微服务网关分发请求至子服务的两种方式

1. 场景

在微服务体系中，网关作为分发请求的关键组件。如何根据请求的特征将请求分发给特定的服务？我总结了两种方式。

2. 根据子域名划分服务模块

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span{color:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .cluster rect{fill:#ffffde;stroke:#aa3;stroke-width:1px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .cluster text{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW div.mermaidTooltip{position:absolute;text-align:center;max-width:200px;padding:2px;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;font-family:var(--mermaid-font-family);font-size:12px;background:#ffffde;border:1px solid #aa3;border-radius:2px;pointer-events:none;z-index:100}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .actor{stroke:#ccf;fill:#ECECFF}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW text.actor>tspan{fill:#000;stroke:none}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .actor-line{stroke:grey}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .messageLine0{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .messageLine1{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:2, 2;stroke:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW #arrowhead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .sequenceNumber{fill:#fff}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW #sequencenumber{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW #crosshead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .messageText{fill:#333;stroke:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .labelBox{stroke:#ccf;fill:#ECECFF}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .labelText,#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .labelText>tspan{fill:#000;stroke:none}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .loopText,#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .loopText>tspan{fill:#000;stroke:none}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .loopLine{stroke-width:2px;stroke-dasharray:2, 2;stroke:#ccf;fill:#ccf}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .note{stroke:#aa3;fill:#fff5ad}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .noteText,#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .noteText>tspan{fill:#000;stroke:none}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .activation0{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .activation1{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .activation2{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .mermaid-main-font{font-family:"trebuchet ms", 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text{fill:#9370db;stroke:none;font-size:10px;font-family:'trebuchet ms', verdana, arial;font-family:var(--mermaid-font-family)}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW g.stateGroup text{fill:#9370db;fill:#333;stroke:none;font-size:10px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW g.statediagram-cluster .cluster-label text{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW g.stateGroup .state-title{font-weight:bolder;fill:#000}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW g.stateGroup rect{fill:#ECECFF;stroke:#9370db}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW g.stateGroup line{stroke:#9370db;stroke-width:1}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .transition{stroke:#9370db;stroke-width:1;fill:none}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .stateGroup .composit{fill:white;border-bottom:1px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .stateGroup .alt-composit{fill:#e0e0e0;border-bottom:1px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .state-note{stroke:#aa3;fill:#fff5ad}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .state-note text{fill:black;stroke:none;font-size:10px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .stateLabel 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.statediagram-cluster.statediagram-cluster-alt .inner{fill:#e0e0e0}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .statediagram-cluster .inner{rx:0;ry:0}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .statediagram-state rect.basic{rx:5px;ry:5px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .statediagram-state rect.divider{stroke-dasharray:10,10;fill:#efefef}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .note-edge{stroke-dasharray:5}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .statediagram-note rect{fill:#fff5ad;stroke:#aa3;stroke-width:1px;rx:0;ry:0}:root{--mermaid-font-family: '"trebuchet ms", verdana, arial';--mermaid-font-family: "Comic Sans MS", "Comic Sans", cursive}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .error-icon{fill:#522}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .error-text{fill:#522;stroke:#522}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:2px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .marker{fill:#333}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW .marker.cross{stroke:#333}:root { --mermaid-font-family: "trebuchet ms", verdana, arial;}#mermaid-svg-MLs857Smda7GuxhW {color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.75);font: ;}

携带host信息

路由断言

Request

Nginx

Spring Cloud Gateway

Service

        - id: mall_host_routeuri: lb://product-serviceorder: 6# 前端请求都是以/api开头的urlpredicates:- Host=www.mall.com, 127.0.0.1:88- id: mall_search_routeuri: lb://mall-searchorder: 7predicates:- Host=search.mall.com

特征：一个域名通常具有多个子域名，例如：www.mall.com，search.mall.com，shopcart.mall.com等。

优点：

新写controller时，无需改动网关。
接口升级到v2时，只需要发布特定服务，无需配置和重启gateway-service。

缺点：

需要开通多个子域名，且子域名和nginx，nginx和gateway都要建立连接。

3. 根据请求路径导向服务模块

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根据url

Request

Nginx

Spring Cloud Gateway

Service

    shopcart-service:path: /v1/shopcart/**serviceId: shopcart-servicestripPrefix: falseshopcart-service-v2:path: /v2/shopcart/**serviceId: shopcart-servicestripPrefix: false

特征：网关的域名通常只有一个，例如api.mall.com。

优点：

只需要一个专属的子域名——api.mall.cn，且在nginx和gateway层面也需要一个子域名的配置，配置相对简单，在新增服务的时候，无需配置nginx，只需要在gateway层面新增配置即可。

缺点：

新写controller时，需改动网关。
接口升级到v2时，只需要发布特定服务，需配置和重启gateway-service。