今天针对如何在Linux操作系统上利用命令行创建Oracle Database进行一个总结及实践。

下面是官方文档“Database Administrator's Guide”中所讲的步骤。Step5针对的是Windows操作系统，本次实践不会涉及。Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement

Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID)

Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set

Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method

Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File

Step 5: (Windows Only) Create an Instance

Step 6: Connect to the Instance

Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File

Step 8: Start the Instance

Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement

Step 10: Create Additional Tablespaces

Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views

现在按照上面的步骤进行创建数据库。Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID)

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=ZYX

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

ZYX

注：此处ORACLE_SID应该与后续口令文件、参数文件的命名中的SID大小写保持一致，否则会在Step7报ORA-01078的错误。

SQL> create spfile from pfile;

create spfile from pfile

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters

LRM-00109: could not open parameter file

'/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/initzyx.ora'

Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set

必须设定的几个变量有ORACLE_SID、ORACLE_HOME、PATH变量中包含ORACLE_HOME/bin目录。

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID

ZYX

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME

/oracle/product/11.2.0

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $PATH

/oracle/product/11.2.0/bin:/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/oracle/bin

Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method

With a password file

With operating system authentication

这里我选择口令文件验证。所以要建立口令文件。口令文件的默认位置为$ORACLE_HOME/dbs，命名规则为ORAPW

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ orapwd file=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwZYX password=oracle entries=30

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ ls

hc_MTH.dat           initMTH.ora   lkMTH             orapwMTH   spfileMTH.ora

hc_ORCL.dat          init.ora      lkORCL            orapwORCL  spfileORCL.ora

initDBUA4624925.ora  initORCL.ora  orapwDBUA4624925 orapwZYX

Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File

在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下，init.ora文件是pfile的模板，可以通过修改该文件的内容，生成所需要的pfile。文本参数文件的默认位置为$ORACLE_HOME/dbs，命名规则为init.ora

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ cat init.ora | grep -v ^# | grep -v ^$ > initZYX.ora

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ vi initZYX.ora

db_name='ORCL'

memory_target=1G

processes = 150

audit_file_dest='/admin/orcl/adump'

audit_trail ='db'

db_block_size=8192

db_domain=''

db_recovery_file_dest='/flash_recovery_area'

db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G

diagnostic_dest=''

dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'

open_cursors=300

remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'

undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

control_files = (ora_control1, ora_control2)

compatible ='11.2.0'

(1)使用‘zyx'替换’orcl',大小写都替换。

:%s@orcl@zyx@gi

(2)用目录替换

:%s@@/oracle/product@g

(3)修改control_files变量

control_files = (/orasys/ZYX/control01.ctl,/oraidx/ZYX/control02.ctl )

(4)创建参数文件中所涉及到的目录

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /oracle/product/admin/zyx/adump

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /oracle/product/flash_recovery_area

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /orasys/ZYX/

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /oraidx/ZYX/

最后，经过修改的initZYX.ora的内容如下：

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ more initZYX.ora

db_name='zyx'

memory_target=1G

processes = 150

audit_file_dest='/oracle/product/admin/zyx/adump'

audit_trail ='db'

db_block_size=8192

db_domain=''

db_recovery_file_dest='/oracle/product/flash_recovery_area'

db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G

diagnostic_dest='/oracle/product'

dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=zyxXDB)'

open_cursors=300

remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'

undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

control_files = (/orasys/ZYX/control01.ctl,/oraidx/ZYX/control02.ctl )

compatible ='11.2.0'

Step 6: Connect to the Instance

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ sqlplus sys as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun May 1 18:53:30 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Enter password:

Connected to an idle instance.

Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File

SQL> create spfile from pfile;

File created.

可以看到在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下多了spfileZYX.ora这样一个文件。

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ ls

hc_MTH.dat init.ora lkORCL orapwZYX

hc_ORCL.dat initORCL.ora orapwDBUA4624925 spfileMTH.ora

initDBUA4624925.ora initZYX.ora orapwMTH spfileORCL.ora

initMTH.ora lkMTH orapwORCL spfileZYX.ora

Step 8: Start the Instance

在启动实例的过程中，报MEMORY_TARGET设定的错误。我将MEMORY_TARGET的值由1G改为了700M，重新生成spfileZYX.ora，之后启动到nomount状态。

SQL> startup nomount

ORA-00845: MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ vi initZYX.ora

db_name='ZYX'

memory_target=700M

processes = 150

audit_file_dest='/oracle/product/admin/zyx/adump'

audit_trail ='db'

db_block_size=8192

db_domain=''

db_recovery_file_dest='/oracle/product/flash_recovery_area'

db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G

diagnostic_dest='/oracle/product'

dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=zyxXDB)'

open_cursors=300

remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'

undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

control_files = (/orasys/ZYX/control01.ctl,/oraidx/ZYX/control02.ctl )

compatible ='11.2.0'

[oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ sqlplus sys as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun May 1 19:17:19 2016

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Enter password:

Connected to:

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

SQL> create spfile from pfile;

File created.

SQL> startup nomount;

ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  730714112 bytes

Fixed Size                  2256832 bytes

Variable Size             478150720 bytes

Database Buffers          243269632 bytes

Redo Buffers                7036928 bytes

Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement

编辑一个CreateDB.sql文件，copy官方文档中的CREATE DATABASE语句，并做修改。

[oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ vi CreateDB.sql

CREATE DATABASE ZYX

USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY sys_password

USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY system_password

LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/oraidx/ZYX/redo01a.log','/oralog/ZYX/redo01b.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,

GROUP 2 ('/oraidx/ZYX/redo02a.log','/oralog/ZYX/redo02b.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,

GROUP 3 ('/oraidx/ZYX/redo03a.log','/oralog/ZYX/redo03b.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512

MAXLOGFILES 5

MAXLOGMEMBERS 5

MAXLOGHISTORY 1

MAXDATAFILES 100

CHARACTER SET AL32UTF8

NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16

EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL

DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE

SYSAUX DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE

DEFAULT TABLESPACE users

DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/users01.dbf'

SIZE 500M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED

DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1

TEMPFILE '/orasys/ZYX/temp01.dbf'

SIZE 20M REUSE

UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs1

DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/undotbs01.dbf'

SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;

(1)用‘ZYX’替换原本的‘mynewdb'

(2)修改SYS和SYSTEM用户的密码

(3)修改logfile、SYSTEM、SYSAUX、users、tempts1、undotbs数据文件的路径

(4)修改undo表空间的名称为undotbs1，与之前参数文件中的undo表空间名称一致

(5)创建所涉及的目录

(6)根据自己实际情况，修改语句的其他内容

执行CreateDB.sql文件

SQL> @/home/oracle/CreateDB.sql

Database created.

此时数据库已经是open状态了。

SQL> select open_mode,name from v$database;

OPEN_MODE NAME

-------------------- ---------

READ WRITE ZYX

Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views

In SQL*Plus, connect to your Oracle Database instance with theSYSDBAadministrative privilege:

@?/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql

@?/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql

@?/rdbms/admin/utlrp.sql

In SQL*Plus, connect to your Oracle Database instance asSYSTEMuser:

@?/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql

下面是四个脚本各自的作用。

Script

Description

CATALOG.SQL

Creates the views of the data dictionary tables, the dynamic performance views, and public synonyms for many of the views. GrantsPUBLIC access to the synonyms.

CATPROC.SQL

Runs all scripts required for or used with PL/SQL.

UTLRP.SQL

Recompiles all PL/SQL modules that are in an invalid state, including packages, procedures, and types.

PUPBLD.SQL

Required for SQL*Plus. Enables SQL*Plus to disable commands by user.

自此，就成功使用命令行创建好了Oracle数据库。