三. 英语语法 - 名词和名词性从句

三. 名词和名词性从句

名词能够充当的成分
1. 主语
  - The movie looks terrific.
2. 宾语
  - I admire his mother.
3. 表语
  - Gump is a man.
4. 同位语
  - 用来解释名词的成分就是同位语
  - 只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的在他的后面加同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。
  - 同位语的成分： 1)名词； 2)代词； 3)非谓语动词； 4)从句
  - I enjoy the part, the begining.
  - Persisternce, an active mentality, plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults.
什么是名词性从句？
- 名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句
- 例子：
  1. 主语从句：What I saw is attracive.
  2. 宾语从句：I appreciate what she said.
  3. 表语从句：Gump is who should learn from.
  4. 同位语从句：I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.
名词性从句的引导词
- 例子
  1. 他已经离婚了是我的错。
    - (That) He has got divorced is my fault.
  2. 他已经离婚了吗，是显然易见的。
    - (Whether) he got divorced is obvious.
  3. 他将跟谁结婚呢，是一个秘密。
    - Who he will marry is a secret.
- 名词性从句的引导词是按从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：
  1. That: 当从句是陈述句时。并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没用任何意思。
  2. whether：当从句是一般疑问句时。并且whether在从句中也没有充当成分，意思是：是否。
  3. 所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时。
  4. 并且英语中所有的从句都是陈述句的形式，也就是（引导词+主语+谓语）的形式。
- 练习：
  1. 我正在思考外星人存在吗。
    - I am wondering whether aliens exist.(宾语从句)
  2. 女人总是对的是一个常识。
    - That ladies tend to be right remains a common knowlege.（主语从句）
  3. 我的意思是孝敬父母是中华民族的传统美德。
    - My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains a chinese conventional vintue.(表语从句)
  4. 有一天你会发现事业、亲情、友情都比爱情重要。
    - Someday, one will perceive that career. kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance.(宾语从句)
  5. 关键是你什么时候有钱呢。
    - The point seems when wealth will become available for you.
名词性从句的考点分析
1. 写作
  1. 主语从句：主语刑拘的满分表达就是，把主语从句放在句末去，加it来作形式主语。
    - 满分句型：
      1. It…that…
      2. It is apparen that…显而易见众所周知
      3. It looks beyond dispute that…显而易见众所周知
      4. It has been widely accepted that…显而易见众所周知
      5. It is universally acknowledged that… 显而易见众所周知
      6. It keeps my argument that… 我认为…
    - 主语从句的满分句型可以写在任何一句话的前面，用来拉长句子。
    - 练习：
      1. 显而易见，关于勤奋这个话题已经引起广泛的关注了。
        
        It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.(祝语从句)
  2. 同位语从句：
    - 例子：
      1. 他已经找到了他的女朋友，这件事情使他的家人很开心。
        
        The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced.
        
        同位语从句既可放在他说解释的名词后也可以放在整句话的后面。
      2. 没有什么能够掩盖他正在变老这个事实。
        Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.
      3. 河南人都是骗子这种想法是不正确的。
        The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in HN seem all deceivers.
      4. 温室里的花朵不能经受风雨，这个事实表明我们不应该腻爱孩子。
        The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to under go storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.
2. 长难句分析：能够识别各个名词性从句，并且把它们通顺地翻译出来
  1. 如何识别主语从句
    - 只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句。主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束。除此以外，在分析长难句的时候，见到 It…that…也通常都是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束
    - 练习
      1. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
        
        政府是否应该以牺牲技术为代价增加对纯科学的资助，反之亦然，往往取决于哪个问题被视为驱动力。
      2. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the infomation used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
      3. It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas realily. make distinctions,reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
      4. For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
      5. Futhemore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
  2. 如何识别宾语从句
    - 只要实意动词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（状语从句还没有讲哟，也就是实意动词的后面也有可能是状语从句哟）
    - 练习
      1. She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.
      2. I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.
      3. This alone demonstrates that the televison business is not an easy world to survive in. A fact underlined by statistics net works no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
      4. He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
      5. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
  3. 如何识别表语从句
    - 只要系动词有个引导词，那就是表语从句
    - 练习：
      1. A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them.
      2. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
      3. Women are much too preoccupied by family.Once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they are lost. That is where their unhappiness spring from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.
  4. 如何识别同位语从句
    - 只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（更可能是定语从句哟）
    - 练习：
      1. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
      2. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were th disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.
      3. But the idea tha the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the etablished conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
      4. Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
      5. Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

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