class Field(object):def __init__(self, name, column_type):self.name = nameself.column_type = column_typedef __str__(self):return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)

class StringField(Field):def __init__(self, name):super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')class IntegerField(Field):def __init__(self, name):super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')

class ModelMetaclass(type):def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):if name=='Model':return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)print('Found model: %s' % name)mappings = dict()for k, v in attrs.items():if isinstance(v, Field):print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))mappings[k] = vfor k in mappings.keys():attrs.pop(k)attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class Model(dict, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):def __init__(self, **kw):super(Model, self).__init__(**kw)def __getattr__(self, key):try:return self[key]except KeyError:raise AttributeError(r"'Model' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)def __setattr__(self, key, value):self[key] = valuedef save(self):fields = []params = []args = []for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():fields.append(v.name)params.append('?')args.append(getattr(self, k, None))sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(params))print('SQL: %s' % sql)print('ARGS: %s' % str(args))

class User(Model):# 定义类的属性到列的映射：id = IntegerField('id')name = StringField('username')email = StringField('email')password = StringField('password')# 创建一个实例：
u = User(id=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
# 保存到数据库：
u.save()

Found model: User
Found mapping: email ==> <StringField:email>
Found mapping: password ==> <StringField:password>
Found mapping: id ==> <IntegerField:uid>
Found mapping: name ==> <StringField:username>
SQL: insert into User (password,email,username,id) values (?,?,?,?)
ARGS: ['my-pwd', 'test@orm.org', 'Michael', 12345]

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

#err.py
import pdb
s='0'
n=int(s)
pdb.set_trace()
print(10/n)

class Dict(dict):def __init__(self,**kw):super().__init__(**kw)def __getattr__(self,key):try:return self[key]except KeyError:raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)def __setattr__(self,key,value):self[key]=value

import unittestfrom mydict import Dictclass TestDict(unittest.TestCase):def test_init(self):d = Dict(a=1,b='test')self.assertEqual(d.a,1)self.assertEqual(d.b,'test')self.assertTrue(isinstance(d,dict))def test_key(self):d = Dict()d['key']='value'self.assertEqual(d.key,'value')def test_attr(self):d = Dict()d.key = 'value'self.assertTrue('key' in d)self.assertEqual(d['key'],'value')def test_keyerror(self):d = Dict()with self.assertRaises(KeyError):value = d['empty']def test_attrerror(self):d = Dict()with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):value = d.emptydef setUp(self):print('setUp...')def tearDown(self):print('tearDown...')

class Dict(dict):'''Simple dict but also support access as x.y style.>>> d1 = Dict()>>> d1['x'] = 100>>> d1.x100>>> d1.y = 200>>> d1['y']200>>> d2 = Dict(a=1, b=2, c='3')>>> d2.c'3'>>> d2['empty']Traceback (most recent call last):...KeyError: 'empty'>>> d2.emptyTraceback (most recent call last):...AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty''''def __init__(self, **kw):super(Dict, self).__init__(**kw)def __getattr__(self, key):try:return self[key]except KeyError:raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)def __setattr__(self, key, value):self[key] = valueif __name__=='__main__':import doctestdoctest.testmod()

f = open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'r')
f.read()
f.close()with open('/path/to/file', 'r') as f:print(f.read())

f = open('/Users/michael/gbk.txt', 'r', encoding='gbk')
f.read()
f = open('/Users/michael/gbk.txt', 'r', encoding='gbk', errors='ignore')

f = open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w')
f.write('Hello, world!')
f.close()with open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w') as f:f.write('Hello, world!')

>>> from io import StringIO
>>> f = StringIO()
>>> f.write('hello')
5
>>> f.write(' ')
1
>>> f.write('world!')
6
>>> print(f.getvalue())
hello world!>>> from io import StringIO
>>> f = StringIO('Hello!\nHi!\nGoodbye!')
>>> while True:
...     s = f.readline()
...     if s == '':
...         break
...     print(s.strip())
...
Hello!
Hi!
Goodbye!

>>> from io import BytesIO
>>> f = BytesIO()
>>> f.write('中文'.encode('utf-8'))
6
>>> print(f.getvalue())
b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87'>>> from io import BytesIO
>>> f = BytesIO(b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87')
>>> f.read()
b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87'

# 查看当前目录的绝对路径:
>>> os.path.abspath('.')
'/Users/michael'
# 在某个目录下创建一个新目录，首先把新目录的完整路径表示出来:
>>> os.path.join('/Users/michael', 'testdir')
'/Users/michael/testdir'
# 然后创建一个目录:
>>> os.mkdir('/Users/michael/testdir')
# 删掉一个目录:
>>> os.rmdir('/Users/michael/testdir')

>>> os.path.split('/Users/michael/testdir/file.txt')
('/Users/michael/testdir', 'file.txt')

>>> os.path.splitext('/path/to/file.txt')
('/path/to/file', '.txt')

# 对文件重命名:
>>> os.rename('test.txt', 'test.py')
# 删掉文件:
>>> os.remove('test.py')

>>> [x for x in os.listdir('.') if os.path.isfile(x) and os.path.splitext(x)[1]=='.py']
['apis.py', 'config.py', 'models.py', 'pymonitor.py', 'test_db.py', 'urls.py', 'wsgiapp.py']