 """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only459 the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like460 output is produced.461 """ 462 self._check()463 464 for tarinfo inself:465 ifverbose:466 printfilemode(tarinfo.mode),467 print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname ortarinfo.uid,468 tarinfo.gname ortarinfo.gid),469 if tarinfo.ischr() ortarinfo.isblk():470 print "%10s" % ("%d,%d"\471 %(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),472 else:473 print "%10d" %tarinfo.size,474 print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d"\475 % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6],476 477 print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""),478 479 ifverbose:480 iftarinfo.issym():481 print "->", tarinfo.linkname,482 iftarinfo.islnk():483 print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,484 print 485 486 def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):487 """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file488 (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'489 specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.490 Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by491 setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should492 return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function493 that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed494 TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be495 excluded from the archive.496 """ 497 self._check("aw")498 499 if arcname isNone:500 arcname =name501 502 #Exclude pathnames. 503 if exclude is notNone:504 importwarnings505 warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",506 DeprecationWarning, 2)507 ifexclude(name):508 self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" %name)509 return 510 511 #Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive... 512 if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) ==self.name:513 self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" %name)514 return 515 516 self._dbg(1, name)517 518 #Create a TarInfo object from the file. 519 tarinfo =self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)520 521 if tarinfo isNone:522 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" %name)523 return 524 525 #Change or exclude the TarInfo object. 526 if filter is notNone:527 tarinfo =filter(tarinfo)528 if tarinfo isNone:529 self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" %name)530 return 531 532 #Append the tar header and data to the archive. 533 iftarinfo.isreg():534 with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:535 self.addfile(tarinfo, f)536 537 eliftarinfo.isdir():538 self.addfile(tarinfo)539 ifrecursive:540 for f inos.listdir(name):541 self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),542 recursive, exclude, filter)543 544 else:545 self.addfile(tarinfo)546 547 def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):548 """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is549 given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.550 You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().551 On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode552 'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.553 """ 554 self._check("aw")555 556 tarinfo =copy.copy(tarinfo)557 558 buf =tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)559 self.fileobj.write(buf)560 self.offset +=len(buf)561 562 #If there's data to follow, append it. 563 if fileobj is notNone:564 copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)565 blocks, remainder =divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)566 if remainder >0:567 self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE -remainder))568 blocks += 1 569 self.offset += blocks *BLOCKSIZE570 571 self.members.append(tarinfo)572 573 def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):574 """Extract all members from the archive to the current working575 directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on576 directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory577 to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the578 list returned by getmembers().579 """ 580 directories =[]581 582 if members isNone:583 members =self584 585 for tarinfo inmembers:586 iftarinfo.isdir():587 #Extract directories with a safe mode. 588 directories.append(tarinfo)589 tarinfo =copy.copy(tarinfo)590 tarinfo.mode = 0700 591 self.extract(tarinfo, path)592 593 #Reverse sort directories. 594 directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))595 directories.reverse()596 597 #Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories. 598 for tarinfo indirectories:599 dirpath =os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)600 try:601 self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)602 self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)603 self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)604 exceptExtractError, e:605 if self.errorlevel > 1:606 raise 607 else:608 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" %e)609 610 def extract(self, member, path=""):611 """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,612 using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately613 as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can614 specify a different directory using `path'.615 """ 616 self._check("r")617 618 ifisinstance(member, basestring):619 tarinfo =self.getmember(member)620 else:621 tarinfo =member622 623 #Prepare the link target for makelink(). 624 iftarinfo.islnk():625 tarinfo._link_target =os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)626 627 try:628 self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))629 exceptEnvironmentError, e:630 if self.errorlevel >0:631 raise 632 else:633 if e.filename isNone:634 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" %e.strerror)635 else:636 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" %(e.strerror, e.filename))637 exceptExtractError, e:638 if self.errorlevel > 1:639 raise 640 else:641 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" %e)642 643 defextractfile(self, member):644 """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be645 a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a646 file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like647 object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of648 the above, None is returned.649 The file-like object is read-only and provides the following650 methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()651 """ 652 self._check("r")653 654 ifisinstance(member, basestring):655 tarinfo =self.getmember(member)656 else:657 tarinfo =member658 659 iftarinfo.isreg():660 returnself.fileobject(self, tarinfo)661 662 elif tarinfo.type not inSUPPORTED_TYPES:663 #If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a 664 #regular file. 665 returnself.fileobject(self, tarinfo)666 667 elif tarinfo.islnk() ortarinfo.issym():668 ifisinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):669 #A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries 670 #to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable 671 #stream of tar blocks. 672 raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")673 else:674 #A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object. 675 returnself.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))676 else:677 #If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev, 678 #blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object. 679 returnNone680 681 def_extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):682 """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical683 file called targetpath.684 """ 685 #Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name 686 #and build the destination pathname, replacing 687 #forward slashes to platform specific separators. 688 targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")689 targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)690 691 #Create all upper directories. 692 upperdirs =os.path.dirname(targetpath)693 if upperdirs and notos.path.exists(upperdirs):694 #Create directories that are not part of the archive with 695 #default permissions. 696 os.makedirs(upperdirs)697 698 if tarinfo.islnk() ortarinfo.issym():699 self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" %(tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))700 else:701 self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)702 703 iftarinfo.isreg():704 self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)705 eliftarinfo.isdir():706 self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)707 eliftarinfo.isfifo():708 self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)709 elif tarinfo.ischr() ortarinfo.isblk():710 self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)711 elif tarinfo.islnk() ortarinfo.issym():712 self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)713 elif tarinfo.type not inSUPPORTED_TYPES:714 self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)715 else:716 self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)717 718 self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)719 if nottarinfo.issym():720 self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)721 self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)722 723 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 724 #Below are the different file methods. They are called via 725 #_extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a 726 #subclass to implement other functionality. 727 728 defmakedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):729 """Make a directory called targetpath.730 """ 731 try:732 #Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set 733 #later in _extract_member(). 734 os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)735 exceptEnvironmentError, e:736 if e.errno !=errno.EEXIST:737 raise 738 739 defmakefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):740 """Make a file called targetpath.741 """ 742 source =self.extractfile(tarinfo)743 try:744 with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:745 copyfileobj(source, target)746 finally:747 source.close()748 749 defmakeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):750 """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type751 at targetpath.752 """ 753 self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)754 self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r,"\755 "extracted as regular file." %tarinfo.type)756 757 defmakefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):758 """Make a fifo called targetpath.759 """ 760 if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):761 os.mkfifo(targetpath)762 else:763 raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")764 765 defmakedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):766 """Make a character or block device called targetpath.767 """ 768 if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):769 raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")770 771 mode =tarinfo.mode772 iftarinfo.isblk():773 mode |=stat.S_IFBLK774 else:775 mode |=stat.S_IFCHR776 777 os.mknod(targetpath, mode,778 os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))779 780 defmakelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):781 """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created782 (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file783 instead of a link.784 """ 785 if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):786 #For systems that support symbolic and hard links. 787 iftarinfo.issym():788 ifos.path.lexists(targetpath):789 os.unlink(targetpath)790 os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)791 else:792 #See extract(). 793 ifos.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):794 ifos.path.lexists(targetpath):795 os.unlink(targetpath)796 os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)797 else:798 self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)799 else:800 try:801 self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)802 exceptKeyError:803 raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")804 805 defchown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):806 """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.807 """ 808 if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() ==0:809 #We have to be root to do so. 810 try:811 g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]812 exceptKeyError:813 g =tarinfo.gid814 try:815 u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]816 exceptKeyError:817 u =tarinfo.uid818 try:819 if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):820 os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)821 else:822 if sys.platform != "os2emx":823 os.chown(targetpath, u, g)824 exceptEnvironmentError, e:825 raise ExtractError("could not change owner")826 827 defchmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):828 """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.829 """ 830 if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):831 try:832 os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)833 exceptEnvironmentError, e:834 raise ExtractError("could not change mode")835 836 defutime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):837 """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.838 """ 839 if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):840 return 841 try:842 os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))843 exceptEnvironmentError, e:844 raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")845 846 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 847 defnext(self):848 """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when849 TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more850 available.851 """ 852 self._check("ra")853 if self.firstmember is notNone:854 m =self.firstmember855 self.firstmember =None856 returnm857 858 #Read the next block. 859 self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)860 tarinfo =None861 whileTrue:862 try:863 tarinfo =self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)864 exceptEOFHeaderError, e:865 ifself.ignore_zeros:866 self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" %(self.offset, e))867 self.offset +=BLOCKSIZE868 continue 869 exceptInvalidHeaderError, e:870 ifself.ignore_zeros:871 self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" %(self.offset, e))872 self.offset +=BLOCKSIZE873 continue 874 elif self.offset ==0:875 raiseReadError(str(e))876 exceptEmptyHeaderError:877 if self.offset ==0:878 raise ReadError("empty file")879 exceptTruncatedHeaderError, e:880 if self.offset ==0:881 raiseReadError(str(e))882 exceptSubsequentHeaderError, e:883 raiseReadError(str(e))884 break 885 886 if tarinfo is notNone:887 self.members.append(tarinfo)888 else:889 self._loaded =True890 891 returntarinfo892 893 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 894 #Little helper methods: 895 896 def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):897 """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.898 If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.899 """ 900 #Ensure that all members have been loaded. 901 members =self.getmembers()902 903 #Limit the member search list up to tarinfo. 904 if tarinfo is notNone:905 members =members[:members.index(tarinfo)]906 907 ifnormalize:908 name =os.path.normpath(name)909 910 for member inreversed(members):911 ifnormalize:912 member_name =os.path.normpath(member.name)913 else:914 member_name =member.name915 916 if name ==member_name:917 returnmember918 919 def_load(self):920 """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable921 members.922 """ 923 whileTrue:924 tarinfo =self.next()925 if tarinfo isNone:926 break 927 self._loaded =True928 929 def _check(self, mode=None):930 """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode931 corresponds to TarFile's mode.932 """ 933 ifself.closed:934 raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)935 if mode is not None and self.mode not inmode:936 raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" %self.mode)937 938 def_find_link_target(self, tarinfo):939 """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the940 archive.941 """ 942 iftarinfo.issym():943 #Always search the entire archive. 944 linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))945 limit =None946 else:947 #Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is 948 #just a reference to an already archived file. 949 linkname =tarinfo.linkname950 limit =tarinfo951 952 member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)953 if member isNone:954 raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" %linkname)955 returnmember956 957 def __iter__(self):958 """Provide an iterator object.959 """ 960 ifself._loaded:961 returniter(self.members)962 else:963 returnTarIter(self)964 965 def_dbg(self, level, msg):966 """Write debugging output to sys.stderr.967 """ 968 if level <=self.debug:969 print >>sys.stderr, msg970 971 def __enter__(self):972 self._check()973 returnself974 975 def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):976 if type isNone:977 self.close()978 else:979 #An exception occurred. We must not call close() because 980 #it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding. 981 if notself._extfileobj:982 self.fileobj.close()983 self.closed =True984 #class TarFile
TarFile 源代码
5.6json和pickle模块
json主要应用于Python中的数据交换，pickle应用于不用的编程语言之间的数据交换。
用于序列化的两个模块
- json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
下面例子为Python2.7中的例子。
5.7shelve模块
shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式。是对pickle的更上一次的封装。
1 importshelve2 3 d = shelve.open('shelve_test') #打开一个文件 4 5 classTest(object):6 def __init__(self,n):7 self.n =n8 9 10 t = Test(123)11 t2 = Test(123334)12 13 name = ["alex","rain","test"]14 d["test"] = name #持久化列表 15 d["t1"] = t #持久化类 16 d["t2"] =t217 18 d.close()
5.8xml模块
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
1 <?xml version="1.0"?> 2 <data> 3 <country name="Liechtenstein"> 4 <rank updated="yes">2</rank> 5 <year>2008</year> 6 <gdppc>141100</gdppc> 7 <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/> 8 <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/> 9 </country> 10 <country name="Singapore"> 11 <rank updated="yes">5</rank> 12 <year>2011</year> 13 <gdppc>59900</gdppc> 14 <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/> 15 </country> 16 <country name="Panama"> 17 <rank updated="yes">69</rank> 18 <year>2011</year> 19 <gdppc>13600</gdppc> 20 <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/> 21 <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/> 22 </country> 23 </data>
xml模块
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml
1 importxml.etree.ElementTree as ET2 3 tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")4 root =tree.getroot()5 print(root.tag)6 7 #遍历xml文档 8 for child inroot:9 print(child.tag, child.attrib)10 for i inchild:11 print(i.tag,i.text)12 13 #只遍历year 节点 14 for node in root.iter('year'):15 print(node.tag,node.text)
修改和删除xml文档内容
1 importxml.etree.ElementTree as ET2 3 tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")4 root =tree.getroot()5 6 #修改 7 for node in root.iter('year'):8 new_year = int(node.text) + 1 9 node.text =str(new_year)10 node.set("updated","yes")11 12 tree.write("xmltest.xml")13 14 15 #删除node 16 for country in root.findall('country'):17 rank = int(country.find('rank').text)18 if rank > 50:19 root.remove(country)20 21 tree.write('output.xml')
自己 创建Xml
1 importxml.etree.ElementTree as ET2 3 4 new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")5 name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})6 age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})7 sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")8 sex.text = '33' 9 name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})10 age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")11 age.text = '19' 12 13 et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象 14 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)15 16 ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式
5.9PyYAML模块
pyyaml主要实现配置文档的书写。
load一下，编程字典的格式。
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
5.10ConfigParser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
一般都是读配置文件，解析配置文件。修改用的不是很多。
来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下：
1 [DEFAULT]2 ServerAliveInterval = 45 3 Compression =yes4 CompressionLevel = 9 5 ForwardX11 =yes6 7 [bitbucket.org]8 User =hg9 10 [topsecret.server.com]11 Port = 50022 12 ForwardX11 = no
如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢？
importconfigparserconfig=configparser.ConfigParser() config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45','Compression': 'yes','CompressionLevel': '9'}config['bitbucket.org'] ={} config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'config['topsecret.server.com'] ={} topsecret= config['topsecret.server.com'] topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022' #mutates the parser topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no' #same here config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:config.write(configfile)
写完了还可以再读出来哈。
1 >>> importconfigparser2 >>> config =configparser.ConfigParser()3 >>>config.sections()4 []5 >>> config.read('example.ini')6 ['example.ini']7 >>>config.sections()8 ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com']9 >>> 'bitbucket.org' inconfig10 True11 >>> 'bytebong.com' inconfig12 False13 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['User']14 'hg' 15 >>> config['DEFAULT']['Compression']16 'yes' 17 >>> topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']18 >>> topsecret['ForwardX11']19 'no' 20 >>> topsecret['Port']21 '50022' 22 >>> for key in config['bitbucket.org']: print(key)23 ...24 user25 compressionlevel26 serveraliveinterval27 compression28 forwardx1129 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['ForwardX11']30 'yes'
configparser增删改查语法
1 [section1]2 k1 =v13 k2:v24 5 [section2]6 k1 =v17 8 importConfigParser9 10 config =ConfigParser.ConfigParser()11 config.read('i.cfg')12 13 ########### 读 ########## 14 #secs = config.sections() 15 #print secs 16 #options = config.options('group2') 17 #print options 18 19 #item_list = config.items('group2') 20 #print item_list 21 22 #val = config.get('group1','key') 23 #val = config.getint('group1','key') 24 25 ########### 改写 ########## 26 #sec = config.remove_section('group1') 27 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) 28 29 #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi') 30 #sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi') 31 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) 32 33 34 #config.set('group2','k1',11111) 35 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) 36 37 #config.remove_option('group2','age') 38 #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
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5.11hashlib模块
用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
MD5不能反解的
importhashlibm=hashlib.md5() m.update(b"Hello") m.update(b"It's me")print(m.digest()) m.update(b"It's been a long time since last time we ...")print(m.digest()) #2进制格式hash print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash '''def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """passdef hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown""" Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """pass''' importhashlib######### md5 ######## hash=hashlib.md5() hash.update('admin')print(hash.hexdigest())######### sha1 ######## hash=hashlib.sha1() hash.update('admin')print(hash.hexdigest())######### sha256 ######## hash=hashlib.sha256() hash.update('admin')print(hash.hexdigest())######### sha384 ######## hash=hashlib.sha384() hash.update('admin')print(hash.hexdigest())######### sha512 ######## hash=hashlib.sha512() hash.update('admin')print(hash.hexdigest())
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python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
散列消息鉴别码，简称HMAC，是一种基于消息鉴别码MAC（Message Authentication Code）的鉴别机制。使用HMAC时,消息通讯的双方，通过验证消息中加入的鉴别密钥K来鉴别消息的真伪；
一般用于网络通信中消息加密，前提是双方先要约定好key,就像接头暗号一样，然后消息发送把用key把消息加密，接收方用key ＋ 消息明文再加密，拿加密后的值 跟 发送者的相对比是否相等，这样就能验证消息的真实性，及发送者的合法性了。
1 importhmac2 h = hmac.new(b'天王盖地虎', b'宝塔镇河妖')3 print h.hexdigest()
更多关于md5,sha1,sha256等介绍的文章看这里https://www.tbs-certificates.co.uk/FAQ/en/sha256.html
5.12Subprocess模块
常用subprocess方法示例
#执行命令，返回命令执行状态 ， 0 or 非0
>>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"])#执行命令，如果命令结果为0，就正常返回，否则抛异常
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
0#接收字符串格式命令，返回元组形式，第1个元素是执行状态，第2个是命令结果
>>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls')
(0, '/bin/ls')#接收字符串格式命令，并返回结果
>>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls')
'/bin/ls'#执行命令，并返回结果，注意是返回结果，不是打印，下例结果返回给res
>>> res=subprocess.check_output(['ls','-l'])
>>> res
b'total 0\ndrwxr-xr-x 12 alex staff 408 Nov 2 11:05 OldBoyCRM\n'#上面那些方法，底层都是封装的subprocess.Popen
poll()
Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncodewait()
Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.terminate() 杀掉所启动进程
communicate() 等待任务结束stdin 标准输入
stdout 标准输出
stderr 标准错误
pid
The process ID of the child process.#例子
>>> p = subprocess.Popen("df -h|grep disk",stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,shell=True)
>>> p.stdout.read()
b'/dev/disk1 465Gi 64Gi 400Gi 14% 16901472 104938142 14% /\n'
调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法，在大多数情况下能满足需求，但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话，你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下：
1 p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)2 print(p.stdout.read())
可用参数：
- args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
- bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell：同上
- cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
终端输入的命令分为两种：
- 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
需要交互的命令示例
importsubprocessobj= subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n')out_error_list= obj.communicate(timeout=10)print out_error_list
subprocess实现sudo 自动输入密码
1 importsubprocess2 3 defmypass():4 mypass = '123' #or get the password from anywhere 5 returnmypass6 7 echo = subprocess.Popen(['echo',mypass()],8 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,9 )10 11 sudo = subprocess.Popen(['sudo','-S','iptables','-L'],12 stdin=echo.stdout,13 stdout=subprocess.PIPE,14 )15 16 end_of_pipe =sudo.stdout17 18 print "Password ok \n Iptables Chains %s" % end_of_pipe.read()
5.13logging模块
很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。
1 importlogging2 3 logging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")4 logging.critical("server is down")5 6 #输出 7 WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3times8 CRITICAL:root:server is down
如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单
1 importlogging2 3 logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)4 logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')5 logging.info('So should this')6 logging.warning('And this, too')
其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。
logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO)
感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!
1 importlogging2 logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')3 logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')4 5 #输出 6 12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged.
如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里，就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了
Python 使用logging模块记录日志涉及四个主要类，使用官方文档中的概括最为合适：
logger提供了应用程序可以直接使用的接口；
handler将(logger创建的)日志记录发送到合适的目的输出；
filter提供了细度设备来决定输出哪条日志记录；
formatter决定日志记录的最终输出格式。
日志的格式
|
%(name)s |
Logger的名字 |
|
%(levelno)s |
数字形式的日志级别 |
|
%(levelname)s |
文本形式的日志级别 |
|
%(pathname)s |
调用日志输出函数的模块的完整路径名，可能没有 |
|
%(filename)s |
调用日志输出函数的模块的文件名 |
|
%(module)s |
调用日志输出函数的模块名 |
|
%(funcName)s |
调用日志输出函数的函数名 |
|
%(lineno)d |
调用日志输出函数的语句所在的代码行 |
|
%(created)f |
当前时间，用UNIX标准的表示时间的浮 点数表示 |
|
%(relativeCreated)d |
输出日志信息时的，自Logger创建以 来的毫秒数 |
|
%(asctime)s |
字符串形式的当前时间。默认格式是 “2003-07-08 16:49:45,896”。逗号后面的是毫秒 |
|
%(thread)d |
线程ID。可能没有 |
|
%(threadName)s |
线程名。可能没有 |
|
%(process)d |
进程ID。可能没有 |
|
%(message)s |
用户输出的消息 |
logger
每个程序在输出信息之前都要获得一个Logger。Logger通常对应了程序的模块名，比如聊天工具的图形界面模块可以这样获得它的Logger：
LOG=logging.getLogger(”chat.gui”)
而核心模块可以这样：
LOG=logging.getLogger(”chat.kernel”)
Logger.setLevel(lel):指定最低的日志级别，低于lel的级别将被忽略。debug是最低的内置级别，critical为最高
Logger.addFilter(filt)、Logger.removeFilter(filt):添加或删除指定的filter
Logger.addHandler(hdlr)、Logger.removeHandler(hdlr)：增加或删除指定的handler
Logger.debug()、Logger.info()、Logger.warning()、Logger.error()、Logger.critical()：可以设置的日志级别
handler
handler对象负责发送相关的信息到指定目的地。Python的日志系统有多种Handler可以使用。有些Handler可以把信息输出到控制台，有些Logger可以把信息输出到文件，还有些 Handler可以把信息发送到网络上。如果觉得不够用，还可以编写自己的Handler。可以通过addHandler()方法添加多个多handler
Handler.setLevel(lel):指定被处理的信息级别，低于lel级别的信息将被忽略
Handler.setFormatter()：给这个handler选择一个格式
Handler.addFilter(filt)、Handler.removeFilter(filt)：新增或删除一个filter对象
每个Logger可以附加多个Handler。接下来我们就来介绍一些常用的Handler：
1) logging.StreamHandler
使用这个Handler可以向类似与sys.stdout或者sys.stderr的任何文件对象(file object)输出信息。它的构造函数是：
StreamHandler([strm])
其中strm参数是一个文件对象。默认是sys.stderr
2) logging.FileHandler
和StreamHandler类似，用于向一个文件输出日志信息。不过FileHandler会帮你打开这个文件。它的构造函数是：
FileHandler(filename[,mode])
filename是文件名，必须指定一个文件名。
mode是文件的打开方式。参见Python内置函数open()的用法。默认是’a'，即添加到文件末尾。
3) logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
这个Handler类似于上面的FileHandler，但是它可以管理文件大小。当文件达到一定大小之后，它会自动将当前日志文件改名，然后创建 一个新的同名日志文件继续输出。比如日志文件是chat.log。当chat.log达到指定的大小之后，RotatingFileHandler自动把 文件改名为chat.log.1。不过，如果chat.log.1已经存在，会先把chat.log.1重命名为chat.log.2。。。最后重新创建 chat.log，继续输出日志信息。它的构造函数是：
RotatingFileHandler( filename[, mode[, maxBytes[, backupCount]]])
其中filename和mode两个参数和FileHandler一样。
maxBytes用于指定日志文件的最大文件大小。如果maxBytes为0，意味着日志文件可以无限大，这时上面描述的重命名过程就不会发生。
backupCount用于指定保留的备份文件的个数。比如，如果指定为2，当上面描述的重命名过程发生时，原有的chat.log.2并不会被更名，而是被删除。
4) logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler
这个Handler和RotatingFileHandler类似，不过，它没有通过判断文件大小来决定何时重新创建日志文件，而是间隔一定时间就 自动创建新的日志文件。重命名的过程与RotatingFileHandler类似，不过新的文件不是附加数字，而是当前时间。它的构造函数是：
TimedRotatingFileHandler( filename [,when [,interval [,backupCount]]])
其中filename参数和backupCount参数和RotatingFileHandler具有相同的意义。
interval是时间间隔。
when参数是一个字符串。表示时间间隔的单位，不区分大小写。它有以下取值：
S 秒
M 分
H 小时
D 天
W 每星期（interval==0时代表星期一）
midnight 每天凌晨
1 importlogging2 3 #create logger 4 logger = logging.getLogger('TEST-LOG')5 logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)6 7 8 #create console handler and set level to debug 9 ch =logging.StreamHandler()10 ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)11 12 #create file handler and set level to warning 13 fh = logging.FileHandler("access.log")14 fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)15 #create formatter 16 formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')17 18 #add formatter to ch and fh 19 ch.setFormatter(formatter)20 fh.setFormatter(formatter)21 22 #add ch and fh to logger 23 logger.addHandler(ch)24 logger.addHandler(fh)25 26 #'application' code 27 logger.debug('debug message')28 logger.info('info message')29 logger.warn('warn message')30 logger.error('error message')31 logger.critical('critical message')
View Code
文件自动截断例子
1 importlogging2 3 from logging importhandlers4 5 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)6 7 log_file = "timelog.log" 8 #fh = handlers.RotatingFileHandler(filename=log_file,maxBytes=10,backupCount=3) 9 fh = handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename=log_file,when="S",interval=5,backupCount=3)10 11 12 formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(module)s:%(lineno)d %(message)s')13 14 fh.setFormatter(formatter)15 16 logger.addHandler(fh)17 18 19 logger.warning("test1")20 logger.warning("test12")21 logger.warning("test13")22 logger.warning("test14")
View Code
5.14 RE模块
常用正则表达式符号
1 '.'默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符，若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符，包括换行2 '^' 匹配字符开头，若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)3 '$' 匹配字符结尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以4 '*' 匹配*号前的字符0次或多次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac") 结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a']5 '+' 匹配前一个字符1次或多次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb']6 '?'匹配前一个字符1次或0次7 '{m}'匹配前一个字符m次8 '{n,m}' 匹配前一个字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']9 '|' 匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果'ABC' 10 '(...)' 分组匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c11 12 13 '\A' 只从字符开头匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的14 '\Z'匹配字符结尾，同$15 '\d' 匹配数字0-9 16 '\D'匹配非数字17 '\w' 匹配[A-Za-z0-9]18 '\W' 匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]19 's' 匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 '\t' 20 21 '(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}
最常用的匹配语法
1 re.match 从头开始匹配2 re.search 匹配包含3 re.findall 把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回4 re.split 以匹配到的字符当做列表分隔符5 re.sub 匹配字符并替换
反斜杠的困扰
转义\ 和分组（2）
与大多数编程语言相同，正则表达式里使用"\"作为转义字符，这就可能造成反斜杠困扰。假如你需要匹配文本中的字符"\"，那么使用编程语言表示的正则表达式里将需要4个反斜杠"\\\\"：前两个和后两个分别用于在编程语言里转义成反斜杠，转换成两个反斜杠后再在正则表达式里转义成一个反斜杠。Python里的原生字符串很好地解决了这个问题，这个例子中的正则表达式可以使用r"\\"表示。同样，匹配一个数字的"\\d"可以写成r"\d"。有了原生字符串，你再也不用担心是不是漏写了反斜杠，写出来的表达式也更直观。
仅需轻轻知道的几个匹配模式
1 re.I(re.IGNORECASE): 忽略大小写（括号内是完整写法，下同）2 M(MULTILINE): 多行模式，改变'^'和'$'的行为3 S(DOTALL): 点任意匹配模式，改变'.'的行为
六、作业
6.1 开发一个简单的python计算器
- 实现加减乘除及拓号优先级解析
- 用户输入 1 - 2 * ( (60-30 +(-40/5) * (9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2) )等类似公式后，必须自己解析里面的(),+,-,*,/符号和公式(不能调用eval等类似功能偷懒实现)，运算后得出结果，结果必须与真实的计算器所得出的结果一致
6.2模块化练习：
#实现效果：随机生成一个6位验证码（包含数字和字母）
1 importrandom2 defmake_code(n):3 res='' 4 for i inrange(n):5 s1=chr(random.randint(65,90))6 s2=str(random.randint(0,9))7 res+=random.choice([s1,s2])8 returnres9 print(make_code(6))
6.3 模拟一个抢红包的例子， 实现效果： 10块钱，随机分层5份，要求精确到分。
1 num=5 2 total=1000#先扩大100倍，在缩小100倍 剩余的钱 3 list_1=[]4 for i in range(4):5 a=random.randint(1,total-num+1)6 list_1.append(a/100)7 total=total-a8 num=num-1 9 list_1.append(total/100)10 print(list_1)
参考答案
转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/cx-ajun/p/7091736.html
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