requests

什么是Requests

Requests 是⽤Python语⾔编写，基于 urllib，采⽤Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库。

它⽐urllib更加⽅便，可以节约我们⼤量的⼯作，完全满⾜HTTP 测试需求。

⼀句话–Python实现的简单易⽤的HTTP库.

实例引入

import requestsresponse = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response))  # <class 'requests.models.Response'>
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))  # <class 'str'>
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies)

提供了多种API，很方便

import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

请求

基本GET请求

基本写法

import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)

带参数GET请求

GET的请求参数要拼接到url的后面，用？分隔，用&链接

import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
print(response.text)

或者用字典传入params参数，免去自己去编码GET的请求参数

import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey','age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)

解析json

import requests
import jsonresponse = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))  # <class 'str'>
print(response.json())
# print(json.loads(response.text))  # 同上种方法一样
print(type(response.json()))  # <class 'dict'>

获取二进制数据

下载图片和视视频的时候常用的方法

import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)

如何保存图片

import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:  # 写入文件f.write(response.content)

添加headers

import requests
# 没有headers 导致报错
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(response.text)

import requests
# 加入headers
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

基本POST请求

需提交一个formdata

# 用字典类型传入
import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey','age': '22'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)  # 调用post方法
print(response.text)

import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.text)
print(response.json())

响应

reponse属性

import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)  # 状态码
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)

状态码判断

import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')

import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect','resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

高级操作

文件上传

import requestsfiles = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)

获取cookie

import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():print(key + '=' + value)

会话维持

模拟登录

# 设置coolkie
import requestsrequests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
# 此处相当与两次独立的请求，所以cookie不一样

import requestss = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
# 此处一样

证书验证

用https协议访问时，会检查证书是否正确

import requestsresponse = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)

解决办法：
- 设置参数verify=False

import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

手动传入证书

import requestsresponse = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)

代理设置

import requestsproxies = {"http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743","https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

# 需要账号密码的
import requestsproxies = {"http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

import requestsproxies = {'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742','https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

超时设置

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.1)print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:print('Timeout')

认证设置

下列两种方法皆可

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuthr = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

import requestsr = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

异常处理

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:print('Connection error')
except RequestException:print('Error')

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