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Lesson 3 Sentence Simplification Questions
识别
Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in
the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.

TPO-11 Orientation and Navigation
Paragraph 3: Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

1. 主干

① 天空阴沉没有方向

2. 逻辑词：in fact

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

migratory bird 候鸟

restless adj. 焦躁不安的;坐立不安的;不耐烦的;没有真正休息的;没有睡眠的

migration n. 迁移;移居;迁徙;(计算机系统的)改变;(程序或硬件的)迁移，转移

wild n. 自然环境;野生状态;偏远地区;

flutter v. 颤振;(使)飘动，挥动，颤动;(鸟或昆虫)拍(翅)，振(翅)，鼓(翼);飞来飞去;翩翩飞舞;

proper 适当的正确的

overcast 阴沉的多云的

at which times 在这些时候在那些时间

leave out 忽略遗漏

directional 定向的方向性的

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of
their normal migratory route.

○ Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.

○ Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was
overcast

TPO-12 Which Hand Did They Use?
Paragraph 2: Cave art furnishes other types of evidence of this phenomenon. Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush. In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding something, it is mostly, though not always, in the right hand.

1. 主干

① 版画光源在左，适合右艺术家，影子不挡工具

2. 逻辑词：in fact

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

engravings 雕刻品雕版印刷

lit v. 点燃;点火;开始燃烧;燃起来;照亮;使明亮

befits vt. 适合;对…相称

prehistoric adj. 史前的;有文字记载以前的;远古的

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Right-handed artists could more easily have avoided casting shadows on their work, because engravings in prehistoric caves were lit from the left.

○ The tips of engraving tools and brushes indicate that these instruments were used by right-handed artists whose work was lit from the left.

○ The best lighting for most engravings suggests that they were made by right-handed people
trying to avoid the shadow of their hands interfering with their work.

○ Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.

Transition to Sound in Film
Paragraph 4: Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

1. 主干

① 很难想象预测有声电影消失，之前尝试

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

perspective n. 态度;观点;思考方法;客观判断力;权衡轻重的能力;透视法;景观

a strain of 一种

dating v. 注明日期;写上日期;确定年代;过时;

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○It was difficult for some critics in the 1920s to imagine why the idea of sound film had faded from sight well before the First World War.

○As surprising as it seems today, some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade just as quickly as the attempts made before the First World War.

○Though some early critics thought that sound film would fade, its popularity during the First World War proved that it was not simply a technical novelty.

○Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an important technical innovation, it was not attempted until the 1920s.

TPO-13 Types of Social Groups
Paragraph 5: Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

1. 主干

① primary groups 桥

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

socialization n. 适应社会的过程;社会化

breeding ground n. (野生动物的)繁殖地;(尤指坏事物的)滋生地

norm n. 标准;规范;常态;定额;正常行为;行为标准

equip vt. 配备;装备;使有所准备;使有能力

view as 视为;视作

society n. 社会(共同遵守一定的习俗、法律等的特定群体);学会;协会;社团;上流社会;相伴

transmit v. 传输;发射;传送;传播;输送;播送;传染;传(热、声等);透(光等);使通过

mediate v. 调停;调解;斡旋;为解决分歧找到(方法);

interpret v. 解释;诠释;口译;说明;把…理解为;领会;演绎

cultural adj. 文化的;与文化有关的;与艺术、文学、音乐等有关的

oneness n. 一体;一致;和谐

solidarity n. 团结;齐心协力;同心同德;相互支持

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Sociologists think that cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.

○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.

○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to social solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.

○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.

Biological Clocks
Paragraph 2: Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even
when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as
temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

1. 主干

① stability features, changes affect activity

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

even adv. 即使;甚至;连;(用以加强比较)甚至更;还;(引出更精确的说法)甚至可以说;实际上

subjected to 受到;经受;遭受

be expected to 期望;预计;有望做某事

5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Stability, a feature of the biological clock's period, depends on changeable factors such as temperature.

○A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.

○A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.

○Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature. Methods of Studying Infant Perception

Paragraph 2: Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

1. 主干

① observational not overgeneralize or one or two studies conclusive evidence

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

assessment n. 看法;评估;评定;核定;判定;核定的付款额

perceptual adj. 知觉的;感知的

generalize v. 概括;归纳;笼统地讲;概括地谈论;

overgeneralize vi. 做过分概括的陈述;说话过于笼统

conclusive adj. 决定性的;确凿的;结论性的;不容置疑的

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Researchers using observational assessment techniques on infants must not overgeneralize and must base their conclusions on data from many studies.

○On the basis of the data from one or two studies, it seems that some infants develop aparticular perceptual ability not observed in others.

○To use data from one or two studies on infant's perceptual abilities, it is necessary to use techniques that will provide conclusive evidence.

○When researchers fail to make generalizations from their studies, their observed data is often inconclusive.

TPO-14 Children and Advertising
Paragraph 3: Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.

1. 主干

① rational limited use emotional indirect

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

whether conj.（表示迟疑或两个可能性之间的选择）是否;是…（还是

fantasy n. 幻想;想象;想象产物;幻想作品

rational adj. 合理的;理性的;明智的;理智的;清醒的

aim at v. 旨在;瞄准

indirect adj. 间接的;附带的;闪烁其词的;拐弯抹角的;迂回的;弯曲的

7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Rational appeals in advertising are certainly limited by children's emotional immaturity and the indirect nature of their associations.

○Indirect appeals to children's psychological states or associations can limit the effectiveness of rational appeals in advertising.

○Rational appeals play a much smaller role in advertisements for children than emotional appeals and psychological associations do.

○Rational appeals in advertising aimed at children should certainly be limited until the children are emotionally and psychologically ready.

Maya Water Problems
Paragraph 4: How did those dense southern Maya populations deal with the resulting water problem? It initially surprises us that many of their cities were not built next to the rivers but instead on high terrain in rolling uplands. The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

1. 主干

① excavated modified depressions create reservoirs collected rain

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

depression n. 抑郁症;精神忧郁;抑郁;沮丧;消沉;萧条期;经济衰退;不景气;洼地;低气压

plug up 堵塞;堵住

leaks n. 漏洞;裂缝;缝隙;

plaster vt. 抹灰;用灰泥抹(墙等);用…涂抹;

catchment n. (地理学上的)汇水

basin n. 盆;(英国英语)调菜盆;一盆(的量);流域;盆地;凹地;海盆;港池

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Southern Maya populations obtained the water they needed for the dry season by collecting and storing rainwater in sealed depressions.

○The Maya are credited with creating methods for modifying natural rainwater and storing it.

○Leaks in the karst caused difficulties in the creation of reservoirs, which were needed to store water for the dry season.

○Southern Mayans were more successful at collecting rain than storing it during dry seasons.

Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
Paragraph 4: Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

1. 主干

① softened absence requirement skills

2. 逻辑词：but

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

Inequalities 不平等;不等式;代数不等式

soften v. (使)变软，软化;(使)柔和，和缓;(使)态度缓和，变温和，变宽厚;减轻

absence n. 缺席;不在;不存在;缺乏

steep adj. 陡的;陡峭的;突然的;急剧的;大起大落的;过高的;过分的;不合理的

requirement n. 要求;所需的(或所要的)东西;必要条件;必备的条件

acquire vt. (通过努力、能力、行为表现)获得;购得;得到

9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.

○Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.

○Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.

○In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.

TPO-15 A Warm-Blooded Turtle
Paragraph 5: In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

1. 主干

① cooled vessels close to warm vessels pick up heat outgoing to ingoing

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

close to 接近;几乎;差不多;在近处，很近地;凑近地

pick up 拿起，提起;拾起，捡起;

former adj. 前;以前的;

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○In a turtle's countercurrent exchange system, outgoing vessels lie near enough to ingoing ones that heat can be exchanged from the former to the latter before reaching the turtle's flippers.

○Within the turtle's flippers, there is a countercurrent exchange system that allows colder blood vessels to absorb heat from nearby warmer blood vessels and then return warmed blood to the turtle's body.

○In a countercurrent exchange system, a turtle can pick up body heat from being close enough to other turtles, thus raising its blood temperature as it passes them.

○When a turtle places its flippers close to its body, it is able to use its countercurrent exchange system to transfer heat from the warmer blood vessels in its body to the cooler blood vessels in its flippers.

Glacier Formation
Paragraph4: Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location. As a result, glaciers create a great variety of landforms that remain long after the surface is released from its icy covering.

1. 主干

① Glaciers slowly energy reshaping landscape

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

carving v. 雕刻;刻;把(熟肉)切成块

carve v. 雕刻;刻;把(熟肉)切成块;艰苦创业

rock formation 岩层

reshaping v. 改变…的形状(或结构);重塑;改组

reshape vt. 改变…的形状(或结构);重塑;改组

variety n. (同一事物的)不同种类，多种式样;变化;

landform n. 地形;地貌

leaves behind 永久离开;抛下;留下;余留;把…抛在后面;超过

distant adj. 遥远的;远处的;久远的;不相似的;不同的;远亲的;远房的;不友好的;心不在焉的

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○As a glacier moves, it leaves behind rock formations that have been engulfed, pushed, and dragged by the glacier.

○Glaciers reshape the landscape by carving into rock and transporting the resulting debris to distant locations.

○Glaciers carve the hardest rock formations with great energy and slowly reshape them into debris.

○The tremendous energy of slowly moving glaciers transports and finally deposits rock debris into large rock formations.

TPO-16 Trade and the Ancient Middle East
Paragraph 4: The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and adaptive to circumstances. As among tribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network.

1. 主干

① tribes relationships crucial mercantile little regulation

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

forming v. (使)出现，产生;(使)形成;(使)成形，组成;制作

12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Tribes people were comfortable forming personal relationships with merchants, who, like them, were bound by their promises to one another.

○Because trade was not formally regulated, merchants were careful about whom they trusted and often conducted business with people they knew personally.

○While trade among merchants relied somewhat on regulation, among tribes people trade was based on personal relationships and careful character evaluation.

○Because tribes people were bound only by their promises to one another, personal relationships were formed only after careful weighing of character.

Development of the Periodic Table
Paragraph4: Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.

1. 主干

① gas helium in the Sun not known on Earth

2. 逻辑词：but

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

then adv. 然后;(指过去)当时，那时;

13. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Ramsay found evidence of helium in the spectrum of sunlight before he discovered that the element was also contained in natural gas deposits on Earth.

○Ramsay thought he had discovered a new element present in natural gas deposits, but he was wrong since that element had been previously observed elsewhere on Earth.

○After Ramsay had discovered a new element, called helium, in natural gas deposits on Earth, he also found evidence of its presence in the Sun.

○Ramsay later discovered that helium, an element that was already known to be present in the Sun, was also present in natural gas deposits on Earth.

TPO-17 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
Paragraph 2: The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities.

1. 主干

① investment expansion Spices sought-after

2. 逻辑词：but

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

took v. 携带;拿走;取走;运走;带去;引领;使达到，take的过去式

14. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○The high cost to investors of developing trade by sea between East and West indicates the great size of the profits that such trade could produce.

○The profits that could be created by sea trade between East and West were immense compared with the investment required to develop such trade.

○The increase in commercial activity by using sea routes reflects the importance trade between East and West had for investors seeking great profits.

○Because people made large investments in sea commerce between East and West. They expected to make immense profits.

Animal Signals in the Rain Forest
Paragraph 4: In the green-to yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.

1. 主干

① yellow green brightest sitting background not visible

2. 逻辑词：but

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

15. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○When an animal is signaling in an area with green-to yellow lighting condition. It’s signal will not be visible if the background is brightly lit.

○In the lowest levels of the forest, an animal's signals are not easily seen unless there is a yellowish or greenish background.

○In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions at the lowest levels of the forest, only signals that are themselves green or yellow will be bright enough to be seen in most areas.

○Although green and yellow would be the brightest colors near the forest floor, these colors would make poor signals whenever the forest background was also in the green-to-yellow range.

Symbiotic Relationship
Paragraph 5: In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

1. 主干

① pollinators food plant efficiently wind only

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

reproduction n. 生殖;繁殖;复制;再版;(声音的)复制，录制;（尤指艺术品的）复制品

16. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.

○In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.

○The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enables birds to find more food.

○Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.

TPO-18 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia
Paragraph 6: The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.

1. 主干

①

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

strength n. 力量;强度;力气;体力;毅力;坚强决心;意志力量;实力;强烈程度;优势;

17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○The early industrializes controlled most of the international economy, leaving these countries to stake out new areas of specialization along the margins.

○Aided by their high literacy rates these countries were able to claim key areas of specialization within established international markets.

○High literacy rates enabled these countries to take over international markets and adapt the international division of labor to suit their strengths.

○The international division of labor established by the early industrializers was suited to these countries, a key factor in their success.

The mystery of yawning
Paragraph 1： According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

1. 主干

①

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

conventional adj.依照惯例的;遵循习俗的;墨守成规的;普通平凡的;

alertness n. 警觉;清醒;机警

reversing v. 颠倒;彻底转变;使完全相反;撤销，废除(决定、法律等);使反转;使次序颠倒

reverse v. 颠倒;彻底转变;使完全相反;撤销，废除(决定、法律等);使反转;

shallow adj. 浅的;肤浅的;浅薄的;

accompanies v. 陪同;陪伴;伴随;与…同时发生;为…伴奏 accompany的第三人称单数

experience vt. 体验;经历;体会;感受;经受;遭受

18. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.

○The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.

○According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.

○Yawning according to the conventional theory, is caused by boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing.

TPO-19 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain
Paragraph 1: In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a
large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.

1. 主干

①

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

19. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

O Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their presence had a strong influence.

O The new Roman province of Britain seemed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the local economy improved.

O Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman coquest of Britain.

O With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.

Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems
Paragraph 6: With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.

1. 主干

①

2. 逻辑词：

3. 考点：绝，比，概，否

20. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

O Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically to the physical factors within an environment.

O The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than others.

O When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “ecosystem.”

O The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in it.

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