源码包的安装与磁盘分区

文章目录

  • 源码包的安装与磁盘分区
    • 1. ` nginx ` 编译安装
      • 1.1 [` ngink ` 的网络地址](http://nginx.org/en/download.html)
      • 1.2 下载并解压` ngink `
      • 1.3 进入解压目录，并检查安装环境
      • 1.4 进行预编译并且解决问题
      • 1.5 解决问题，并且生成了makefile文件
      • 1.6 查看并指定CPU的核心数,编译并安装
      • 1.7 退出，查看
      • 1.8 启动nginx，访问地址
      • 1.9 修改环境变量并且读取
      • 注意事项
    • 2. ` httpd ` 编译安装
      • 2.1.1 [apr下载地址](https://downloads.apache.org/apr/)
      • 2.1.2 [apr-util下载地址](https://downloads.apache.org/apr/)
      • 2.1.3 [httpd的下载地址](https://downloads.apache.org/httpd/)
      • 2.2 下载并解压
      • 2.3 进入` apr-1.6.5 ` 解压目录，并且预编译解决问题
      • 2.4 进入 ` apr-util ` 进行预编译并解决问题
      • 2.5 进入 ` httpd ` 进行预编译并解决问题
      • 2.6. 启动httpd并访问
      • 2.7 修改环境变量，读取并且访问
    • 8.磁盘管理
      • 8.1 磁盘分类
      • 8.2 磁盘命名
      • 8.3 MBR与GPT
        • 8.3.1 MBR与GPT可以相互转换，转换会导致数据丢失
      • 8.4 磁盘容量检查
        • 8.4.1 使用df命令查看磁盘容量
        • 8.4.2 使用lsblk查看分区情况：
        • 8.4.3 使用du命令查看目录或者文件的容量，不加参数以k为单位：
      • 8.5 添加磁盘
      • 8.6 磁盘分区
        • 8.6.1 fdisk分区--- MBR 小于2T 命令敲错了用Ctrl +u，
        • 8.6.2 gdisk分区 --- GPT 大于2T，fdisk -l 查看类型为gpt格式为GPT
      • 8.7 分区完成后进行磁盘格式化 --- mkfs
        • 8.7.1 使用`mkfs`命令格式化磁盘，创建文件系统
      • 8.8 挂载磁盘
        • 8.8.1 永久挂载
        • 8.8.2 临时挂载
      • 8.9 卸载挂载磁盘

1. nginx 编译安装

1.1 ngink 的网络地址

1.2 下载并解压ngink

[root@SYL3 ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz
--2022-04-08 13:46:49--  http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz
Resolving nginx.org (nginx.org)... 3.125.197.172, 52.58.199.22, 2a05:d014:edb:5702::6, ...
Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|3.125.197.172|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1062124 (1.0M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: 'nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz'nginx-1.20.2.ta 100%[====>]   1.01M  97.6KB/s    in 10s     2022-04-08 13:47:00 (100 KB/s) - 'nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz' saved [1062124/1062124][root@SYL3 ~]# tar xf nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz
[root@SYL3 ~]# ls
1.1.txt  anaconda-ks.cfg  nginx-1.20.2  nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz

1.3 进入解压目录，并检查安装环境

[root@SYL3 ~]# cd nginx-1.20.2
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# ls
CHANGES     LICENSE  auto  configure  html  src
CHANGES.ru  README   conf  contrib    man

1.4 进行预编译并且解决问题

  • 1.缺少编译器
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx
checking for OS+ Linux 4.18.0-348.el8.x86_64 x86_64
checking for C compiler ... not found./configure: error: C compiler cc is not found
./configure: error: C编译器没有找到cc
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++
  • 2.HTTP重写需要PCRE库
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
./configure: error: HTTP重写模块需要PCRE库。
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# yum -y install pcre-devel
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C.UTF-8
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
  • 3.HTTP gzip模块需要zlib库。
./configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
./configure: error: HTTP gzip模块需要zlib库。
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module
option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib=<path> option.[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]#
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# yum -y install zlib-devel
  • 4.安装nginx的时候没有指定openssl的解压路径

Configuration summary+ using system PCRE library+ OpenSSL library is not used+ using system zlib library配置概述
+使用系统PCRE库
+ OpenSSL库未使用
+使用系统zlib库  [root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# ./configure --help|grep ssl--with-http_ssl_module             enable ngx_http_ssl_module--with-mail_ssl_module             enable ngx_mail_ssl_module--with-stream_ssl_module           enable ngx_stream_ssl_module--with-stream_ssl_preread_module   enable ngx_stream_ssl_preread_module--with-openssl=DIR                 set path to OpenSSL library sources--with-openssl-opt=OPTIONS         set additional build options for OpenSSL
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx  --with-http_ssl_module
  • 指定openssl后,SSL模块需要OpenSSL库
./configure: error: SSL modules require the OpenSSL library.
./configure:错误:SSL模块需要OpenSSL库。
You can either do not enable the modules, or install the OpenSSL library
into the system, or build the OpenSSL library statically from the source
with nginx by using --with-openssl=<path> option.[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]#
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# yum -y install openssl openssl-develConfiguration summary+ using system PCRE library+ using system OpenSSL library+ using system zlib library

1.5 解决问题，并且生成了makefile文件

[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# ls
CHANGES     LICENSE   README  conf       contrib  man   src
CHANGES.ru  Makefile  auto    configure  html     objs
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]#

1.6 查看并指定CPU的核心数,编译并安装

  • 编译
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# nproc
4
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# make -j 3
bash: make: command not found
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# yum -y install make
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# make -j 3objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_random_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_keepalive_module.o \
objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_zone_module.o \
objs/ngx_modules.o \
-ldl -lpthread -lcrypt -lpcre -lssl -lcrypto -ldl -lpthread -lz \
-Wl,-E
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/nginx-1.20.2'
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]#
  • 安装
[root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# make install
make -f objs/Makefile install
make[1]: Entering directory '/root/nginx-1.20.2'
test -d '/usr/local/nginx' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx'
test -d '/usr/local/nginx/sbin' \|| mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/sbin'
test ! -f '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' \|| mv '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' \'/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old'
cp objs/nginx '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx'
test -d '/usr/local/nginx/conf' \|| mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
cp conf/koi-win '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
cp conf/koi-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
cp conf/win-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types' \|| cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types.default'
test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params' \|| cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
cp conf/fastcgi_params \'/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params.default'
test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf' \|| cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf'
cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf.defa

1.7 退出，查看

  • 退出,查看

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin  games    lib    libexec  sbin   src
etc  include  lib64  nginx    share
[root@SYL3 ~]# ls /usr/local/nginx/
conf  html  logs  sbin
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      128              [::]:22             [::]:*

1.8 启动nginx，访问地址

  • 启动

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:80          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      128              [::]:22             [::]:*

  • 访问地址

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lovalid_lft forever preferred_lft foreverinet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 00:0c:29:88:16:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 192.168.232.128/24 brd 192.168.232.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160valid_lft 1347sec preferred_lft 1347secinet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe88:169d/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@SYL3 ~]#

  • 关闭防火墙

  • [root@SYL3 nginx-1.20.2]# cd
[root@SYL3 ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@SYL3 ~]#

1.9 修改环境变量并且读取

[root@SYL3 ~]# ls /etc/profile.d/
colorgrep.csh    colorxzgrep.sh  gawk.sh   sh.local
colorgrep.sh     colorzgrep.csh  lang.csh  which2.csh
colorls.csh      colorzgrep.sh   lang.sh   which2.sh
colorls.sh       csh.local       less.csh
colorxzgrep.csh  gawk.csh        less.sh
[root@SYL3 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/nginx.sh
[root@SYL3 ~]# cat /etc/profile.d/nginx.sh
export PATH=/usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH
[root@SYL3 ~]# echo $PATH/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@SYL3 ~]# source
-bash: source: filename argument required
source: usage: source filename [arguments]
[root@SYL3 ~]# source /etc/profile.d/nginx.sh
[root@SYL3 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/nginx/sbin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@SYL3 ~]# pkill nginx
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port                      Process
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      128              [::]:22             [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]# nginx
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State  Recv-Q Send-Q  Local Address:Port   Peer Address:Port                      Process
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:80          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      128           0.0.0.0:22          0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0      128              [::]:22             [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]#

注意事项

  • 如果安装时不是使用的默认路径，则必须要修改PATH环境变量，以能够识别此程序的二进制文件路径；

    • 修改/etc/profile文件或在/etc/profile.d/目录建立一个以.sh为后缀的文件，在里面定义export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/somewhere
  • 默认情况下，系统搜索库文件的路径只有/lib，/usr/lib
    • 增添额外库文件搜索路径方法：

      • 在/etc/ld.so.conf.d/中创建以.conf为后缀名的文件，而后把要增添的路径直接写至此文件中。此时库文件增添的搜索路径重启后有效，若要使用增添的路径立即生效则要使用ldconfig命令
    • ldconfig：通知系统重新搜索库文件
/etc/ld.so.conf和/etc/ls.so.conf.d/*.conf    //配置文件
/etc/ld.so.cache            //缓存文件
-v      //显示重新搜索库的过程
-p      //打印出系统启动时自动加载并缓存到内存中的可用库文件名及文件路径映射关系

  • 头文件：输出给系统

    • 默认：系统在/usr/include中找头文件，若要增添头文件搜索路径，使用链接进行

    • ls /usr/local/nginx/
ls -s /usr/local/nginx/include /usr/include/nginx

  • man文件路径：安装在–prefix指定的目录下的man目录

    • 默认：系统在/usr/share/man中找man文件。此时因为编译安装的时候不是安装到默认路径下，如果要查找man文件则可以使用以下两种方法：

      • man -M /path/to/man_dir command

      • 在/etc/man_db.conf文件中添加一条MANPATH

2. httpd 编译安装

2.1.1 apr下载地址

2.1.2 apr-util下载地址

2.1.3 httpd的下载地址

2.2 下载并解压

  • 下载 1.apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz 2.apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz 3./httpd/httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
[root@SYL3 ~]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
--2022-04-08 16:08:41--  https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
Resolving downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)... 135.181.214.104, 88.99.95.219, 2a01:4f8:10a:201a::2, ...
Connecting to downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)|135.181.214.104|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1073556 (1.0M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: 'apr-1.6.5.tar.gz.1'apr-1.6.5.tar.g 100%[====>]   1.02M  24.8KB/s    in 47s     2022-04-08 16:09:29 (22.3 KB/s) - 'apr-1.6.5.tar.gz.1' saved [1073556/1073556]
[root@SYL3 ~]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/httpd/httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
--2022-04-08 16:20:57--  https://downloads.apache.org/httpd/httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
Resolving downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)... 88.99.95.219, 135.181.214.104, 2a01:4f9:3a:2c57::2, ...
Connecting to downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)|88.99.95.219|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 9726558 (9.3M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: 'httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz'httpd-2.4.53.ta 100%[====>]   9.28M  87.8KB/s    in 3m 40s  2022-04-08 16:24:39 (43.1 KB/s) - 'httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz' saved [9726558/9726558][root@SYL3 ~]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
--2022-04-08 16:26:15--  https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
Resolving downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)... 88.99.95.219, 135.181.214.104, 2a01:4f9:3a:2c57::2, ...
Connecting to downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)|88.99.95.219|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 554301 (541K) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: 'apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz'apr-util-1.6.1. 100%[====>] 541.31K  33.6KB/s    in 18s     2022-04-08 16:26:34 (30.7 KB/s) - 'apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz' saved [554301/554301][root@SYL3 ~]# wget https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
--2022-04-08 16:27:33--  https://downloads.apache.org/apr/apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
Resolving downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)... 135.181.214.104, 88.99.95.219, 2a01:4f8:10a:201a::2, ...
Connecting to downloads.apache.org (downloads.apache.org)|135.181.214.104|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1073556 (1.0M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: 'apr-1.6.5.tar.gz'apr-1.6.5.tar.g 100%[====>]   1.02M  22.1KB/s    in 44s     2022-04-08 16:28:19 (23.9 KB/s) - 'apr-1.6.5.tar.gz' saved [1073556/1073556][root@SYL3 ~]# ls
1.1.txt           apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz  nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz
anaconda-ks.cfg   httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz  nginx-1.20.2
[root@SYL3 ~]#
  • 解压
[root@SYL3 ~]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@SYL3 ~]# tar xf apr-1.6.5.tar.gz
[root@SYL3 ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
[root@SYL3 ~]# ls
1.1.txt           apr-util-1.6.1         nginx-1.20.2
anaconda-ks.cfg   apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz  nginx-1.20.2.tar.gz
apr-1.6.5         httpd-2.4.53
apr-1.6.5.tar.gz  httpd-2.4.53.tar.gz
[root@SYL3 ~]#

2.3 进入apr-1.6.5 解压目录，并且预编译解决问题

[root@SYL3 ~]# cd apr-1.7.0
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# ls
CHANGES         apr.dsp           configure     libapr.mak  strings
CMakeLists.txt  apr.dsw           configure.in  libapr.rc   support
LICENSE         apr.mak           docs          locks       tables
Makefile.in     apr.pc.in         dso           memory      test
Makefile.win    apr.spec          emacs-mode    misc        threadproc
NOTICE          atomic            encoding      mmap        time
NWGNUmakefile   build             file_io       network_io  tools
README          build-outputs.mk  helpers       passwd      user
README.cmake    build.conf        include       poll
apr-config.in   buildconf         libapr.dep    random
apr.dep         config.layout     libapr.dsp    shmem
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Configuring APR library
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
APR Version: 1.7.0
checking for chosen layout... apr
checking for gcc... no
checking for cc... no
checking for cl.exe... no
configure: error: in `/root/apr-1.7.0':
configure: error: no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH
在/root/apr-1.7.0中配置错误:
错误:在$PATH中找不到可接受的C编译器
See `config.log' for more details
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]#
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# dnf -y install gcc gcc-c++[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# ls
CHANGES         apr.dep           config.layout  include     poll
CMakeLists.txt  apr.dsp           config.log     libapr.dep  random
LICENSE         apr.dsw           config.nice    libapr.dsp  shmem
Makefile        apr.mak           config.status  libapr.mak  strings
Makefile.in     apr.pc            configure      libapr.rc   support
Makefile.win    apr.pc.in         configure.in   libtool     tables
NOTICE          apr.spec          docs           locks       test
NWGNUmakefile   atomic            dso            memory      threadproc
README          build             emacs-mode     misc        time
README.cmake    build-outputs.mk  encoding       mmap        tools
apr-1-config    build.conf        file_io        network_io  user
apr-config.in   buildconf         helpers        passwd
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]#
  • 查看进行编译
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# nproc
4
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# make -j 3/sha2.lo random/unix/sha2_glue.lo shmem/unix/shm.lo support/unix/waitio.lo threadproc/unix/proc.lo threadproc/unix/procsup.lo threadproc/unix/signals.lo threadproc/unix/thread.lo threadproc/unix/threadpriv.lo time/unix/time.lo time/unix/timestr.lo user/unix/groupinfo.lo user/unix/userinfo.lo   -lrt -lcrypt  -lpthread -ldl
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/apr-1.7.0'[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# make install/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 /root/apr-1.7.0/build/mkdir.sh /usr/local/apr/build-1
for f in make_exports.awk make_var_export.awk; do \/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 /root/apr-1.7.0/build/${f} /usr/local/apr/build-1; \
done
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 build/apr_rules.out /usr/local/apr/build-1/apr_rules.mk
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 apr-config.out /usr/local/apr/bin/apr-1-config
[root@SYL3 apr-1.7.0]# [root@SYL3 ~]# ls /usr/local/
apr  bin  etc  games  include  lib  lib64  libexec  sbin  share  src
[root@SYL3 ~]# ls /usr/local/apr/
bin  build-1  include  lib

2.4 进入 apr-util 进行预编译并解决问题

[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
APR-util Version: 1.6.1
checking for chosen layout... apr-util
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
Applying apr-util hints file rules for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for APR... no
configure: error: APR could not be located. Please use the --with-apr option.
配置:错误:APR不能被定位。 请使用——with-apr选项。
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# [root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
APR-util Version: 1.6.1
checking for chosen layout... apr-util
checking for gcc... gcc
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking for suffix of executables...
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
Applying apr-util hints file rules for x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking for APR... configure: error: the --with-apr parameter is incorrect. It must specify an install prefix, a build directory, or an apr-config file.
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]#
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]#
  • 查看，进行编译并解决问题
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# nproc
4
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# make -j 3compilation terminated.
make[1]: *** [/root/apr-util-1.6.1/build/rules.mk:206: xml/apr_xml.lo] Error 1
make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
make: *** [/root/apr-util-1.6.1/build/rules.mk:118: all-recursive] Error 1
编译终止。
[1]: * * *(/根/ apr-util-1.6.1 /构建/规则。 可:206:xml / apr_xml。 lo)错误1
make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
make[1]: leave directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
: * * *(/根/ apr-util-1.6.1 /构建/规则。 mk:118: all-recursive]错误1
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# [root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# yum -y install expat-devel
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# make -j 3m/sdbm.lo dbm/sdbm/sdbm_hash.lo dbm/sdbm/sdbm_lock.lo dbm/sdbm/sdbm_pair.lo encoding/apr_base64.lo hooks/apr_hooks.lo ldap/apr_ldap_stub.lo ldap/apr_ldap_url.lo memcache/apr_memcache.lo misc/apr_date.lo misc/apr_queue.lo misc/apr_reslist.lo misc/apr_rmm.lo misc/apr_thread_pool.lo misc/apu_dso.lo misc/apu_version.lo redis/apr_redis.lo strmatch/apr_strmatch.lo uri/apr_uri.lo xlate/xlate.lo xml/apr_xml.lo    -lrt -lcrypt  -lpthread -ldl  /usr/local/apr/lib/libapr-1.la -lrt -lcrypt  -lpthread -ldl
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]#
  • 编译
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# make install
make[1]: Entering directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'local-all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
/usr/local/apr/build-1/mkdir.sh /usr/local/apr-util/include/apr-1 /usr/local/apr-util/lib/pkgconfig \/usr/local/apr-util/lib /usr/local/apr-util/bin
for f in /root/apr-util-1.6.1/include/*.h /root/apr-util-1.6.1/include/*.h; do \/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ${f} /usr/local/apr-util/include/apr-1; \
done
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 apr-util.pc /usr/local/apr-util/lib/pkgconfig/apr-util-1.pc
list=''; for i in $list; do \( cd $i ; make DESTDIR= install ); \
done
/bin/sh /usr/local/apr/build-1/libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 libaprutil-1.la /usr/local/apr-util/lib
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 .libs/libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/apr-util/lib && { ln -s -f libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so.0 || { rm -f libaprutil-1.so.0 && ln -s libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so.0; }; })
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/apr-util/lib && { ln -s -f libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so || { rm -f libaprutil-1.so && ln -s libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so; }; })
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 .libs/libaprutil-1.lai /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.la
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 .libs/libaprutil-1.a /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.a
libtool: install: chmod 644 /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.a
libtool: install: ranlib /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.a
libtool: finish: PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/sbin" ldconfig -n /usr/local/apr-util/lib
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Libraries have been installed in:/usr/local/apr-util/libIf you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
specify the full pathname of the library, or use the '-LLIBDIR'
flag during linking and do at least one of the following:- add LIBDIR to the 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variableduring execution- add LIBDIR to the 'LD_RUN_PATH' environment variableduring linking- use the '-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag- have your system administrator add LIBDIR to '/etc/ld.so.conf'See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 aprutil.exp /usr/local/apr-util/lib
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 apu-config.out /usr/local/apr-util/bin/apu-1-config
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# [root@SYL3 ~]# ls /usr/local/apr-util/
bin  include  lib
[root@SYL3 ~]#

2.5 进入 httpd 进行预编译并解决问题

[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd
checking for chosen layout... Apache
checking for working mkdir -p... yes
checking for grep that handles long lines and -e... /usr/bin/grep
checking for egrep... /usr/bin/grep -E
checking build system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking host system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
checking target system type... x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime library...
configure:
checking for APR... yessetting CC to "gcc"setting CPP to "gcc -E"setting CFLAGS to " -g -O2 -pthread"setting CPPFLAGS to " -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE"setting LDFLAGS to " "
configure:
configure: Configuring Apache Portable Runtime Utility library...
configure:
checking for APR-util... no
configure: error: APR-util not found.  Please read the documentation.
错误:APR-util未找到。 请阅读文档。
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# [root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/checking for pcre2-config... no
checking for pcre-config... no
configure: error: pcre(2)-config for libpcre not found. PCRE is required and available from http://pcre.org/
Configure: error: pcre(2)-config for libpcre not found PCRE是必需的，可从http://pcre.org/获得
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# [root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# rpm -qa | grep pcre
pcre2-10.32-2.el8.x86_64
pcre-8.42-6.el8.x86_64
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# yum -y install pcre-devel    //安装完成后在进行预编译[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/Server Version: 2.4.53Install prefix: /usr/local/httpdC compiler:     gccCFLAGS:          -g -O2 -pthread  CPPFLAGS:        -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE  LDFLAGS:           LIBS:             C preprocessor: gcc -E[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]#
  • 查看，进行编译
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# nproc
4
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# make -j 3collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [Makefile:52: htdigest] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/support'
make[1]: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.53/build/rules.mk:75: all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/support'
make: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.53/build/rules.mk:75: all-recursive] Error 1
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# [root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# yum -y install libxml2-devel
  • 删除 apr -util 之后在进行编译
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# rm -rf /usr/local/apr-util
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# make clean
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# make -j 3
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]# make install
make[1]: Entering directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for 'local-all'.
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/apr-util-1.6.1'
/usr/local/apr/build-1/mkdir.sh /usr/local/apr-util/include/apr-1 /usr/local/apr-util/lib/pkgconfig \/usr/local/apr-util/lib /usr/local/apr-util/bin
for f in /root/apr-util-1.6.1/include/*.h /root/apr-util-1.6.1/include/*.h; do \/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ${f} /usr/local/apr-util/include/apr-1; \
done
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 apr-util.pc /usr/local/apr-util/lib/pkgconfig/apr-util-1.pc
list=''; for i in $list; do \( cd $i ; make DESTDIR= install ); \
done
/bin/sh /usr/local/apr/build-1/libtool --mode=install /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 libaprutil-1.la /usr/local/apr-util/lib
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 .libs/libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/apr-util/lib && { ln -s -f libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so.0 || { rm -f libaprutil-1.so.0 && ln -s libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so.0; }; })
libtool: install: (cd /usr/local/apr-util/lib && { ln -s -f libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so || { rm -f libaprutil-1.so && ln -s libaprutil-1.so.0.6.1 libaprutil-1.so; }; })
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 .libs/libaprutil-1.lai /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.la
libtool: install: /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 .libs/libaprutil-1.a /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.a
libtool: install: chmod 644 /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.a
libtool: install: ranlib /usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.a
libtool: finish: PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin:/sbin" ldconfig -n /usr/local/apr-util/lib
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Libraries have been installed in:/usr/local/apr-util/libIf you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
specify the full pathname of the library, or use the '-LLIBDIR'
flag during linking and do at least one of the following:- add LIBDIR to the 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variableduring execution- add LIBDIR to the 'LD_RUN_PATH' environment variableduring linking- use the '-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag- have your system administrator add LIBDIR to '/etc/ld.so.conf'See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 aprutil.exp /usr/local/apr-util/lib
/usr/bin/install -c -m 755 apu-config.out /usr/local/apr-util/bin/apu-1-config
[root@SYL3 apr-util-1.6.1]#
  • 回到httpd 进行编译
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/httpd --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# make -j 3make[4]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/modules/mappers'
make[3]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/modules/mappers'
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/modules'
make[2]: Entering directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/support'
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53/support'make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53'
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# [root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# make installmkdir /usr/local/httpd/cgi-bin
Installing header files
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/include
Installing build system files
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/build
Installing man pages and online manual
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/man
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/man/man1
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/man/man8
mkdir /usr/local/httpd/manual
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.53'
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]#
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]# echo $?
0
[root@SYL3 httpd-2.4.53]#

2.6. 启动httpd并访问

[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]# /usr/local/httpd/bin/httpd
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::20c:29ff:fe88:169d%ens160. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN  0       128                  *:80                  *:*
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN  0       128                  *:80                  *:*
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]#

  • 查看

  • 2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 00:0c:29:88:16:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 192.168.232.128/24 brd 192.168.232.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute ens160valid_lft 1206sec preferred_lft 1206secinet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe88:169d/64 scope link noprefixroute valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@SYL3 local]#

2.7 修改环境变量，读取并且访问

[root@SYL3 ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/httpd/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@SYL3 ~]# cat /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
export PATH=/usr/local/httpd/bin:$PATH
[root@SYL3 ~]# echo[root@SYL3 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@SYL3 ~]# pkill httpd
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]# httpd
-bash: httpd: command not found
[root@SYL3 ~]# httpd
-bash: httpd: command not found
[root@SYL3 ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@SYL3 ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/httpd/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@SYL3 ~]# pkill httpd
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]# httpd
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::20c:29ff:fe88:169d%ens160. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[root@SYL3 ~]# ss -antl
State   Recv-Q  Send-Q   Local Address:Port     Peer Address:Port  Process
LISTEN  0       128            0.0.0.0:22            0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN  0       128                  *:80                  *:*
LISTEN  0       128               [::]:22               [::]:*
[root@SYL3 ~]#

8.磁盘管理

8.1 磁盘分类

  • 固态硬盘
  • 机械硬盘
  • 服务器硬盘

8.2 磁盘命名

  • Linux中磁盘的命名方式与磁盘的接口有关，规则如下：

    • 传统IDE接口硬盘：/dev/hd[a-z]
    • SCISI接口硬盘：/dev/sd[a-z]
    • 虚拟化硬盘：/dev/vd[a-z]

  • 在设备名称的定义规则如下, 其他的分区可以以此类推
    系统的第一块SCSI接口的硬盘名称为/dev/sda
    系统的第二块SCSI接口的硬盘名称为/dev/sdb
    系统中分区由数字编号表示, 1-4留给主分区使用和扩展分区, 逻辑分区从5开始

8.3 MBR与GPT

  • MBR：主引导记录，是位于磁盘最前边的一段引导代码，主要用来引导操作系统的加载与启动

    • MBR支持最大2TB磁盘，它无法处理大于2TB容量的磁盘
    • 只支持最多4个主分区。若想要更多分区，需要创建扩展分区，并在其中创建逻辑分区

  • GPT：GUID磁盘分区表，全局唯一标识磁盘分区表”，是一个实体硬盘的分区表的结构布局的标准

    • GPT对磁盘大小没有限制
    • 最多可以创建128个分区
8.3.1 MBR与GPT可以相互转换，转换会导致数据丢失

8.4 磁盘容量检查

8.4.1 使用df命令查看磁盘容量
  • [root@SYL3 ~]# df
Filesystem            1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 897416       0    897416   0% /dev
tmpfs                    916616       0    916616   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    916616    8904    907712   1% /run
tmpfs                    916616       0    916616   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root  17811456 2096344  15715112  12% /
/dev/sda1               1038336  216572    821764  21% /boot
tmpfs                    183320       0    183320   0% /run/user/0
df -i   //查看inode使用情况
df -h   //以G或者T或者M人性化方式显示
df -T   //查看文件类型

  • df -h 查看每个分区的容量

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# df -h
//设备名称      //磁盘大小 已用大小  可用大小 使用百分比  挂载点
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs               877M     0  877M   0% /dev
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  896M  8.7M  887M   1% /run
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   17G  2.1G   15G  12% /
/dev/sda1             1014M  212M  803M  21% /boot
tmpfs                  180M     0  180M   0% /run/user/0

  • df -i 查看inode (磁盘块在磁盘中的位置)使用情况

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# df -i
Filesystem             Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
devtmpfs               224354   412  223942    1% /dev
tmpfs                  229154     1  229153    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  229154   603  228551    1% /run
tmpfs                  229154    17  229137    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root 8910848 46622 8864226    1% /
/dev/sda1              524288   310  523978    1% /boot
tmpfs                  229154     5  229149    1% /run/user/0
[root@SYL3 ~]#

  • df -T 查看文件类型

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# df -T
Filesystem            Type     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs              devtmpfs    897416       0    897416   0% /dev
tmpfs                 tmpfs       916616       0    916616   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                 tmpfs       916616    8904    907712   1% /run
tmpfs                 tmpfs       916616       0    916616   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root xfs       17811456 2098396  15713060  12% /
/dev/sda1             xfs        1038336  216572    821764  21% /boot
tmpfs                 tmpfs       183320       0    183320   0% /run/user/0
[root@SYL3 ~]#
8.4.2 使用lsblk查看分区情况：
[root@SYL3 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0   20G  0 disk
|-sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
`-sda2          8:2    0   19G  0 part |-rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /`-rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb             8:16   0    5G  0 disk
sdc             8:32   0    5G  0 disk
sr0            11:0    1 10.2G  0 rom
[root@SYL3 ~]#
8.4.3 使用du命令查看目录或者文件的容量，不加参数以k为单位：
du -sh opt  //人性化输出显示大小
-s：列出总和
-h：人性化显示容量信息

  • du -sh

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# du -sh /opt/
0       /opt/
[root@SYL3 ~]# du -sh anaconda-ks.cfg
4.0K    anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@SYL3 ~]#

8.5 添加磁盘

分区工具有fdisk和gdisk，当硬盘小于2T的时候我们应该用fdisk来分区，而当硬盘大于2T的时候则应用gdisk来进行分区

8.6 磁盘分区

Command actiona   toggle a bootable flag   //切换分区启动标记b   edit bsd disklabel     //编辑sdb磁盘标签c   toggle the dos compatibility flag    //切换dos兼容模式d   delete a partition     //删除分区l   list known partition types   //显示分区类型m   print this menu      //显示帮助菜单n   add a new partition  //新建分区o   create a new empty DOS partition table   //创建新的空白分区表p   print the partition table       //显示分区表的信息q   quit without saving changes  //不保存退出s   create a new empty Sun disklabel //创建新的Sun磁盘标签t   change a partition's system id   //修改分区ID,可以通过l查看idu   change display/entry units       //修改容量单位,磁柱或扇区v   verify the partition table       //检验分区表w   write table to disk and exit     //保存退出x   extra functionality (experts only)   //拓展功能
8.6.1 fdisk分区— MBR 小于2T 命令敲错了用Ctrl +u，

MBR格式分区用fdisk -l 查看有个dos标志

  • fdisk -l 列出当前系统的硬盘分区情况

  • 创建主分区

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): n   //创建分区
Partition typep   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): 默认主分区Using default response p.
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 默认编号为1
First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): 默认扇区
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +600MCreated a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 600 MiB.Command (m for help): p  显示分区表信息
Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos//MBR格式分区
Disk identifier: 0xb99991fcDevice     Boot Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1        2048 1230847 1228800  600M 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): n
Partition typep   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p):    Using default response p.
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (1230848-10485759, default 1230848):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (1230848-10485759, default 10485759): +200MCreated a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 200 MiB.Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb99991fcDevice     Boot   Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1          2048 1230847 1228800  600M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2       1230848 1640447  409600  200M 83 LinuxCommand (m for help): w //保存

  • 查看分区情况

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0   20G  0 disk
|-sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
`-sda2          8:2    0   19G  0 part |-rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /`-rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb             8:16   0    5G  0 disk
|-sdb1          8:17   0  600M  0 part
`-sdb2          8:18   0  200M  0 part
sdc             8:32   0    5G  0 disk
sr0            11:0    1 10.2G  0 rom
[root@SYL3 ~]#

  • 创建扩展分区,会占用

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): n
Partition typep   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e  //创建扩展分区
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (1640448-10485759, default 1640448):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (1640448-10485759, default 10485759):      Created a new partition 3 of type 'Extended' and of size 4.2 GiB.Command (m for help): pDisk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb99991fcDevice     Boot   Start      End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1          2048  1230847 1228800  600M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2       1230848  1640447  409600  200M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3       1640448 10485759 8845312  4.2G  5 ExtendCommand (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

  • 查看分区

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0   20G  0 disk
|-sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
`-sda2          8:2    0   19G  0 part |-rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /`-rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb             8:16   0    5G  0 disk
|-sdb1          8:17   0  600M  0 part
|-sdb2          8:18   0  200M  0 part
`-sdb3          8:19   0    1K  0 part
sdc             8:32   0    5G  0 disk
sr0            11:0    1 10.2G  0 rom
[root@SYL3 ~]#

  • 创建逻辑分区

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdbWelcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.Command (m for help): n
All space for primary partitions is in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (1642496-10485759, default 1642496):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (1642496-10485759, default 10485759): +1000MCreated a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 1000 MiB.Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb99991fcDevice     Boot   Start      End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1          2048  1230847 1228800  600M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2       1230848  1640447  409600  200M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3       1640448 10485759 8845312  4.2G  5 Extend
/dev/sdb5       1642496  3690495 2048000 1000M 83 LinuxCommand (m for help):

  • 更改swap空间

  • Command (m for help): l0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden or  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi ea  Rufus alignmente  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         eb  BeOS fs        f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ee  GPT
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f1  SpeedStor
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f4  SpeedStor
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      f2  DOS secondary
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fb  VMware VMFS
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fc  VMware VMKCORE
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fd  Linux raid auto
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bc  Acronis FAT32 L fe  LANstep
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3,5, default 5):
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 //82代表linux swap空间 Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'.Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos//MBR格式分区
Disk identifier: 0xb99991fcDevice     Boot   Start      End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1          2048  1230847 1228800  600M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2       1230848  1640447  409600  200M 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3       1640448 10485759 8845312  4.2G  5 Extended
/dev/sdb5       1642496  3690495 2048000 1000M 82 Linux swap / SolarisCommand (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

  • 查看分区

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0   20G  0 disk
|-sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
`-sda2          8:2    0   19G  0 part |-rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /`-rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb             8:16   0    5G  0 disk
|-sdb1          8:17   0  600M  0 part
|-sdb2          8:18   0  200M  0 part
|-sdb3          8:19   0    1K  0 part
`-sdb5          8:21   0 1000M  0 part
sdc             8:32   0    5G  0 disk
sr0            11:0    1 10.2G  0 rom
[root@SYL3 ~]#
8.6.2 gdisk分区 — GPT 大于2T，fdisk -l 查看类型为gpt格式为GPT
  • [root@SYL3 ~]# gdisk /dev/sdc  //用gdisk分区
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3Partition table scan:MBR: not presentBSD: not presentAPM: not presentGPT: not presentCreating new GPT entries.Command (? for help): help//查看帮助文档
b       back up GPT data to a file
c       change a partition's name
d       delete a partition
i       show detailed information on a partition
l       list known partition types
n       add a new partition
o       create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p       print the partition table
q       quit without saving changes
r       recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s       sort partitions
t       change a partition's type code
v       verify disk
w       write table to disk and exit
x       extra functionality (experts only)
?       print this menuCommand (? for help): n//创建分区
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 默认编号
First sector (34-10485726, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: //默认
Last sector (2048-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +500M//分配500M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'Command (? for help): p//打印
Disk /dev/sdc: 10485760 sectors, 5.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 4B0CC6ED-D599-4704-AF15-4D1C718FCC0C
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 10485726
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 9461693 sectors (4.5 GiB)Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name1            2048         1026047   500.0 MiB   8300  Linux filesystemCommand (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (34-10485726, default = 1026048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (1026048-10485726, default = 10485726) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +300M
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'Command (? for help): w//保存Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@SYL3 ~]#

  • 重新读取分区，在查看

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# partprobe//重新读取
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system).  /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
[root@SYL3 ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0   20G  0 disk
|-sda1          8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
`-sda2          8:2    0   19G  0 part |-rhel-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /`-rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb             8:16   0    5G  0 disk
|-sdb1          8:17   0  600M  0 part
|-sdb2          8:18   0  200M  0 part
|-sdb3          8:19   0  512B  0 part
`-sdb5          8:21   0 1000M  0 part
sdc             8:32   0    5G  0 disk
|-sdc1          8:33   0  500M  0 part
`-sdc2          8:34   0  300M  0 part
sr0            11:0    1 10.2G  0 rom
[root@SYL3 ~]#

8.7 分区完成后进行磁盘格式化 — mkfs

8.7.1 使用mkfs命令格式化磁盘，创建文件系统

  • 格式化sdb1的空间

  • [root@SYL3 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 153600 4k blocks and 38400 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 38b24400-9866-49bd-9237-39f123460fe3
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done[root@SYL3 ~]#

8.8 挂载磁盘

8.8.1 永久挂载
  • fstab配置文件介绍：
[root@SYL3 ~]# ls /etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
[root@SYL3 ~]#
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab//分区标识(UUID或设备名)                    挂载点 文件类型    挂载参数    不检查 不备份
UUID=e271b5b2-b1ba-4b18-bde5-66e394fb02d9 /db1     xfs     defaults    0     0//挂载参数, 可写fstab配置文件, 也可以mount时使用-o参数指定
参数              参数意义                               系统默认值
async           系统每隔一段时间把内存数据写入磁盘中，
sync            时时同步内存和磁盘中数据；
suid，nosuid     允许/不允许分区有suid属性                suid
rw，ro           可以指定文件系统是只读(ro)或可写(rw)       rw
exec，noexec     允许/不允许可执行文件执行，不要挂载根分区    exec
user，nouser     允许/不允许root外的其他用户挂载分区        nouser
auto，noauto     开机自动挂载/不自动挂载                    auto
default         默认文件系统挂载设置 rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async//加载所有配置
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a
  • 取出sdb1的UUID
[root@SYL3 ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUID="38b24400-9866-49bd-9237-39f123460fe3" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="b99991fc-01"
[root@SYL3 ~]#
  • 编辑 /etc/fstab文件，添加sdb1的UUID
[root@SYL3 ~]# vi /etc/fstab
[root@SYL3 ~]# cat /etc/fstab |grep ext4
UUID="38b24400-9866-49bd-9237-39f123460fe3" /media ext4 defaults 00
[root@SYL3 ~]#
  • 加载，读取
[root@SYL3 ~]# mount -a //加载所有配置
[root@SYL3 ~]# df -h
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs               877M     0  877M   0% /dev
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  896M  8.8M  887M   1% /run
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   17G  2.0G   15G  12% /
/dev/sda1             1014M  212M  803M  21% /boot
tmpfs                  180M     0  180M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1              575M  912K  532M   1% /media
[root@SYL3 ~]#
8.8.2 临时挂载
命令：mount挂载磁盘，实质为文件系统指定访问入口
mount -t       //指定文件系统挂载分区，如ext3，ext4, xfs
mount -a       //重新读取/etc/fstab配置文件的所有分区
mount -o       //指定挂载参数//fstab被损坏情况下,让只读文件系统可写（正常情况下不使用）
[root@localhost ~]#mount -o rw,remount /  //挂载/dev/sdb1至db1目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /db1
[root@localhost ~]# mount -t xfs /dev/sdb1  /db1

8.9 卸载挂载磁盘

[root@SYL3 ~]# umount UUID="38b24400-9866-49bd-9237-39f123460fe3"  //用UUID卸载
[root@SYL3 ~]# df -h
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs               877M     0  877M   0% /dev
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  896M  8.8M  887M   1% /run
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   17G  2.1G   15G  12% /
/dev/sda1             1014M  212M  803M  21% /boot
tmpfs                  180M     0  180M   0% /run/user/0
[root@SYL3 ~]# mount -a
[root@SYL3 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1  //用设备名卸载
[root@SYL3 ~]# df -h
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs               877M     0  877M   0% /dev
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  896M  8.8M  887M   1% /run
tmpfs                  896M     0  896M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   17G  2.1G   15G  12% /
/dev/sda1             1014M  212M  803M  21% /boot
tmpfs                  180M     0  180M   0% /run/user/0
[root@SYL3 ~]# 
umount -lf  //强制卸载挂载//使用站点目录卸载
[root@localhost ~]# umount /db1
//使用设备名卸载/dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/sdb1//umount不能卸载的情况
[root@localhost db1]# umount /db1
umount: /db1: device is busy.(In some cases useful info about processes that usethe device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1)//如上情况解决办法有两种, 切换至其他目录 或使用'-l'选项强制卸载
[root@localhost db1]# umount -l /db1

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