专业词汇及解释 2.0版（持续更新，自用）
1.可供性（affordance）-AI相关
功能可供性是知觉领域里的一个新概念，心理学意义的可供性（affordance）认为人知觉到的内容是事物提供的行为可能而不是事物的性质，而事物提供的这种行为可能就被称为可供性。
中文维基翻译为“承担特质/环境赋使”
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E6%93%94%E7%89%B9%E8%B3%AA
环境赋使（affordance），或称为预设用途、可操作暗示、支应性、示能性等，指一件物品实际上用来做何用途，或被认为有什么用途。也就是说在物品的某个方面，具有让人明显知道该如何使用它的特性。例如门提供“打开”的功能，椅子提供“支撑”的功能。人们得知如何使用物品有一部分来自认知心理学，另一部分来自物品的外形。
（affordance）在中文中是否翻译成“能供性”会比较易于了解。“能供性”的意义为物体所具有的物理特性以及我们所理解该物体可使用方式间的关系，其最主要的核心概念是物体的特性决定了行为的可能性。
英文维基解释的更为全面
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordance
An affordance is a relation between an object or an environment and an organism that, through a collection ofstimuli, affords the opportunity for that organism to perform an action.[1][2] For example, a knob affords twisting, and perhaps pushing, while a cord affords pulling. As a relation, an affordance exhibits the possibility of some action, and is not aproperty of either an organism or its environment alone.[3][4]
Different definitions of the term have developed. The original definition described all actions that are physically possible. This was later adapted to describe action possibilities of which an actor is aware. Some define affordance as a potential resource for some (not a particular) organism or species of organism, and so while inviting the possible engagement of some species, not identified with any particular one.[5][6] The term has further evolved for use in the context of human–computer interaction (HCI) to indicate the easy discoverability of possible actions.
The word is used in a variety of fields: perceptual psychology, cognitive psychology, environmental psychology, industrial design, human–computer interaction, interaction design, communication studies, instructional design, science, technology and society (STS), and artificial intelligence.博主此处加大了字体，呵呵呵呵
As action possibilities
Psychologist James J. Gibson originally introduced the term in his 1977 article "The Theory of Affordances"[7] and explored it more fully in his book The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception[8] in 1979. He defined affordances as all "action possibilities" latent in the environment, objectively measurable and independent of the individual's ability to recognize them, but always in relation to agents and therefore dependent on their capabilities. For instance, a set of steps which rises four feet high does not afford the act of climbing if the actor is a crawling infant. Gibson's is the prevalent definition in cognitive psychology.
Affordances were further studied by Eleanor J. Gibson, wife of James Gibson, who created her theory of perceptual learning around this concept. Eleanor Gibson's book,An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development explores affordances further.
Jakob von Uexküll had already discussed the concept in the early twentieth century,[9] calling it the "functional tinting" (funktionale Tönung) of organisms with respect to stimuli.[10]
Anderson, Yamagishi and Karavia (2002) sought to determine whether visual attention or affordance forms the basis of the motor signals generated by many everyday graspable objects. By examining how the properties of an object affect an observer’s reaction time for judging its orientation, they provided evidence to indicate that directed visual attention (not affordance) is responsible for the automatic generation of many motor signals associated with the spatial characteristics of perceived objects.[11]
As perceived action possibilities
In 1988, Donald Norman appropriated the term affordances in the context of human–machine interaction to refer to just those action possibilities that are readily perceivable by an actor. Through his bookThe Design of Everyday Things,[12] this interpretation was popularized within the fields of HCI and interaction design. It makes the concept dependent not only on the physical capabilities of an actor, but also the actor's goals, plans, values, beliefs, and past experiences. If an actor steps into a room with an armchair and asoftball, Gibson's original definition of affordances allows that the actor may throw the chair and sit on the ball, because this is objectively possible. Norman's definition of (perceived) affordances captures the likelihood that the actor will sit on the armchair and throw the softball. Effectively, Norman's affordances "suggest" how an object may be interacted with. For example, the size and shape of a softball obviously fit nicely in the average human hand, and its density and texture make it perfect for throwing. The user may also bring past experiences to bear with similar objects (baseballs, perhaps) when evaluating a new affordance.
Norman's 1988 definition makes the concept of affordance relational rather than subjective or intrinsic. This he deemed an "ecological approach", which is related tosystems-theoretic approaches in the natural and social sciences. The focus on perceived affordances is much more pertinent to practicaldesign problems from ahuman-factors approach, which may explain its widespread adoption.
Norman later explained that this restriction in meaning of the term had been unintended, and that he would replace the term by "perceived affordance" in any future revision of the book.[13][14] However, the definition from his book has been widely adopted in HCI and interaction design, and both meanings are now commonly used in these fields.
The different interpretations of affordances, although closely related, can be a source of confusion in writing and conversation if the intended meaning is not made explicit and if the word is not used consistently. Even authoritative textbooks can be inconsistent in their use of the term
False affordances
William Gaver[16] divided affordances into three categories: perceptible, hidden, and false.
- A false affordance is an apparent affordance that does not have any real function, meaning that the actor perceives nonexistent possibilities for action.[17] A good example of a false affordance is a placebo button.[18]
- A hidden affordance indicates that there are possibilities for action, but these are not perceived by the actor. For example, it is not apparent from looking at a shoe that it could be used to open a wine bottle.
- For an affordance to be perceptible, there is information available such that the actor perceives and can then act upon the existing affordance.
This means that, when affordances are perceptible, they offer a direct link between perception and action, and, when affordances are hidden or false, they can lead to mistakes and misunderstandings.
1.1.功能可供性
功能可供性（affordance）认为人知觉到的内容是事物提供的行为可能而不是事物的性质，而事物提供的这种行为可能就被称为可供性。简单来说，我们可以将功能可供性粗略地理解为事物的一种可能的意义，它描述的是环境属性和个体发生连接的过程。美国心理学家詹姆斯·吉布森（James Jerome Gibson）于1977年最早提出功能可供性的概念。吉布森认为，可供性是独立于人的物体的属性，但与每个人的能力又密切相关。1998年，认知科学家唐纳德·诺曼（Donald Arthur Norman）将可供性的概念运用到人机交互领域，相较于吉布森，诺曼更强调一定情境下可以被知觉到的可供性（perceived affordance）的意义，它不但与个人的实际能力有关，还将受到心理的影响。
事物的属性往往是很丰富的，其中就有功能可供性。例如钥匙，就具有两类基本的功能可供性：权力上的可供性和物理属性带来的可供性。权力上的可供性是指钥匙可以打开和锁上我们的房间，这个可供性来源于钥匙和锁的匹配。物理属性带来的可供性指钥匙的形状、重量等物理属性带来的可供性，比如我们会将钥匙作为锯齿刀使用来划开包裹，会预先称好钥匙的重量以便判断电子称是否缺斤短两。而事物的何种属性会被我们知觉成可供性则与物理能力密切相关。这说明，事物的可供性，与人有着紧密的关系。布朗大学威廉姆·沃伦（William H. Warren）在1984年的研究中为解释这一点提供了一个经典例子：爬楼梯[1]。同样高度的楼梯，对于成年人来说，楼梯有着供其爬上去的功能可供性；然而，对于只会在地上爬的婴儿来说，这种功能可供性并不存在。相类似的，对于一个无法将钥匙插入钥匙孔中的婴儿来说，钥匙并不具备开锁的功能。而个体的目标、期望、计划、价值观等心理属性也会影响到我们对可供性的知觉。只有当我们需要拆包裹的时候，我们才会将钥匙作为锯齿刀来使用；同样的，假如市场中不存在缺斤短两，没有什么人会意识到可以用钥匙的重量来衡量电子秤。在一些更极端的情况下，我们可能仅仅知觉到事物的一个可供性，这个可供性往往是最常用的并且是被设计者预设的可供性，这时候就会发生我们心理学上所说的“功能固着”[2]。比如对一些没有开包裹的经验的人来讲，可能他们就难以想到可以将钥匙当小刀用而只能对着包裹干着急。
2.范数-shader相关
范数(norm)是数学中的一种基本概念，在 泛函分析中，范数是一种定义在赋范线性空间中函数，满足相应条件后的函数都可以被称为范数
名词定义
；
，满足于：
（非负性）
（正值齐次性）
(三角不等式).
满足：
，且
；
；
。
称为X上的一个范数。
，进而诱导出拓扑，因此赋范线性空间是度量空间。
；可以诱导出范数：
。
时，这个范数一定可以诱导内积。
，
，若存在正常数C满足
弱于
。如果
弱于
且
弱于
，那么称这两种范数等价。
算子范数
。
。
，那么称T是有界线性算子，否则称T是无界线性算子。
3.正则表达式
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=9SedcvnoraUaV1wQh7EjNKkDJ7arbK9msfEv4bNdpUrbPsNTCCAS9Sc1Krdd3vl_E30ktDUxDU8_BaJT5RtXQq
概念
4.argMax-shader数学相关
5.电介质材质-shader相关
电介质材质，它们在反射光线时不会对光进行着色（如金这种金属会赋予光金色，因为其在可见光波长段极大地改变了折射序号），因此，基于物理的皮肤着色在反射应使用白色
电工中一般认为电阻率超过10欧·厘米的物质便归于电介质。电介质的带电粒子是被原子、分子的内力或分子间的力紧密束缚着，因此这些粒子的电荷为束缚电荷。在外电场作用下，这些电荷也只能在微观范围内移动，产生极化。在静电场中，电介质内部可以存在电场，这是电介质与导体的基本区别。不导电的物质，如空气、玻璃、云母片、胶木等。
固体电介质有 云母、瓷、 橡胶、纸、聚苯乙烯
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